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Yun XL, Liu XB, Cheng ZC, Ji YR, Guo YM, Yuan JM, Nie W. Determination and prediction of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of wheat in broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102383. [PMID: 36529100 PMCID: PMC9792556 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the standard ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 8 different sources of wheat fed to broilers and established prediction equations based on the chemical properties of wheat. A total of five hundred forty 1-day-old broilers were tested in 2 stages (from d 10 to 13 and from d 25 to 28). On d 13, 324 broilers were randomly assigned to 9 diets (6 replicate cages, 6 broilers per cage); on d 28, 216 broilers were randomly assigned to 9 diets (6 replicate cages, 4 broilers per cage). The 9 experimental diets included 8 test diets and 1 nitrogen-free diet. Titanium dioxide was added as an exogenous indicator at 0.5% of the diet. In 8 wheat samples, the mean values of total amino acids (TAA), dispensable amino acids (DAA), and indispensable amino acids (IAA) were 12.16% (CV 13.70%), 7.97% (CV 15.49%), and 4.20% (CV 11.47%). On d 13, the lowest SID of AA was Lys (86.71%), and the highest was Pro (97.98%). On d 28, the lowest SID of AA was His (81.31%), and the highest was Pro (96.83%). There was an effect of wheat source on the SID of AA except for Trp (P < 0.05); the broiler age had an effect on the SID of AA except for Tyr (P < 0.05); the SID of most AA were higher at d 13 compared to d 28. At d 13, the SID of AA was correlated with CP, NDF, and ST (P < 0.05). At d 28, the SID of AA was correlated with EE, Ash, ADF, and NDF (P < 0.05). The R2 value of stepwise regression equations to predict the SID of AA at d 13 was highest for Leu (R2 = 0.972), lowest for Asp (R2 = 0.785); at d 28 was highest for Gly (R2 = 0.995), lowest for His (R2 = 0.678). In conclusion, this experiment showed that the chemical properties of wheat can be used to establish accurate equations for predicting the SID of AA. This made it more efficient to obtain the SID of AA for wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X B Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Z C Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y R Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y M Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - W Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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England A, Gharib-Naseri K, Kheravii SK, Wu SB. Influence of sex and rearing method on performance and flock uniformity in broilers-implications for research settings. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:276-283. [PMID: 36712408 PMCID: PMC9869427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Male and female broiler chickens differ in their growth performance, carcass part weights and nutrient requirements. The potential reasons for these differences have been explored by looking at differences in nutrient digestibility, nutrient transporter gene expression as well as gut microbiota populations between male and female birds. Studies have shown that male broilers have higher crude protein requirements compared to female broilers. The expression of monosaccharide and amino acid transporters show conflicting results as expression depends on the interactions between sex and bird age and breed as well as which tissue is sampled. Differences in microbiota populations between the genders were reported which may contribute towards performance differences, however research in this area is limited. The differences observed between the sexes contribute to increased variation in nutrition trials, and the potential to rear birds as equally mixed-sex becomes an option to reduce the variation introduced by the sex effect. Difference in rearing options obviously would only be feasible provided a quick, practical and cost-effective method of sexing birds is available, a topic that is also discussed in this review.
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Maynard C, Ghane A, Chrystal P, Selle P, Liu S. Sustaining live performance in broilers offered reduced crude protein diets based on corn and wheat blend. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park CS, Naranjo VD, Htoo JK, Adeola O. Comparative amino acid digestibility between broiler chickens and pigs fed different poultry by-products and meat and bone meal. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5871871. [PMID: 32667675 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 poultry by-products including hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), and poultry meal (PM) and also a meat and bone meal (MBM) between broiler chickens and pigs. Experimental diets consisted of 4 diets containing each test ingredient as a sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet. In experiment 1, 416 male broiler chickens with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 705 ± 100 g were allotted to 5 diets with 8 replicate cages per diet in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor at day 18 posthatching. After 5 d of feeding experimental diets, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, and ileal digesta samples were collected from distal two-thirds of the ileum. In experiment 2, 10 barrows with a mean initial BW of 22.1 ± 1.59 kg were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin Square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. Each period lasted for 7 d including 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data from experiments 1 and 2 were pooled together and analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (broiler chickens or pigs) and 4 experimental diets (HFM, FDPP, PM, or MBM). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between experimental diets and species in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, Val, and all dispensable AA except Tyr. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in FDPP (73.3%) was greater (P < 0.05) than in HFM (55.7%) but was lower (P < 0.05) than in MBM (86.5%), which was not different from PM (78.7%). In pigs, however, the SID of Lys in FDPP and PM (70.0 and 70.1%, respectively) were greater (P < 0.05) than in HFM (39.0%) but were lower (P < 0.05) than in MBM (79.2%). Broiler chickens fed FDPP and PM had lower (P < 0.05) SID of His, Thr, and Trp than those fed MBM; however, there was no difference in the SID of His, Thr, or Trp among pigs fed FDPP, PM, or MBM. The SID of Val in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other test ingredients for broiler chickens, but there was no difference in the SID of Val among test ingredients for pigs. Pigs had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Ile and Met than broiler chickens. In conclusion, the pattern of differences in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val, but not the other indispensable AA, among poultry by-products and MBM were different between broiler chickens and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Bertechini AG, de Carvalho JCC, Carvalho AC, Dalolio FS, Sorbara JOB. Amino acid digestibility coefficient values of animal protein meals with dietary protease for broiler chickens. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa187. [PMID: 33324960 PMCID: PMC7724973 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A digestibility experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous monocomponent protease on the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and coefficient apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in meat and bones meal (MBM), poultry byproducts meal (PBPM), and feather meal (FM). A total of 512 Cobb-500 male broiler chickens (aged 14 d) were randomly placed into 64 metabolism cages (8 birds per pen) and were allocated to eight treatments with eight replicates in a semi-controlled environmental room. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (corn/SBM) and the replacement of 300 g/kg on a weight basis with MBM, PBPM, or FM. The excreta were collected during 3 d (19 to 21 d), and the ileal digesta (using Celite as an indigestible marker) only 1 d (21 d). The protease contained 75,000 PROT units/g. The use of the enzyme increased (P < 0.05) ATTD for alanine, cysteine, glycine, and threonine in the basal diet and AID for the amino acids alanine, cysteine, glycine, lysine, threonine, and valine for the basal diet (vegetable). Regarding meals, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in the amino acid digestibility in large part due to the amino acids of MBM (14) and PBPM (9), with only five amino acids for FM. The amino acids glycine and threonine showed increases (P < 0.05) in both total and ileal digestibility for all animal meals and for the diet based on corn and soybean meal, which indicates a high specificity of the enzyme for these amino acids. The overall results obtained in this study found satisfactory effectiveness of this exogenous protease. The total collection method was lower by 1.83% of amino acids digestibility than the ileal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Bertechini
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlio C C de Carvalho
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Carvalho
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Dalolio
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jose O B Sorbara
- Technical Support—DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Olanrewaju HA, Miller WW, Maslin WR, Collier SD, Purswell JL, Branton SL. Interactive effects of light-sources, photoperiod, and strains on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights1. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6232-6240. [PMID: 31420665 PMCID: PMC8913770 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of light sources, photoperiods, and strains on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights (>3 kg) were evaluated. The experimental design was a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial treatments consisting of 4 light sources [incandescent (ICD, standard), compact fluorescent light, neutral light emitting diode (Neutral-LED), and cool poultry specific LED (Cool-poultry specific (PS)-LED)], 2 photoperiods (regular/intermittent [2L:2D], and short [8L:16D]), and 2 strains (A, B). In each trial, chicks of 2 different strains from different commercial hatcheries were equally and randomly distributed into 16 environmentally controlled rooms at 1 D of age. Each room was randomly assigned one of 16 treatments from day 1 to 56 D of age. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Birds were provided a 4 phase-feeding program (starter, grower, finisher, withdrawal). Birds and feed were weighed on 1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 D of age for growth performance. On day 56, a total of 20 (10 males and 10 females) birds from each room were processed to determine weights and yields. The BW, BW gain, live weight, and carcass weight of birds reared under PS-LED were higher (P < 0.05) in comparison with birds reared under ICD, but feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, and carcass characteristics were not affected by treatments. Also, broilers subjected to the short/non-intermittent photoperiod had the lowest (P < 0.05) growth performance and carcass characteristics compared with values obtained for regular/intermittent photoperiods. In addition, strain was significant (P < 0.05) for most of the examined variables. Feed conversion, fat, tender, and yield were not affected by treatments. There was no effect of photoperiod, light sources, or their interactions on mortality. This study shows positive impacts on alternative light sources when compared to ICD along with regular/intermittent photoperiod in commercial poultry facilities rearing the 2 strains used in this study, thereby reducing energy costs and optimizing production efficiency without compromising the welfare of broilers grown to heavy weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Olanrewaju
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
| | - W W Miller
- Advanced Animal Eye Care, Starkville, MS 39759
| | - W R Maslin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762
| | - S D Collier
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
| | - J L Purswell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
| | - S L Branton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762-5367
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Ganzer C, Siegert W, Kluth H, Bennewitz J, Rodehutscord M. Prececal amino acid digestibility of soybean cake in fast- and slow-growing broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2804-2810. [PMID: 28482061 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine whether there are differences in prececal amino acid digestibility between commonly used slow- and fast-growing broiler strains when the regression approach is applied. ISA J-275 and Ross 308 were selected as common representatives of slow- and fast-growing broiler strains, respectively. The experimental diets with soybean cake at levels of 0, 100, and 200 g/kg were offered for ad libitum consumption between 22 and 29 d post-hatch. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Each treatment was tested with six pens comprising 10 birds each. Digesta samples were collected on a pen basis from the distal two-thirds of the intestine section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileocecal-colonic junction. The prececal amino acid digestibility of soybean cake was calculated by linear regression simultaneously for both strains. There was no significant interaction between broiler strain and inclusion level of soybean cake with respect to the prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of complete diets; there was a significant strain effect for 5 out of the 16 measured amino acids. The prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of soybean cake did not differ significantly between strains and was numerically almost identical. The results of the present study provide evidence of the transferability between broiler strains of prececal amino acid digestibility data, determined using the regression approach, thus improving the accuracy of diet formulation without drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ganzer
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - W Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Kluth
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Bennewitz
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Kimiaeitalab M, Cámara L, Mirzaie Goudarzi S, Jiménez-Moreno E, Mateos G. Effects of the inclusion of sunflower hulls in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of broilers and pullets fed a broiler diet from zero to 21 d of age. A comparative study. Poult Sci 2017; 96:581-592. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Martins BB, Martins MRFB, Mendes AA, Fernandes BCS, Aguiar EF. Footpad Dermatitis in Broilers: Differences between Strains and Gender. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ullah Z, Ahmed G, Nisa MU, Sarwar M. Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Growing Broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1322-30. [PMID: 26954227 PMCID: PMC5003994 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of commonly used feed ingredients in poultry diets in Pakistan. These feed ingredients included corn, rice broken (RB), rice polishings (RP), wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM), guar meal (GM), soybean meal (SBM) from India and Argentine and fish meal (FM). The SIAAD of each ingredient was determined in triplicate using 21-days-old broilers. Day-old male broiler chicks (Hubbard× Hubbard) were reared on corn-SBM based diet from 1 to 13 days and thereafter birds were fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21. Each diet was fed to 36 birds kept in six replicate cages, each cage had six birds. In cereals, the SIAAD of corn's amino acid (AA) (90.1%) was similar (p>0.05) to RB (89.0%). Isoleucine (97.8%) and lysine (96.9%) were highly digestible AA in corn and RB, respectively. Among cereal-by products, WB's SIAAD (76.9%) was same (p>0.05) as RP (71.9%). Arginine from WB (82.5%) and RP (83.2%) was highly digestible. However, threonine in WB (72.7%) and leucine in RP (69.6%) were the lowest digestible AAs. In plant protein meals, AAs from Argentine-SBM (85.1%) and Indian-SBM (83.4%) had higher (p<0.5) SIAAD than other protein meals. However, SIAAD of SFM (77.1%) and CSM (71.7%) was intermediate while GM (60.3%) exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among all ingredients. Arginine from GM (76.9%), CSM (85.8%), SBM-India (89.5%) and SBM-Argentine (91.5%) was highly digestible from indispensable AAs. In SFM, methionine (91.4%) SIAAD was the greatest. The average SIAAD of FM was 77.6%. Alanine from FM had the highest (84.0%) but cysteine (62.8%) had the lowest SIAAD. In conclusion, cereals i.e. corn and RB had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD of the cereals by-products. The SIAAD of RP and WB was same (p>0.05). The SBM from plant protein meals had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD than other studied feed ingredients. However, the GM had the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among protein meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Ullah
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Mehr un Nisa
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarwar
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Wang B, Min Z, Yuan J. Apparent ileal digestible tryptophan requirements of 22- to 42-day-old broiler chicks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Li W, Angel R, Kim SW, Jiménez-Moreno E, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Plumstead PW. Age and adaptation to Ca and P deficiencies: 2. Impacts on amino acid digestibility and phytase efficacy in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2917-31. [PMID: 26476089 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,152 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M×fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were used to determine Ca, age, and adaptation effects on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (AID of CP), amino acids (AID of AA) and phytase efficacy. Twelve treatments with 8 replicates, each were fed from 7 to 9 d (6 birds per replicate), 7 to 21 d (6 birds per replicate) and 19 to 21 d (3 birds per replicate) d of age. Diets were prepared with 3 Ca (0.65, 0.80, and 0.95%) and 2 non-phytate P, (0.20 and 0.40%) concentrations. A 6-phytase was added at 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg to the 0.20% nPP diet at each Ca concentration. The age and adaptation effects were determined by comparing the responses between birds fed from 7 to 9 and 19 to 21 d of age, 19 to 21, and 7 to 21 d of age, respectively. An age effect was observed regardless of Ca, nPP, or phytase concentration, with older birds (19 to 21 d) having greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and CP than younger birds (7 to 9 d; P<0.05). Response to adaptation varied depending on Ca, nPP, and phytase concentrations. Constant lower AID of CP and AA was seen in adapted birds (7 to 21 d) compared to unadapted bird (19 to 21 d) when 0.20% nPP diets were fed at 0.95% Ca concentrations (P<0.05). At 0.40% nPP, there was no effect of adaptation on AID of CP and AA at any Ca concentration. Phytase efficacy was significantly lower in younger (7 to 9 d) compared to older birds (19 to 21 d; P<0.05), except at 0.65% Ca. Phytase inclusion increased AID of CP and AA regardless of Ca (P<0.05). In conclusion, the AID of CP and AA can be affected by diet, age, and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - E Jiménez-Moreno
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | | | - P W Plumstead
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, UK
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Ekmay RD, Chou K, Magnuson A, Lei XG. Continual feeding of two types of microalgal biomass affected protein digestion and metabolism in laying hens1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:287-97. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Moughan PJ, Ravindran V, Sorbara J. Dietary protein and amino acids—Consideration of the undigestible fraction. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2400-10. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Olanrewaju H, Miller W, Maslin W, Collier S, Purswell J, Branton S. Effects of strain and light intensity on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers grown to heavy weights. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1890-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Sorbara JOB. Formulating poultry diets based on their indigestible components. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2411-6. [PMID: 25012849 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it started as an organized economic activity, poultry production has been undergoing an evolution toward the optimization of its feed formulation features. Notably, advances in the knowledge of birds' nutrient requirements have allowed recommendations that are increasingly closer to the needs of the birds. Over time, availability of nutrients and energy has been incorporated into those recommendations, especially to compensate for the variability in the digestibility of nutrients originating from variable feed ingredient sources. Instead of using the total energy and nutrient content, current tables of nutrient recommendations provide an estimate of the digestible fractions of the nutrients in ingredients. For instance, nonphytate P is preferred instead of total P to account for the unavailable phytate P, and digestible amino acids to account for the differences in digestibility of amino acids in different ingredients, whereas energy is usually expressed as a proportion that has been digested and metabolized (AME). With the increasing interest in the use of exogenous enzymes in poultry feeds, special attention is directed to the feed substrates such that an added enzyme can match it, forming an enzyme-substrate complex that will be followed by a chemical reaction within the gastrointestinal tract. As a consequence of a degradation reaction, nutrients released can be absorbed and metabolized. In general, nutritional data banks used in linear feed formulation software have limited data on the proportions of fractions of ingredients that are indigestible. Therefore, estimations of the presence of many substrates in the feeds, and therefore the benefits of adding exogenous enzymes, are frequently limited because of the scarcity of adequate information. The objective of this review paper is to provide insights into the use of expanded nutrient databanks to include all the molecules considered potentially indigestible for poultry such that the inclusion of exogenous enzymes allows the estimation of the values of the product originated by their hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Vieira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 91540-000
| | - C Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 91540-000
| | - J O B Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Av. Eng° Billings, 1729, São Paulo, Caixa Postal 3003, Brazil
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Adedokun SA, Jaynes P, Abd El-Hack ME, Payne RL, Applegate TJ. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal and soybean meal in laying hens and broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:420-8. [PMID: 24570464 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of 7 meat and bone meal (MBM) and 3 soybean meal (SBM) samples in broilers (Ross 708) and laying hens (Hy-line W36). All 10 feed ingredients were evaluated in 21-d-old broiler chickens and 30- or 50-wk-old laying hens. Standardization was accomplished by correcting for basal ileal endogenous amino acid losses using a nitrogen-free diet. Broilers were reared in cages from d 0 to 16 on a standard broiler starter diet adequate in all nutrients and energy; thereafter, they were allotted to treatments using a randomized complete design with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds each. For the laying hens, 6 replicate cages of 6 birds each (542 cm(2)/bird) were used. Each treatment diet, which was fed for 5 d, was semipurified, with MBM or SBM being the sole source of amino acids in each diet. Ileal endogenous amino acid losses were not different between broilers and the 2 groups of laying hens. Meat and bone meal from different locations varied widely in digestibility. Broilers had higher (P < 0.05) SIAAD in 4 of the 7 MBM samples. In 2 of the 3 SBM samples, broilers had higher (P < 0.05) SIAAD for most of the nonessential amino acids. Generally, hens had 6.4 and 7.7% units less Met and Lys digestibility of all MBM samples after standardization. Dry matter digestibility values of the SBM samples were higher (P < 0.05) in broilers. Likewise, broilers had 4.1 and 1.5% units more Met and Lys digestibility of all the SBM samples evaluated compared with those from laying hens. The results of these experiments suggest that differences exist in the digestive capabilities of laying hens and broilers, which indicates that species-specific nutrient digestibility values or adjustments may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
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