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Sokale AO, Williams CJ, Hoerr FJ, Collins KEC, Peebles ED. Effects of administration of an in ovo coccidiosis vaccine at different embryonic ages on vaccine cycling and performance of broiler chickens ,. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100914. [PMID: 33518328 PMCID: PMC7936202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of a live coccidiosis vaccine has become an increasingly common method to control coccidiosis, especially in antibiotic-free broiler production. The Inovocox EM1 vaccine (EM1) is recommended for the vaccination of embryonated broiler hatching eggs between 18.0 and 19.0 d of incubation (doi). This allows for earlier acquisition of immunity to wild-type coccidia. However, it is unclear whether the difference in embryo age at the time of in ovo injection can influence the effect of the vaccine during grow-out as well as if the growth performance of broiler chickens is affected. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of 2 injection ages (18.5 and 19.0 doi) and 3 injection types (noninjected, diluent, and vaccine) in a 3 × 2 factorial design, consisting of 10 replicates per treatment (60 treatment-replicate groups). There was a significant effect of injection age on BW at 0, 14, and 35 d after hatch, with a difference in the BW of birds belonging to the 18.5 and 19.0 doi groups up to day 35 after hatch. There was a significant effect of injection type on BW gain, feed intake, and FCR between 0 and 28 d after hatch. Between 0 and 35 d, FCR was lower in the vaccine-injected group in comparison with the noninjected and diluent control groups. Furthermore, total intestine coccidia and lesion indices were higher in the vaccine-18.5 treatment group in comparison with the diluent-18.5 treatment group at 28 d. In conclusion, hatchling weight was affected by injection age, and this subsequently affected growth performance. Furthermore, intestinal coccidia cycling peaked at 28 d, resulting in a reduction in growth performance through 28 d and subsequent compensatory growth by 35 d. There was no significant difference in coccidiosis cycling between the vaccine-18.5 and vaccine-19.0 doi treatment combination groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Sokale
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA
| | - C J Williams
- Zoetis Animal Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - F J Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology, LLC, Fort Valley, VA 22652, USA
| | - K E C Collins
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA.
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Wang J, Lin J, Wang J, Wu S, Qi G, Zhang H, Song Z. Effects of in ovo feeding of N-acetyl-L-glutamate on early intestinal development and growth performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3583-3593. [PMID: 32616255 PMCID: PMC7597834 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG) on early intestinal development and growth performance of broilers. A total of 702 fertile broiler eggs were randomly divided into 3 treatments: 1) non-punctured control group, 2) saline-injected control group, and 3) NAG solution-injected group (1.5 mg/egg). At 17.5 D of incubation, 300 μL of each solution was injected into each egg of injected groups. Results indicated that the hatchability and healthy chicken rate were not affected by NAG injection (P > 0.05). Chicks from NAG solution-injected group had significantly decreased average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio during 1-14 D than those in the non-punctured control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-punctured control group, IOF of NAG significantly increased the density of goblet cells in jejunum at hatch, duodenum at 7 D, and ileum at 14 D; decreased crypt depth in jejunum at hatch; and increased villus height in duodenum and jejunum and villus height:crypt depth ratio in duodenum at 7 D (P < 0.05). The intestinal mRNA expression of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, peptide transporter, and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 did not differ between groups at 7 or 14 D. However, the mRNA expression level of rBAT in jejunum significantly increased in the NAG solution-injected group than in the non-punctured control group at 7 D (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IOF of NAG (1.5 mg/egg) accelerated the early intestinal development by enhancing intestinal immune and absorption function, thereby positively affecting the feed efficiency for the first 2 wk post-hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lin
- Risk Assessment Laboratory of Feed Derived Factors to Animal Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Risk Assessment Laboratory of Feed Derived Factors to Animal Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Risk Assessment Laboratory of Feed Derived Factors to Animal Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory of Feed Derived Factors to Animal Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Risk Assessment Laboratory of Feed Derived Factors to Animal Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China.
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P. R. China.
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Sokale AO, Williams CJ, Triplett MD, Hoerr FJ, Peebles ED. Effects of stage of broiler embryo development on coccidiosis vaccine injection accuracy, and subsequent oocyst localization and hatchling quality. Poult Sci 2020; 99:189-195. [PMID: 32416800 PMCID: PMC7587762 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens continues to pose challenges to commercial poultry producers, especially in an era of increased consumer demand for antibiotic-free broiler production. As a result, coccidiosis vaccines are now commonly used in rotation programs to achieve effective coccidiosis control. Inovocox EM1 vaccine (EM1) is a coccidiosis vaccine that allows for earlier immune acquisition through oocyst cycling, which reduces the effects of wild-type coccidia. The EM1 vaccine is administered to embryonated broiler hatching eggs between 18 and 19 D of incubation (doi). In the U.S., commercial broiler hatcheries vaccinate embryonated eggs at either 18.5 or 19 doi. However, it is unclear whether a difference in embryo age at the time of in ovo injection can impact the actual site of vaccine delivery. In addition, it is unclear where oocysts eventually become localized within the embryo following the in ovo injection of EM1. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of stage of embryonic development on the actual deposition site of the EM1 vaccine oocysts when they are in ovo injected and to subsequently investigate the movement and eventual location of EM1 oocysts after in ovo injection. Because all eggs were injected at the same time, a 12-h difference in set time was a means to derive 18.5 and 19.0 incubation age of injection (IAN) treatments. The experimental design was a 3 injection treatment (noninjected, diluent-injected, and vaccine-injected) × 2 IAN factorial. There was a significant main effect of IAN on site of vaccine oocysts delivery, and subsequent hatching chick quality. Qualitative histological evaluation revealed the oral uptake of vaccine oocysts through the amnion, with their subsequent presence in the gizzard and intestinal lumen by 24 to 36 h postinjection. In conclusion, physiological development influenced the site of injection, and oocysts imbibed along with the amniotic fluid in late stage broiler embryos are subsequently transported to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Sokale
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C J Williams
- Zoetis Animal Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - M D Triplett
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - F J Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology, LLC, Fort Valley, VA 22652, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Sokale A, Zhai W, Pote L, Williams C, Peebles E. Effects of coccidiosis vaccination administered by in ovo injection on Ross 708 broiler performance through 14 days of post-hatch age. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2546-2551. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Sokale A, Zhai W, Pote L, Williams C, Peebles E. Effects of coccidiosis vaccination administered by in ovo injection on the hatchability and hatching chick quality of broilers , ,. Poult Sci 2017; 96:541-547. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nangsuay A, Meijerhof R, van den Anker I, Heetkamp MJW, Morita VDS, Kemp B, van den Brand H. Effects of breeder age, broiler strain, and eggshell temperature on development and physiological status of embryos and hatchlings. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1666-1679. [PMID: 26957632 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeder age and broiler strain can influence the availability of nutrients and oxygen, particularly through differences in yolk size and shell conductance. We hypothesized that these egg characteristics might affect embryonic responses to changes in eggshell temperature (EST). This study aimed to investigate the effect of breeder age, broiler strain, and EST on development and physiological status of embryos. A study was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using 4 batches of 1,116 hatching eggs of 2 flock ages at 29 to 30 wk (young) and 54 to 55 wk (old) of Ross 308 and Cobb 500. EST of 37.8 (normal) or 38.9°C (high) was applied from incubation d 7 (E7) until hatching. The results showed that breeder age rather than broiler strain had an influence on yolk size (P = 0.043). The shell conductance was higher in Ross 308 than in Cobb 500 (P < 0.001). A high EST resulted in a higher yolk free body mass (YFBM) compared to the normal EST at E14 and E16, but at 3 h after hatch YFBM was lower when eggs were incubated at high EST compared to normal EST (all P < 0.001). Cobb 500 eggs yielded embryos with a lower YFBM at E14, E18, and 3 h after hatch (all P < 0.05) than Ross 308 eggs. Breeder age had no effect on YFBM, but the RSY weight was higher in embryos from the old flock compared to the young flock embryos at E14 and E16 (both P < 0.05). A 3-way interaction among breeder age, strain, and EST was found, especially for incubation duration, navel quality, and relative heart and stomach weights at 3 h after hatch (all P < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, we conclude that oxygen availability rather than nutrient availability determines embryonic development, and the egg characteristics affected embryonic responses to changes of EST, especially for variables related to chick quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nangsuay
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Meijerhof
- Poultry Performance Plus, Kleine Enkweg 1, 7383 DB Voorst, The Netherlands
| | - I van den Anker
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J W Heetkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - V De Souza Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Bello A, Hester P, Gerard P, Zhai W, Peebles E. Effects of commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on bone development and mineralization in male and female broilers , ,. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2734-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Collins KE, McLendon BL, Wilson JL. Egg characteristics and hatch performance of Athens Canadian Random Bred 1955 meat-type chickens and 2013 Cobb 500 broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2151-7. [PMID: 25002554 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) chickens, a 1955 meat-type control strain, were incubated with the 2013 Cobb 500 broiler to determine differences in egg composition, conductance values, incubation duration, hatch performance, and yolk utilization. Unincubated ACRB eggs had greater percentage solids than Cobb 500 eggs. The ACRB eggs had a greater solid portion as yolk, whereas the Cobb 500 devoted more solid percentage to albumen. Percentage shell was not different between the strains, but ACRB eggs had 2.7% greater percentage moisture loss after 18 d of incubation than Cobb 500 eggs. Conductance, conductance constant, and conductance standardized to a 100 g egg weight basis were all higher for ACRB eggs than Cobb 500 eggs at 12 and 18 d of incubation. The Cobb 500 chicks hatched 6 h earlier than ACRB chicks. The Cobb 500 incubation duration was 498 h, and the ACRB incubation duration was 504 h. There was no difference between the strains for percentage infertile eggs, embryonic mortality, hatchability, or salable chicks. The ACRB chicks hatched with a smaller dried residual yolk sac as a percentage of chick weight compared with the Cobb 500. Both strains had an average relative yolk-free chick weight of 61% of average initial egg weight. Thus the Cobb 500 eggs had decreased gas exchange across the eggshell, which may have contributed to the earlier hatch and decreased yolk utilization. Modern Cobb 500 broiler embryonic metabolism appears to have either become more dependent on albumen rather than yolk or has become more efficient with yolk reserves during development. Broiler hatch performance does not appear to have changed over the past 58 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Collins
- Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - B L McLendon
- Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - J L Wilson
- Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Bello A, Bricka R, Gerard P, Peebles E. Effects of commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler bone development and mineralization on days 0 and 21 posthatch. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1053-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Peebles E, Pulikanti R, Zhai W, Gerard P. Relationships of incubational hatching egg characteristics to posthatch body weight and processing yield in Ross × Ross 708 broilers
,. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bello A, Zhai W, Gerard P, Peebles E. Effects of the commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler posthatch performance and carcass characteristics ,. Poult Sci 2014; 93:155-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Physiological Relationships of the Middle and Late Post-Hatch Performance of Broilers to their Embryo and Eggshell Characteristics. J Poult Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0130007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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