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Karunaratne ND, Classen HL, Ames NP, Bedford MR, Newkirk RW. Effects of diet hulless barley and beta-glucanase levels on ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight and carbohydrate fermentation in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101735. [PMID: 35247816 PMCID: PMC8897709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous β-glucanase (BGase) improves nutrient digestibility and production performance in laying hens fed barley-based diets, but the effect of enzyme and the dosage on β-glucan depolymerization and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract is poorly understood. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of hulless barley (HB) and BGase levels on digestive tract β-glucan depolymerization and fermentation in laying hens. A total of 108 Lohman-LSL Lite hens were housed in cages and fed 2 levels of HB (CDC Fibar; 0 and 73%) by substituting wheat in the diet and graded levels of BGase (Econase GT 200 P from ABVista; 0, 0.01 and 0.1% – 0, 20,000, and 200,000 BU/kg) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Birds were fed experimental diets for 8 weeks, starting at 35 wk of age. Digestive tract samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Beta-glucan peak molecular weight was lower with the 0.1 compared to both 0 and 0.01% BGase levels, whereas weight average molecular weight was lower with the 0.1 compared to 0% BGase for 73% HB. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% β-glucan molecules decreased with the increasing BGase. Overall, β-glucan molecular weight in the ileum was higher when the birds were given 73 in comparison to 0% HB diets. Total and major short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the ileum were lower with 0.1 and 0.01 (except propionic acid) compared to 0% BGase in the birds fed 73% HB, but not 0% HB. Interactions between the main effects were found for the cecal acetic and isobutyric acids. In conclusion, exogenous BGase depolymerized high molecular weight β-glucan in HB and wheat. The effects of HB and BGase on carbohydrate fermentation were not apparent, although it appears ileal SCFA concentrations were lower with increasing levels of BGase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namalika D Karunaratne
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nancy P Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, R3T 2E1, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Rex W Newkirk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Karunaratne ND, Newkirk RW, Ames NP, Van Kessel AG, Bedford MR, Classen HL. Hulless barley and β-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight and digestive tract characteristics of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:595-608. [PMID: 34377846 PMCID: PMC8326591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous β-glucanase (BGase) in barley-based feed has been shown to reduce digesta viscosity in chickens, and thereby improve performance. Less well studied is the potential for BGase to convert barley β-glucan into low molecular weight carbohydrates, which might influence digestive tract function and enteric disease. Coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens were fed graded levels of hulless barley (HB) and BGase to determine their effects on β-glucan depolymerization and digestive tract characteristics. Broilers were fed high β-glucan HB (0%, 30% and 60% replacing wheat) and BGase (0%, 0.01% and 0.1%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. A total of 5,346 broilers were raised in litter floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of 9 rooms. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. At both 11 and 33 d of broiler ages, peak molecular weight of β-glucan in ileal digesta decreased with increasing BGase for 30% and 60% HB. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% β-glucan molecules (MW-10%) decreased with BGase at both ages for 30% and 60% HB; for birds fed 0% HB, only 0.1% BGase decreased MW-10%. The 0.1% BGase increased caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) compared to the 0.01% BGase at d 11 only for the 60% HB. Ileal pH increased with increasing HB and BGase at d 11 and 33. Caecal pH was lower for 0.1% BGase than 0% BGase for 60% HB at d 11. Relative mRNA expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in the ileum increased with 0.1% BGase at d 11 and 33, respectively, whereas expression of ileal mucin 2 (MUC2) decreased with 0.1% BGase at d 33. In the caeca, interactions between HB and BGase were significant for monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and mucin 5AC (MUC5 AC) on d 11, but no treatment effects were found at d 33. In conclusion, BGase depolymerized high molecular weight β-glucan in HB in a dose-dependent manner. Hulless barley and BGase did not increase SCFA concentrations (except for 60% HB with 0.1% BGase at d 11) and caused minor effects on digestive tract histomorphological measurements and relative mRNA gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namalika D. Karunaratne
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rex W. Newkirk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nancy P. Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Winnipeg, R3T 2E1, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Henry L. Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Karunaratne ND, Classen HL, Ames NP, Bedford MR, Newkirk RW. Effects of hulless barley and exogenous beta-glucanase levels on ileal digesta soluble beta-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100967. [PMID: 33652524 PMCID: PMC7936222 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduced use of antibiotics in poultry feed has led to the investigation of alternatives to antibiotics, and one such substitution is fermentable carbohydrates. Exogenous β-glucanase (BGase) is commonly used in poultry fed barley-based diets to reduce digesta viscosity. The effects of hulless barley (HB) and BGase levels on ileal digesta soluble β-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of broiler chickens were determined. A total of 360 day-old broilers were housed in battery cages (4 birds per cage) and fed graded levels of high β-glucan HB (CDC Fibar; 0, 30, and 60% replacing wheat) and BGase (Econase GT 200 P; 0, 0.01, and 0.1%) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Beta-glucan peak molecular weight in the ileal digesta was lower with 30 and 60 than 0% HB, whereas the peak decreased with increasing BGase. The weight average molecular weight was lower at 0.1 than 0% BGase in wheat diets, whereas in HB diets, it was lower at 0.01 and 0.1 than 0% BGase. The maximum molecular weight was lower with 0.01 and 0.1 than 0% BGase regardless of the HB level. The maximum molecular weight was lower with HB than wheat at 0 or 0.01% BGase. Overall, empty weights and lengths of digestive tract sections increased with increasing HB, but there was no BGase effect. Hulless barley decreased the duodenum and jejunum contents, whereas increasing the gizzard (diets with BGase), ileum, and colon contents. The jejunum and small intestine contents decreased with increasing BGase. Ileal and colon pH increased with increasing HB, but there was no BGase effect. Treatment effects were minor on short-chain fatty acids levels and performance. In conclusion, exogenous BGase depolymerized the ileal digesta soluble β-glucan in broiler chickens in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, feed efficiency was impaired by increasing HB levels. However, HB and BGase did not affect carbohydrate fermentation in the ileum and ceca, although BGase decreased ileal viscosity and improved feed efficiency at the 0.1% dietary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namalika D Karunaratne
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Nancy P Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, R3T 2E1 Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Rex W Newkirk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Borshchevskaya LN, Gordeeva TL, Kalinina AN, Fedorov AS, Sineoky SP. Comparison of β-Glucanases from Bacillus pumilus, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the Expression System of Pichia pastoris: Biochemical Characteristics and Potential in Fodder Production. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819080040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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da Silva I, Broch J, Wachholz L, de Souza C, Dalolio F, Teixeira L, Eyng C, Nunes R. Dry Residue of Cassava Associated With Carbohydrases in Diets for Broiler Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bashirova A, Pramanik S, Volkov P, Rozhkova A, Nemashkalov V, Zorov I, Gusakov A, Sinitsyn A, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD. Disulfide Bond Engineering of an Endoglucanase from Penicillium verruculosum to Improve Its Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1602. [PMID: 30935060 PMCID: PMC6479618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglucanases (EGLs) are important components of multienzyme cocktails used in the production of a wide variety of fine and bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, a low thermostability and the loss of catalytic performance of EGLs at industrially required temperatures limit their commercial applications. A structure-based disulfide bond (DSB) engineering was carried out in order to improve the thermostability of EGLII from Penicillium verruculosum. Based on in silico prediction, two improved enzyme variants, S127C-A165C (DSB2) and Y171C-L201C (DSB3), were obtained. Both engineered enzymes displayed a 15⁻21% increase in specific activity against carboxymethylcellulose and β-glucan compared to the wild-type EGLII (EGLII-wt). After incubation at 70 °C for 2 h, they retained 52⁻58% of their activity, while EGLII-wt retained only 38% of its activity. At 80 °C, the enzyme-engineered forms retained 15⁻22% of their activity after 2 h, whereas EGLII-wt was completely inactivated after the same incubation time. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the introduced DSB rigidified a global structure of DSB2 and DSB3 variants, thus enhancing their thermostability. In conclusion, this work provides an insight into DSB protein engineering as a potential rational design strategy that might be applicable for improving the stability of other enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bashirova
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Subrata Pramanik
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
| | - Pavel Volkov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Vitaly Nemashkalov
- G.K.Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Gusakov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
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Cardoso V, Fernandes EA, Santos HMM, Maçãs B, Lordelo MM, Telo da Gama L, Ferreira LMA, Fontes CMGA, Ribeiro T. Variation in levels of non-starch polysaccharides and endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanases affects the nutritive value of wheat for poultry. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:218-226. [PMID: 29424549 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1423674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Endo-1,4-β-xylanase is known to improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets for poultry by degrading dietary arabinoxylans. However, broilers' response to supplementation of wheat-based diets with exogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase is not always observed. 2. In this study, 108 different wheat lots were analysed for levels of extract viscosity as well as for endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity, and the impact of these two variables in animal performance was tested. 3. Results revealed that endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity and extract viscosity content varied widely among different wheat lots. Thus, a trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of exogenous enzyme supplementation in broiler diets using wheats with different levels of extract viscosity and endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity. 4. The data revealed that exogenous enzyme supplementation was only effective when the wheat present in the diet had high levels of extract viscosity (14.8 cP) with low endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity (347.0 U/kg). Nevertheless, it is apparent that exogenous microbial xylanases reduce digesta extract viscosity and feed conversion ratio independently of the endogenous properties presented by different wheat lots. 5. The data suggest that extract viscosity and/or endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity affect the response to enzyme supplementation by poultry fed on wheat-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardoso
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - E A Fernandes
- b Instituto Superior de Agronomia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - H M M Santos
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - B Maçãs
- c Estação Nacional de Melhoramento de Plantas , Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Elvas , Portugal
| | - M M Lordelo
- b Instituto Superior de Agronomia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Luis Telo da Gama
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - L M A Ferreira
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - C M G A Fontes
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - T Ribeiro
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
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Fernandes V, Costa M, Ribeiro T, Serrano L, Cardoso V, Santos H, Lordelo M, Ferreira L, Fontes C. 1,3-1,4-β-Glucanases and not 1,4-β-glucanases improve the nutritive value of barley-based diets for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moen B, Berget I, Rud I, Hole AS, Kjos NP, Sahlstrøm S. Extrusion of barley and oat influence the fecal microbiota and SCFA profile of growing pigs. Food Funct 2016; 7:1024-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of extrusion of barley and oat on the fecal microbiota and the formation of SCFA was evaluated using growing pigs as model system. The pigs were fed a diet containing either whole grain barley (BU), oat groat (OU), or their respective extruded samples (BE and OE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Moen
- Nofima
- The Norwegian Institute of Food
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research
- N-1430 Aas
- Norway
| | - Ingunn Berget
- Nofima
- The Norwegian Institute of Food
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research
- N-1430 Aas
- Norway
| | - Ida Rud
- Nofima
- The Norwegian Institute of Food
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research
- N-1430 Aas
- Norway
| | - Anastasia S. Hole
- Nofima
- The Norwegian Institute of Food
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research
- N-1430 Aas
- Norway
| | - Nils Petter Kjos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences
- N-1432 Aas
- Norway
| | - Stefan Sahlstrøm
- Nofima
- The Norwegian Institute of Food
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research
- N-1430 Aas
- Norway
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Temporal restriction of enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets has no effect in broiler performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Costa M, Fernandes VO, Ribeiro T, Serrano L, Cardoso V, Santos H, Lordelo M, Ferreira LMA, Fontes CMGA. Construction of GH16 β-glucanase mini-cellulosomes to improve the nutritive value of barley-based diets for broilers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7496-7506. [PMID: 25010714 DOI: 10.1021/jf502157y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria organize a comprehensive range of cellulases and hemicellulases in high molecular weight multienzyme complexes termed cellulosomes. Integration of cellulosomal components occurs via highly ordered protein-protein interactions between cohesins and dockerins. This paper reports the production of mini-cellulosomes containing one (GH16-1C) or three (GH16-3C) copies of Clostridium thermocellum glucanase 16A (CtGlc16A). Barley β-1,3-1,4-glucans are known to be antinutritive for monogastric animals, particularly for poultry. GH16-1C and GH16-3C were used to supplement barley-based diets for broilers. The data revealed that the two mini-cellulosomes effectively improved the nutritive value of barley-based diets for broilers. Analysis of mini-cellulosome molecular integrity revealed that linker sequences separating protein domains in scaffoldins and cellulosomal catalytic units are highly susceptible to proteolytic attack in vivo. The data suggest that linker protection could result in further improvements in enzyme efficacy to improve the nutritive value of barley-based diets for monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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