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Garcia J, Anderson K, Guard J, Gast R, Jones D. Impact of paddock area stocking density of free-range laying hens on egg and environmental microbiology. J APPL POULTRY RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2023.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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2
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Bosland J, Sartini B. The effect of management practices on eggshell cleanliness, bacteria levels, and cuticle deposition in pastured poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2023.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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3
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Casalino G, Bozzo G, Dinardo FR, D’Amico F, Dimuccio MM, Camarda A, Ceci E, Romito D, Circella E. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Laying Hens Housed in Different Rearing Systems. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212978. [PMID: 36359101 PMCID: PMC9653605 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli are responsible for food poisoning in humans. Laying hens may host the bacteria usually without developing symptoms. The aims of this paper were to evaluate the incidence of C. jejuni and C. coli infection in laying hen flocks housed in different rearing systems, the plasma levels of two welfare indicators (corticosterone and interleukin 6, IL-6) and the antimicrobial resistance of the detected Campylobacter strains. Two different flocks (1 and 2) from cage (A), barn (B) and aviary (C) farms were investigated. The highest (p < 0.05) levels of IL-6 were detected in laying hens housed in aviaries. A similar trend emerged in corticosterone level, although differences were found between C1 and C2. C. jejuni and C. coli were identified in 43.5% and 38.9% of birds, respectively. In total, 14 out of 177 (7.9%) hens simultaneously hosted C. jejuni and C. coli.C. jejuni was prevalently detected in hens housed in barns (B1: 53.3%; B2: 46.7%) and aviaries (C1: 34.6%; C2: 86.7%). Conversely, laying hens housed in cages were significantly exposed to infection of C. coli (A1: 41.9%; A2: 80%) while, regarding barns and aviaries, a significant prevalence emerged only in flocks B2 (40%) and C1 (54.8%). Simultaneous infection was statistically significant in barn B1 (36.7%). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected among C. coli strains, and it was most frequent for fluoroquinolones and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was also found in C. jejuni (19.7%) and C. coli (17.5%) strains. Based on the results of this study, we recommend increasing biosecurity and hygienic measures to manage hen flocks.
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Garcia J, Jones D, Gast R, Robison C, Regmi P, Karcher D. Influence of forage substrates on environmental and egg microbiology in cage-free aviary housing. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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5
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Impact of organic dairy cattle manure on environmental and egg microbiology of organic free-range laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Effectiveness of Quaternary Ammonium in Reducing Microbial Load on Eggs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175259. [PMID: 34500692 PMCID: PMC8434265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Table eggs are an affordable yet nutritious protein source for humans. Unfortunately, eggs are a vector for bacteria that could cause foodborne illness. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium compound (quat) sanitizer against aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and mold load on the eggshell surface of free-range and commercial farms and the post-treatment effect on microbial load during storage. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds were enumerated using plate count techniques. The efficacy of the quaternary ammonium sanitizer (quat) was tested using two levels: full factorial with two replicates for corner points, factor A (maximum: 200 ppm, minimum: 100 ppm) and factor B (maximum: 15 min, minimum: 5 min). Quat sanitizer significantly (p < 0.05) reduced approximately 4 log10 CFU/cm2 of the aerobic mesophilic bacteria, 1.5 to 2.5 log10 CFU/cm2 of the mold population, and 1.5 to 2 log10 CFU/cm2 of the yeast population. However, there was no significant (p ≥ 0.05) response observed between individual factor levels (maximum and minimum), and two-way interaction terms were also not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). A low (<1 log10 CFU/cm2) aerobic mesophilic bacteria trend was observed when shell eggs were stored in a cold environment up to the production expiry date. No internal microbial load was observed; thus, it was postulated that washing with quat sanitizer discreetly (without physically damaging the eggshell) does not facilitate microbial penetration during storage at either room temperature or cold storage. Current study findings demonstrated that the quat sanitizer effectively reduced the microbial population on eggshells without promoting internal microbial growth.
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Jones DR, Gast RK, Regmi P, Ward GE, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Pooling of Laying Hen Environmental Swabs and Efficacy of Salmonella Detection. J Food Prot 2020; 83:943-950. [PMID: 32027739 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis is required for U.S. shell egg producers with ≥3,000 hens on a farm. The egg producer assumes all costs for the mandatory testing. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Egg Rule, either manure scraper or drag swabs can be collected according to published guidelines and requirements. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Salmonella detection with one-, two-, and four-swab pools of either manure scraper or drag swabs. Resistant isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (1,000 ppm of streptomycin), Heidelberg (200 ppm of nalidixic acid [NA]), Typhimurium (200 ppm of NA), and Kentucky (200 ppm of NA) were utilized. Low (approximately 8.4 CFU) and high (approximately 84 CFU) levels of inocula were introduced onto a single swab within a pool. Single flocks from each conventional cage (manure scraper swabs) and cage-free barn (drag swabs) were monitored throughout the study at the ages required under the FDA Egg Rule. The highest and most consistent recovery of inoculum was found in single swab samples. For low dose inocula, recovery of isolates was low from single manure scraper swabs (57.9 to 29.2%) and decreased as more swabs were added to the pool. Recovery of isolates from manure scraper swabs was higher for high dose inocula, although Salmonella Heidelberg was outcompeted by the naturally occurring flora and had the lowest rate of recovery among the isolates tested. One- and two-swab pools of drag swabs had similar rates of recovery at both low and high doses for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Typhimurium. When Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were combined in an inoculum, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered at a much higher rate than was Salmonella Kentucky for all types of swabs and doses of inocula. Pooling of two drag swabs allowed for similar detection of low and high dose Salmonella, but the pooling of manure scraper swabs decreased detection of low dose Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana R Jones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605.,Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Richard K Gast
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Prafulla Regmi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Garrett E Ward
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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8
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Ricke SC, Rothrock MJ. Gastrointestinal microbiomes of broilers and layer hens in alternative production systems. Poult Sci 2020; 99:660-669. [PMID: 32029152 PMCID: PMC7587794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems consisting of free-range or pasture flock raised poultry continues to increase in popularity. Based on the perceived benefits of poultry products generated from these alternative poultry production systems, they have commercial appeal to consumers. Several factors impact the health and well being of birds raised and maintained in these types of production systems. Exposure to foodborne pathogens and potential for colonization in the gastrointestinal tract has to be considered with these types of production systems. The gastrointestinal tract microbial composition and function of birds grown and maintained in alternative poultry operations may differ depending on diets, breed, and age of bird. Dietary variety and foraging behavior are potential influential factors on bird nutrition. The gastrointestinal tract microbiomes of birds raised under alternative poultry production systems are now being characterized with next-generation sequencing to identify individual microbial members and assess the impact of different factors on the diversity of microbial populations. In this review, the gastrointestinal tract microbiota contributions to free-range or pasture-raised broiler and egg layer production systems, subsequent applications, and potential future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704.
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety & Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens 30605, GA
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9
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Eberle-Krish K, Jones D, Gast R, Robison C, Anderson K, Karcher D. Microbiological Impact of Delayed Movement of Pullets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Novoa Rama E, Bailey M, Jones DR, Gast RK, Anderson K, Brar J, Taylor R, Oliver HF, Singh M. Prevalence, Persistence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. from Eggs and Laying Hens Housed in Five Commercial Housing Systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:506-516. [PMID: 30124342 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Husbandry practices for laying hens in commercial egg production is a topic of interest from a social, economic, and regulatory standpoint. Animal welfare concerns regarding the use of conventional cages have arisen and consumer perceptions of hen welfare have led to a higher demand for cage-free eggs. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of housing systems on prevalence, persistence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter from laying hens and shell eggs. A total of 425 samples were collected over a 10-month period from the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test and Campylobacter isolates were identified by serological, biochemical, and molecular tests. Genetic variability was evaluated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and AMR testing was performed. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. ranged from 11.1% in the enrichable cages to 19.7% in the conventional systems. A greater prevalence of Campylobacter was found in the fecal swab samples from free-range birds compared with those of birds housed in the more intensive housing systems (p > 0.05). Overall, 72 isolates were confirmed as Campylobacter spp. by PCR. More than 90% of the isolates (n = 66) were identified as Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobacter coli (n = 6). C. jejuni isolates displayed high levels of resistance to tetracycline (67%). Genetic variability of Campylobacter was high, with more than 20 PFGE patterns identified. Pattern "a" comprised 42% of isolates from all housing systems and was also the most persistent. This study suggests that housing systems of laying hens used for commercial shell egg production may impact the rate of Campylobacter shedding by layers. Isolation rates and tetracycline resistance levels of this pathogen are still of concern, emphasizing the need for well-implemented biosecurity measures on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Bailey
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Deana R Jones
- 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Athens, Georgia
| | - Richard K Gast
- 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Athens, Georgia
| | - Ken Anderson
- 3 Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jagpinder Brar
- 4 Department of Food Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rhonda Taylor
- 4 Department of Food Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Haley F Oliver
- 4 Department of Food Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Manpreet Singh
- 1 Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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11
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Danesi P, Camarda A, Capelli G, Otranto D. Yeasts isolated from cloacal swabs, feces, and eggs of laying hens. Med Mycol 2019; 57:340-345. [PMID: 29762763 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic and wild birds may act as carriers of human pathogenic fungi, although the role of laying hens in spreading yeasts has never been investigated. We evaluated the presence of yeasts in the cloaca (Group I, n = 364), feces (Group II, n = 96), and eggs (Group III, n = 270) of laying hens. The occurrence and the population size of yeasts on the eggshell, as well as in the yolks and albumens, were assessed at the oviposition time and during storage of eggs at 22 ± 1°C and 4 ± 1°C. A statistically higher prevalence and population size of yeasts were recorded in Group I (49.7% and 1.3 × 104 cfu/ml) and II (63.8% and 2.8 × 105 cfu/ml) than in Group III (20.7% and 19.9 cfu/ml). Candida catenulata and Candida albicans were the most frequent species isolated. Candida famata and Trichosporon asteroides were isolated only from the eggshells, whereas Candida catenulata was also isolated from yolks and albumens. During storage, the yeast population size on the shell decreased (from 37.5 to 8.5 cfu/ml) in eggs at 22 ± 1°C and increased (from 4.6 to 35.3 cfu/ml) at 4 ± 1°C. The laying hens harbor potentially pathogenic yeasts in their gastrointestinal tract and are prone to disseminating them in the environment through the feces and eggs. Eggshell contamination might occur during the passage through the cloaca or following deposition whereas yolk and albumen contamination might depend on yeast density on eggshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
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12
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Conradie TA, Pieterse E, Jacobs K. Application of Paracoccus marcusii as a potential feed additive for laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:986-994. [PMID: 29272528 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have been used for many years as an added pigment to enhance egg yolk color. One such carotenoid, astaxanthin, has a strong antioxidant activity and is produced by several microorganisms, including the bacterium Paracoccus marcusii, which has shown promise to be used as a feed additive. Therefore, this study investigated the use of P. marcusii as a possible source of pigmentation in layer hen feed to enhance egg yolk color. Paracoccus marcusii was fed to hens in a sucrose solution (10% m/v). The hens were fed daily and all eggs were collected for analysis. Dilutions of egg contents were plated onto selective media to detect the presence of known food pathogens (E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella). In the feeding trial, there was no negative effect on hen body weight, egg production, or overall egg quality. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in yolk color as well as an increase in whole egg and yolk weight. There were also no known food pathogens detected in any of the egg samples. This study has shown promising results in using this bacterium as an effective feed additive for laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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13
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Moyle T, Drake K, Gole V, Chousalkar K, Hazel S. Bacterial contamination of eggs and behaviour of poultry flocks in the free range environment. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:88-94. [PMID: 27865271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The free range production system is becoming more common in Australia and is expected to increase. Free range hens are exposed to more stressors in comparison to hens from barn and cage systems and it is suggested that stress can increase bacterial shedding on eggs. The aims of this study were to examine the level of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae populations, as well as the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, in eggs collected from two free range flocks on two different farms and to conduct longitudinal observations of the behaviour and welfare of hens in the free range production system. Hen age (weeks) was shown to have a significant effect (increase) on the level of total bacteria on the egg shell surface and in shell pores, as well as having an effect on feather condition score. As the hens aged, the frequency of external visual egg characteristics increased, as did feather condition score (where feather condition was poorer). These observations indicate areas which should be investigated further to improve the food safety of eggs and optimise the welfare of free range hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kelly Drake
- South Australia Research and Development Institute (SARDI), JS Davies Building, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Gole
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
| | - Susan Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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14
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Jones DR, Guard J, Gast RK, Buhr RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Abdo Z, Plumblee JR, Bourassa DV, Cox NA, Rigsby LL, Robison CI, Regmi P, Karcher DM. Influence of commercial laying hen housing systems on the incidence and identification of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1116-24. [PMID: 26976901 PMCID: PMC4876611 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The housing of laying hens is important for social, industrial, and regulatory aspects. Many studies have compared hen housing systems on the research farm, but few have fully examined commercial housing systems and management strategies. The current study compared hens housed in commercial cage-free aviary, conventional cage, and enriched colony cage systems. Environmental and eggshell pool samples were collected from selected cages/segments of the housing systems throughout the production cycle and monitored for Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence. At 77 wk of age, 120 hens per housing system were examined for Salmonella and Campylobacter colonization in the: adrenal glands, spleen, ceca, follicles, and upper reproductive tract. All isolates detected from environmental swabs, eggshell pools, and tissues were identified for serotype. Two predominant Salmonella were detected in all samples: S. Braenderup and S. Kentucky. Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni were the only Campylobacter detected in the flocks. Across all housing systems, approximately 7% of hens were colonized with Salmonella, whereas > 90% were colonized with Campylobacter. Salmonella Braenderup was the isolate most frequently detected in environmental swabs (P < 0.0001) and housing system impacted Salmonella spp. shedding (P < 0.0001). Campylobacter jejuni was the isolate most frequently found in environmental swabs (P < 0.01), while housing system impacted the prevalence of C. coli and jejuni in ceca (P < 0.0001). The results of this study provide a greater understanding of the impact of hen housing systems on hen health and product safety. Additionally, producers and academia can utilize the findings to make informed decisions on hen housing and management strategies to enhance hen health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jones
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J Guard
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - R K Gast
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - R J Buhr
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - P J Fedorka-Cray
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Z Abdo
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J R Plumblee
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - D V Bourassa
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - L L Rigsby
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - C I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - P Regmi
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - D M Karcher
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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15
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Parisi M, Northcutt J, Smith D, Steinberg E, Dawson P. Microbiological contamination of shell eggs produced in conventional and free-range housing systems. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Jones DR, Cox NA, Guard J, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Buhr RJ, Gast RK, Abdo Z, Rigsby LL, Plumblee JR, Karcher DM, Robison CI, Blatchford RA, Makagon MM. Microbiological impact of three commercial laying hen housing systems. Poult Sci 2014; 94:544-51. [PMID: 25480737 PMCID: PMC4990896 DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hen housing for commercial egg production continues to be a societal and regulatory concern. Controlled studies have examined various aspects of egg safety, but a comprehensive assessment of commercial hen housing systems in the US has not been conducted. The current study is part of a holistic, multidisciplinary comparison of the diverse aspects of commercial conventional cage, enriched colony cage, and cage-free aviary housing systems and focuses on environmental and egg microbiology. Environmental swabs and eggshell pools were collected from all housing systems during 4 production periods. Total aerobes and coliforms were enumerated, and the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. was determined. Environmental aerobic and coliform counts were highest for aviary drag swabs (7.5 and 4.0 log cfu/mL, respectively) and enriched colony cage scratch pad swabs (6.8 and 3.8 log cfu/mL, respectively). Aviary floor and system wire shell pools had the greatest levels of aerobic contamination for all eggshell pools (4.9 and 4.1 log cfu/mL, respectively). Hens from all housing systems were shedding Salmonella spp. (89–100% of manure belt scraper blade swabs). The dry belt litter removal processes for all housing systems appear to affect Campylobacter spp. detection (0–41% of manure belt scraper blade swabs) considering detection of Campylobacter spp. was much higher for other environmental samples. Aviary forage area drag swabs were 100% contaminated with Campylobacter spp., whereas enriched colony cage scratch pads had a 93% positive rate. There were no differences in pathogen detection in the shell pools from the 3 housing systems. Results indicate egg safety is enhanced when hens in alternative housing systems use nest boxes. Additionally, current outcomes indicate the use of scratch pads in hen housing systems needs to be more thoroughly investigated for effects on hen health and egg safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jones
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J Guard
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - P J Fedorka-Cray
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - R J Buhr
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - R K Gast
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Z Abdo
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - L L Rigsby
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J R Plumblee
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - D M Karcher
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - C I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - R A Blatchford
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M M Makagon
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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17
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Application of Molecular Approaches for Understanding Foodborne Salmonella Establishment in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/813275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis in the United States is one of the most costly foodborne diseases. Given that Salmonella can originate from a wide variety of environments, reduction of this organism at all stages of poultry production is critical. Salmonella species can encounter various environmental stress conditions which can dramatically influence their survival and colonization. Current knowledge of Salmonella species metabolism and physiology in relation to colonization is traditionally based on studies conducted primarily with tissue culture and animal infection models. Consequently, while there is some information about environmental signals that control Salmonella growth and colonization, much still remains unknown. Genetic tools for comprehensive functional genomic analysis of Salmonella offer new opportunities for not only achieving a better understanding of Salmonella pathogens but also designing more effective intervention strategies. Now the function(s) of each single gene in the Salmonella genome can be directly assessed and previously unknown genetic factors that are required for Salmonella growth and survival in the poultry production cycle can be elucidated. In particular, delineating the host-pathogen relationships involving Salmonella is becoming very helpful for identifying optimal targeted gene mutagenesis strategies to generate improved vaccine strains. This represents an opportunity for development of novel vaccine approaches for limiting Salmonella establishment in early phases of poultry production. In this review, an overview of Salmonella issues in poultry, a general description of functional genomic technologies, and their specific application to poultry vaccine developments are discussed.
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Jones D, Anderson K. Housing system and laying hen strain impacts on egg microbiology. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2221-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jones DR, Anderson KE, Guard JY. Prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter associated with eggs and the environment of conventional cage and free-range egg production. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1195-202. [PMID: 22499879 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a desire by US consumers for eggs produced by hens in alternative production systems. As the retail shell-egg market offers these products to accommodate consumer demands, additional information is needed to ensure processing methodologies result in safe eggs from all egg sources. A study was conducted to determine if there were differences in the prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter on and within eggs and in the environment of a sister flock of conventional cage and free-range laying hens. Microbial sampling occurred approximately every 6 wk between 20 and 79 wk of age. A random sampling of typical coliform colonies produced 371 viable isolates for biochemical identification. Twenty-nine genera or species of bacteria were identified. There was a significantly greater (P < 0.0001) prevalence of Campylobacter in the free-range nest box swabs compared with that in the free-range grass and conventional cage swab samples (number of positives: 8 nest box, 1 grass, 0 cage). Seven isolates of Listeria innocua were detected with no significant difference in prevalence between the treatments. Isolates were associated with eggshells (2 free-range floor, 1 cage) and the free-range environment (2 nest box, 2 grass). There were 21 Salmonella isolates detected between all sample locations, with no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella detection between the treatments. Additional studies are needed to fully understand the effect of alternative production methods on the prevalence of pathogens and coliforms associated with nest-run eggs and the production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jones
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA.
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Aygun A, Sert D, Copur G. Effects of propolis on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, and chick performance in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1018-25. [PMID: 22399742 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a sticky resin produced by worker honeybees from substances collected from plants, and it has strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of propolis on egg weight loss, hatchability, chick performance, and to control microbial activity naturally occurring on eggshells. A total of 750 fresh eggs was randomly divided into 5 groups. Eggs from the first group were sprayed with ethyl alcohol (70%, A), the second group was sprayed with benzalkonium chloride (B), and the third, fourth, and fifth groups were sprayed with propolis at 3 doses: 5, 10, and 15%. Eggs sprayed with propolis had lower egg weight loss than eggs from groups A and B (P < 0.001). Bacterial activity was reduced significantly in all propolis groups. There were no significant differences between treatments for hatchability, embryonic mortality, BW gain, and relative growth. Results of the present study indicated that propolis could be an alternative hatching egg disinfectant versus a chemical disinfectant, without adverse effects on hatchability and performance of quail chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aygun
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Konya University, Konya 42060, Turkey.
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