1
|
Alaraji F. An innovative protocol to increase egg production of chicken layers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305099. [PMID: 38843257 PMCID: PMC11156288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different doses of limestone, light durations, light intensities, and vitamins on both the productive performance and egg quality. The study utilized two rearing houses (control and treatment), each accommodating 75000 Lohmann Brown Classic chicks reared in open-sided rearing cages from one day old until they reached 89 weeks of age. Throughout the laying period, the hens were subjected to a specific light regimen (light = 14 h; dark = 10 h a day). At the end of experiment, the treatment group displayed significant (p<0.05) differences compared to the control group across various parameters. Notably, the treatment group exhibited lower daily feed intake (treatment: 112 g/bird vs control: 115 g/bird), 9.6% higher egg production (treatment: 78.5% vs control: 68.9%), lower body weight (treatment: 2057 g vs control: 2073 g), lower feed conversion ratio (FCR)/egg (treatment: 1.44 vs control: 1.69), higher egg weight (treatment: 69.4 g vs control: 68.5 g), greater egg mass (treatment: 56.14 vs control: 48.76), greater shell thickness (treatment: 3.52 mm vs control: 3.44 mm), and greater shell weight (treatment: 9.3 g vs control: 8.79 g). However, the albumin weight, yolk weight, yolk diameter, shape index, and Haugh units (HU) were not significantly (p˃0.05) affected after 75 weeks of treatment when compared with those of the control group. Therefore, this study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that different ratios of limestone, different durations and intensities of light, and different vitamin supplementation doses in the treatment group (subjected to the novel rearing recommendations described in this study) may yield a profit of 180,541 USD, exceeding the baseline profit of the control group (subjected to conventional rearing methods).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Alaraji
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, University of Kufa, Kufa, Al-Najaf Province, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang Y, Guo R, Zeng T, Sun H, Tian Y, Han X, Cao Y, Xu L, Duan M, Lu L, Chen L. Analysis of Transcriptomic Differences in the Ovaries of High- and Low-Laying Ducks. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38397170 PMCID: PMC10887599 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The egg-laying performance of Shan Ma ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) is a crucial economic trait. Nevertheless, limited research has been conducted on the egg-laying performance of this species. We examined routine blood indicators and observed higher levels of metabolic and immune-related factors in the high-egg-production group compared with the low-egg-production group. Furthermore, we explored the ovarian transcriptome of both high- and low-egg-production groups of Shan Ma ducks using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing. A total of 1357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 686 down-regulated and 671 up-regulated in the high-egg-production (HEP) ducks and low-egg-production (LEP) ducks. Several genes involved in the regulation of ovarian development, including neuropeptide Y (NPY), cell cycle protein-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and transcription factor 1 (E2F1), exhibited significant differential expressions at varying stages of egg production. Pathway functional analysis revealed that the DEGs were primarily associated with the steroid biosynthesis pathway, and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway exhibited higher activity in the HEP group compared to the LEP group. This study offers valuable information about and novel insights into high egg production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Rongbing Guo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Hanxue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Xue Han
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550000, China;
| | - Yongqing Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Ligen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Mingcai Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.C.); (T.Z.); (H.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.C.); (L.X.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ni A, Calus MPL, Bovenhuis H, Yuan J, Wang Y, Sun Y, Chen J. Genetic parameters, reciprocal cross differences, and age-related heterosis of egg-laying performance in chickens. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:87. [PMID: 38062365 PMCID: PMC10702067 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg-laying performance is economically important in poultry breeding programs. Crossbreeding between indigenous and elite commercial lines to exploit heterosis has been an upward trend in traditional layer breeding for niche markets. The objective of this study was to analyse the genetic background and to estimate the heterosis of longitudinal egg-laying traits in reciprocal crosses between an indigenous Beijing-You and an elite commercial White Leghorn layer line. Egg weights were measured for the first three eggs, monthly from 28 to 76 weeks of age, and at 86 and 100 weeks of age. Egg quality traits were measured at 32, 54, 72, 86, and 100 weeks of age. Egg production traits were measured from the start of lay until 43, 72, and 100 weeks of age. Heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated. Heterosis was estimated as the percentage difference of performance of a crossbred from that of the parental average. Reciprocal cross differences were estimated as the difference between the reciprocal crossbreds as a percentage of the parental average. RESULTS Estimates of heritability of egg weights ranged from 0.29 to 0.75. Estimates of genetic correlations between egg weights at different ages ranged from 0.72 to 1.00. Estimates of heritability for cumulative egg numbers until 43, 72, and 100 weeks of age were around 0.15. Estimates of heterosis for egg weight and cumulative egg number increased with age, ranging from 1.0 to 9.0% and from 1.4 to 11.6%, respectively. From 72 to 100 weeks of age, crossbreds produced more eggs per week than the superior parent White Leghorn (3.5 eggs for White Leghorn, 3.8 and 3.9 eggs for crossbreds). Heterosis for eggshell thickness ranged from 2.7 to 6.6% when using Beijing-You as the sire breed. No significant difference between reciprocal crosses was observed for the investigated traits, except for eggshell strength at 54 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS The heterosis was substantial for egg weight and cumulative egg number, and increased with age, suggesting that non-additive genetic effects are important in crossbreds between the indigenous and elite breeds. Generally, the crossbreds performed similar to or even outperformed the commercial White Leghorns for egg production persistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Liu Z, Cao D, Liu J, Li F, Han H, Han H, Lei Q, Liu W, Li D, Wang J, Zhou Y. Elucidation of the genetic determination of clutch traits in Chinese local chickens of the Laiwu Black breed. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:686. [PMID: 37968610 PMCID: PMC10652520 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg laying rate (LR) is associated with a clutch, which is defined as consecutive days of oviposition. The clutch trait can be used as a selection indicator to improve egg production in poultry breeding. However, little is known about the genetic basis of clutch traits. In this study, our aim was to estimate genetic parameters and identify quantitative trait single nucleotide polymorphisms for clutch traits in 399 purebred Laiwu Black chickens (a native Chinese breed) using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS In this work, after estimating the genetic parameters of age at first egg, body weight at first egg, LR, longest clutch until 52 week of age, first week when the longest clutch starts, last week when the longest clutch ends, number of clutches, and longest number of days without egg-laying until 52 week of age, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and potential candidate genes associated with clutch traits in Laiwu Black chickens. The restricted maximum likelihood method was used to estimate genetic parameters of clutch pattern in 399 Laiwu Black hens, using the GCTA software. RESULTS The results showed that SNP-based heritability estimates of clutch traits ranged from 0.06 to 0.59. Genotyping data were obtained from whole genome re-sequencing data. After quality control, a total of 10,810,544 SNPs remained to be analyzed. The GWAS revealed that 421 significant SNPs responsible for clutch traits were scattered on chicken chromosomes 1-14, 17-19, 21-25, 28 and Z. Among the annotated genes, NELL2, SMYD9, SPTLC2, SMYD3 and PLCL1 were the most promising candidates for clutch traits in Laiwu Black chickens. CONCLUSION The findings of this research provide critical insight into the genetic basis of clutch traits. These results contribute to the identification of candidate genes and variants. Genes and SNPs potentially provide new avenues for further research and would help to establish a framework for new methods of genomic prediction, and increase the accuracy of estimated genetic merit for egg production and clutch traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Zhansheng Liu
- Shandong Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan, 250023, China
| | - Dingguo Cao
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Heguo Han
- Lijin County Center for Animal Disease Control, Lijin, 257400, China
| | - Haixia Han
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxia Lei
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxia Wang
- Administrative Examination and Approval Service Bureau of Lijin County, Lijin, 257400, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250023, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Cahaner A, Lou L, Zhang L, Ge Y, Li Q, Pan Y, Zhang X. Genetics and breeding of a black-bone and blue eggshell chicken line. 3. Visual eggshell color and colorimeter parameters in 3 consecutive generations. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103052. [PMID: 37734360 PMCID: PMC10518581 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The BG line, originated by crossing 2 Chinese indigenous breeds, Dongxiang blue eggshell and Jiangshan black-bone, has been bred for black carcass and blue-greenish eggs. Aiming to study the genetic parameters and selection aspects of these eggshell colors, the 4 colorimeter parameters (L*, a*, b*, SCI = L*-a*-b*) were measured on ∼5 eggs/hen/age (200 d and 300 d) from each hen in 3 generations (G4 = 452, G5 = 508, G6 = 498). Visual eggshell color was classified as either "Light," "Blue," "Green," or "Olive," and data from G4 and G5 indicated that visual eggshell color was more accurately determined by combining the classifications of single representative egg/hen by 4 independent observers. Based on the apparent gradual variation in visual color, the 4 colors were expressed numerically (Light = 1, Blue = 2, Green = 3, Olive = 4) and the averages of the 4 observers (AveObs) were used as quantitative expression of the visual color of each egg. This expression, in the range from Blue to Olive, was highly significantly correlated with L*, b* and SCI. The a* values were also associated with AveObs, but not linearly; AveObs between 2 (Blue) and 3 (Green) had lowest a*, and it increased as AveObs was more Light (<2) or more Olive (>3). The heritability estimates of the colorimeter parameters were mostly very high; those of b* and SCI ranged between 0.7 and 0.8, and those of L* and a* between 0.6 and 0.7, indicating that they can serve as criterions to select for blue and/or green eggshells. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the colorimeter parameters were highly significant and favorable. It is suggested that effective breeding for blue eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with highest SCI/L* or lowest b* (against green and olive shades), followed by selection for low a* (against light shades). Breeding for green eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with SCI ≈ 75 and/or L* ≈ 80 and/or b* ≈ 12. Breeding for hens that lay either blue or green eggs can be done by selection for low a* values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Avigdor Cahaner
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lifeng Lou
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song L, Weng K, Bao Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zhang Y. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis unveils uterine fluid difference in hens producing normal and pimpled eggs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103081. [PMID: 37774518 PMCID: PMC10542640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggshell is a crucial indicator of egg quality. Pimpled eggs (PE) a type of eggshell defect are characterized by low eggshell strength, leading to substantial financial losses. Eggshell formation occurs in the uterine fluid (UF), which contains the required ions and matrix proteins However, the underlying mechanisms of PE formation remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the egg quality of PE, and normal eggs (NE) by examining the differences in UF from hens producing PE and NE (n = 6 each). This 2-wk-long assessment involved histomorphological and proteomics analyses. The results showed that NE had better eggshell quality compared to PE, and the uterus structure in PE hens was conducive to the formation of PE. Using quantitative proteomic analysis, we identified 68 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) in the UF of PE hens, including 9 key proteins related to ion transport, protein synthesis and folding, and immunity. Downregulation of CALM1 and SCNN1G proteins in PE hens might have negatively affected the calcium signaling pathway, decreasing the calcium amount in UF. Additionally, the PHB1 and TSN proteins may affect eggshell formation by regulating immune responses. Taken together, our results provide insights into the mechanism of PE production, with potential applications for enhancing eggshell quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiqi Weng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bogdanski FA, Silveira RMF, Rovadoscki GA, Franzo V, Gervásio IC, Escobar DYO, Dauria BD, Meira AN, Mourão LMB, Coutinho LL, Pizzolante CC, de Moraes JE, Mourão GB. Genetic parameters for production, quality, and colors from eggs in Brazilian lineages of chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:148. [PMID: 37020063 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic parameters were estimated for egg production, egg quality, and eggshell colors in eight lineages of Brazilian laying hens. Age at first egg (AFE), total egg production up to the 45th week (PROD), egg weight (EW), albumen height (AH), yolk color (YC), the Haugh units (HU), eggshell strength (ESS), eggshell thickness (EST), yolk weight (YW), eggshell weight (ESW), and eggshell color (L*, a*, and b*) were measured in 2030 eggs obtained from 645 laying hens. Variance components were estimated from a mixed animal model, which included the fixed effects of contemporary groups, cage location, and hen line, and the additive genetic, permanent environmental, and residual as random effects. In general, heritabilities were low to moderate (h2 = 0.11 to 0.48). Genetic correlations among eggshell quality traits were moderate to high (0.36 and 0.69). High genetic correlations were obtained between the eggshell color traits [rg = -0.90 (L* and a*); rg = -0.64 (L* and b*); and rg = 0.65 (a* and b*)]. Results suggest that EW is strongly correlated with ESW, but the genetic correlations between EW and ESS and between EW and EST were low. Genetic correlations between L* and eggshell quality traits were low to moderate, suggesting that L* has little or no relation with external egg quality. However, genetic correlations between a* and b* values and eggshell quality traits were high. The genetic correlations between eggshell color and eggshell quality traits were low, suggesting that the eggshell color does not influence external egg quality. Genetic correlations between PROD and egg quality traits were negative and varied between -0.42 and -0.05. This antagonistic relationship emphasizes the importance of adopting breeding schemes that allow the simultaneous genetic progress of these traits by considering their genetic correlation and economic relevance, such as the selection index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Auler Bogdanski
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Gregori Alberto Rovadoscki
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Vamilton Franzo
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Izally Carvalho Gervásio
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Daysi Ylder Orzuza Escobar
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Brayan Dias Dauria
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ariana Nascimento Meira
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - José Evandro de Moraes
- Research Center of Diversified Animal Science, Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, Brazil
| | - Gerson Barreto Mourão
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim JH, Kim HW, Kwon CH, Kwon SH, Kil DY. Effects of dietary organic or inorganic iron concentrations on productive performance, egg quality, blood measurements, and tissue iron concentrations in aged laying hens. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13817. [PMID: 36810838 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary organic or inorganic iron (Fe) concentrations on productive performance, egg quality, blood measurements, and tissue Fe concentrations in aged laying hens. A total of three hundred fifty 60-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments with seven replicates. Each replicate had 10 consecutive cages. Organic Fe (Fe-Gly) or inorganic Fe (FeSO4 ) was added to the basal diet at the levels of 100 or 200 mg/kg Fe. Diets were fed on an ad libitum basis for 6 weeks. Results indicated that supplementation of organic or inorganic Fe in diets increased (p < 0.05) eggshell color and feather Fe concentrations compared with no supplementation of Fe in diets. An interaction was found (p < 0.05) between Fe sources and supplemental levels in diets for egg weight, eggshell strength, and Haugh unit. Hens fed diets supplemented with organic Fe had greater (p < 0.05) eggshell color and hematocrit than those fed diets supplemented with inorganic Fe. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of organic Fe increases the eggshell color of aged laying hens. High supplemental levels of organic Fe in diets improve egg weight in aged laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim J, Semyalo D, Rho TG, Bae H, Cho BK. Non-Destructive Detection of Abnormal Chicken Eggs by Using an Optimized Spectral Analysis System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9826. [PMID: 36560195 PMCID: PMC9786918 DOI: 10.3390/s22249826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pressures, such as temperature and light intensity, food, and genetic factors, can cause chicken eggs to develop abnormalities. The common types of internal egg abnormalities include bloody and damaged egg yolk. Spectrometers have been recently used in real-time abnormal egg detection research. However, there are very few studies on the optimization of measurement systems. This study aimed to establish optimum parameters for detecting of internal egg abnormalities (bloody and damaged-yolk eggs) using visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrometry (192-1110 nm range) and multivariate data analysis. The detection performance using various system parameters, such as the types of light sources, the configuration of the light, and sensor positions, was investigated. With the help of collected data, a partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was developed to classify normal and abnormal eggs. The highest classification accuracy for the various system parameters was 98.7%. Three band selection methods, such as weighted regression coefficient (WRC), sequential feature selection (SFS), and successive projection algorithm (SPA) were used for further model optimization, to reduce the spectral bands from 1028 to less than 7. In conclusion the results indicate that the types of light sources and the configuration design of the sensor and illumination affect the detection accuracy for abnormal eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntae Kim
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis Semyalo
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Rho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjin Bae
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseoung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Zhao X, Dai Z, Yang P, Chen R, Guo B, Lei M, Shi Z. A Possible Mechanism for Double-Yolked Eggs in the Early Stage of Egg-Laying in Zhedong White Goose-Function of IGF1 and LHR Signaling. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2964. [PMID: 36359088 PMCID: PMC9654830 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cause of double-yolk (DY) egg production in birds is unclear, but it is related to body weight and adiposity. We explored the causes of the high proportion (up to 26%) of DY eggs in the first clutch of Zhedong white geese. We recorded the egg production of Zhedong white geese during the first egg-laying cycle and counted the proportion of DY eggs. We found that 30% of geese had 3 sets of double or triple follicles of the same diameter in the abdomen, which was close to the DY egg rate. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes in granulosa cells were similar within the same set of follicles. Furthermore, the IGF1 concentration in geese that had at least 3 sets of follicles of the same diameter was significantly higher than that in birds with 0-1 set of follicles of the same diameter. Thus, we proposed that, in the first egg-laying stage of geese, high plasma concentrations of IGF1 stimulate the development of pre-hierarchal follicles and cause more than one follicle to be selected at the same time, mature at the same rate under the same gonadotrophin milieu, and ovulate at the same time to produce DY eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingfei Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zichun Dai
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pengxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Binbin Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingming Lei
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Research progress on bird eggshell quality defects: a review. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102283. [PMID: 36399932 PMCID: PMC9673113 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell quality declined with extending of chicken laying cycles. Eggshell quality is a crucial feature that not only affects consumer preference, but also influences producers' economic profitability. The eggshell ultrastructure consists of mammillary, palisade, and vertical crystal layers. Any defect in shell structure results in a reduction in eggshell quality. Speckled, translucent, pimpled, and soft eggshells are common defects that cause significant financial losses for farmers and food security concerns for consumers. Therefore, reducing the faulty eggshells is critical for poultry production. Defective eggshell quality has been attributed to hereditary factors and external environmental stimuli. As such, improvements can be carried out through selective breeding and environmental control of components such as temperature, moisture, and diet formula balance. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of the main eggshell quality defects (speckled, translucent, pimpled, broken, and soft-shell eggs) and the relevant improvement methods are detailed. We hope this review will serve as a useful resource for poultry production management and effectively increasing eggshell quality.
Collapse
|
12
|
The effects of the breeder index value on the microscopic structure of egg shells, hatching results, and hybrid performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:557. [PMID: 34855009 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The quality of egg shell and bone properties of hen are important for hen welfare, consumers, and producers. Parameters of the genetic selection have both desirable and undesirable effects among themselves. Until recently, it has been stated that the concept of shell quality is not only about breaking strength, thickness, and weight of shell, but also microscopic properties of the shell. In this study, the effect of index selection including age and weight at sexual maturity, number of eggs and egg weight on eggshell structures, hatching results, and hybrid performance was determined. Ninety Barred Rock 1 (BAR-1) and ninety Rhode Island Red 1 (RIR-1) hens and twenty RIR-1 cocks (46 weeks old) were used. BAR-1 and RIR-1 were classified according to the breeder index value as low and high. Egg quality characteristics, embryo development and hatching results were examined in eggs obtained from these lines. In the hybrid eggs with high breeder index, the thickness of the palisade layer, breaking strength, ash, and Ca level of the shell were lower and cone similarity and egg weight were higher than that with low breeder index. The breaking strength of the egg shell had a significantly positive correlation with the palisade layer thickness of the shell. In addition, the tibia weight of the high breeder index group was lower than that of the low breeder index group. Differences in femur and tibia weights in hybrids with low and high breeder index increased with age. A negative correlation was observed between hatchability and the thickness of the palisade layer. Further studies are needed to determine which selection programs positively affect the thickness of the palisade layer, the Ca level and the breaking strength of the shell, the number of broken eggs, and the tibia weight in layer hybrids.
Collapse
|
13
|
Direct and indirect contributions of molecular genetics to farm animal welfare: a review. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:177-186. [PMID: 34842522 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since domestication, farm animals have played a key role to increase the prosperity of humankind, while animal welfare (AW) is debated even today. This paper aims to comprehensively review the contributions of developing molecular genetics to farm animal welfare (FAW) and to raise awareness among both scientists and farmers about AW. Welfare is a complex trait affected by genetic structure and environmental factors. Therefore, the best welfare status can be achieved not only to enhance environmental factors such as management and feeding practices, but also the genetic structure of animals must be improved. In this regard, advances in molecular genetics have made great contributions to improve the genetic structure of farm animals, which has increased AW. Today, by sequencing and/or molecular markers, genetic diseases may be detected and eliminated in local herds. Additionally, genes related to diseases or adaptations are investigated by molecular techniques, and the frequencies of desired genotypes are increased in farm animals to keep welfare at an optimized level. Furthermore, stress on animals can be reduced with DNA extraction from stool and feather samples which reduces physical contact between animals and veterinarians. Together with molecular genetics, advances in genome editing tools and biotechnology are promising to improve FAW in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gautron J, Réhault-Godbert S, Van de Braak TGH, Dunn IC. Review: What are the challenges facing the table egg industry in the next decades and what can be done to address them? Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100282. [PMID: 34246597 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a strong consumer demand to take welfare into account in animal production, including table eggs. This is particularly true in Europe and North America but increasingly around the world. We review the main demands that are facing the egg industry driven by economic, societal and sustainability goals. We describe solutions already delivered by research and those that will be needed for the future. Already table egg consumption patterns have seen a major shift from cage to non-cage production systems because of societal pressures. These often feature free-range and organic production. These changes likely signal the future direction for the layer sector with the acceleration of the conversion of cage to barn and aviary systems with outdoor access. This can come with unintended consequences from bone fracture to increased disease exposure, all requiring solutions. In the near future, the laying period of hens will be routinely extended to improve the economics and environmental footprint of production. Many flocks already produce close to 500 eggs per hens in a lifetime, reducing the number of replacement layers and improving the economics and sustainability. It will be a challenge for scientists to optimize the genetics and the production systems to maintain the health of these hens. A major ethical issue for the egg industry is the culling of male day-old chicks of layer breeds as the meat of the males cannot be easily marketed. Much research has and will be devoted to alternatives. Another solution is elimination of male embryos prior to hatching by in ovo sexing approaches. The race to find a sustainable solution to early stage sex determination is on. Methods based on sex chromosomes, sexually dimorphic compounds and spectral properties of eggs containing male or female embryos, are being researched and are reviewed in this article. Other proposed solutions include the use of dual-purpose strains, where the males are bred to produce meat and the females to produce eggs. The dual-purpose strains are less efficient and do not compete economically in the meat or egg market; however, as consumer awareness increases viable markets are emerging. These priorities are the response to economic, environmental, ethical and consumer pressures that are already having a strong impact on the egg industry. They will continue to evolve in the next decade and if supported by a strong research and development effort, a more efficient and ethical egg-laying industry should emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gautron
- INRAE, University of Tours, BOA, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | - T G H Van de Braak
- Institut de Sélection Animale B.V, A Hendrix Genetics Company, 5831CK Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - I C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goto T, Shimamoto S, Ohtsuka A, Ijiri D. Analyses of free amino acid and taste sensor traits in egg albumen and yolk revealed potential of value-added eggs in chickens. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13510. [PMID: 33417307 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To create high-quality eggs by using different breed and feed materials, we investigated free amino acid contents and taste sensor traits using two chicken breeds (Rhode Island Red; RIR and Australorp; AUS) fed two feeds (mixed and fermented feeds). Two-way ANOVA revealed significant breed and feed main and interaction effects on albumen bitterness and a significant interaction effect on yolk bitterness. Albumen from RIR fed mixed feed and AUS fed fermented feed was higher bitterness, whereas yolk from those groups was lower bitterness. Significant breed effects were detected in four albumen amino acid traits (His, Met, Ile, and Lys) and a yolk His, whereas significant feed effects were found in 15 albumen amino acid traits (Asp, Glu, Ser, His, Gly, Thr, Ala, Tyr, Val, Met, Trp, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Pro) and a yolk cystine trait. Compared to albumen amino acids, yolk amino acids had limited effects by breed and feed. The present results suggest that genetic and nutritional factors can alter not only amino acid contents but also sensor values of bitterness, indicating that selecting the combination of breed and feed enable us to make amino acids enriched and taste added designer eggs in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Goto
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Saki Shimamoto
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Ijiri
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamilton RMG, Bryden WL. Relationship between egg shell breakage and laying hen housing systems – an overview. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1878480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. G. Hamilton
- Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada (Formerly, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia)
| | - W. L. Bryden
- Poultry Science Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Salamon A. Factors affecting the production of double-yolked eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1830011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Salamon
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dai H, Lv Z, Hu C, Shi Z, Wei X, Jin S, Yuan Y, Yu D, Shi F. Alpha-lipoic acid improves the reproduction performance of breeder hens during the late egg-laying period. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1788-1797. [PMID: 32881138 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a multifunctional antioxidant, can promote fatty acid mobilization, energy expenditure and scavenge free radicals. The effects of dietary ALA on the reproductive performance of breeder hens were investigated in the current study. In the 5-week experiment, 180 54-week-old Qiling breeder hens were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates and supplemented with three levels of ALA (0, 300 and 600 mg/kg) in the basic corn-soya bean meal diets. 600 mg/kg ALA treatment group (HLA) significantly improved the eggshell thickness and strength (p < .05). ALA-treated groups improved egg-laying rate compared with the CON group, but with no statistically significant difference (p > .05). The levels of HDL-C, ALB and estradiol (E2) of the serum in the HLA group were elevated compared with the CON group (p < .05). In addition, ALA (600 mg/kg) treatment exhibited a reduced level of serum AST and TG (p < .05). Dietary ALA increased the activity of hepatic lipase in liver (p < .05). Supplemental 600 mg/kg ALA also improved the SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity level, along with a decreased MDA in ovarian tissue (p < .05). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of ESR1, ESR2, VTG2 and ApoB in the liver and FSHR in follicles were upregulated in the HLA group (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg ALA during the late egg-laying period could improve lipid metabolism and reproductive performance of breeder hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenhui Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhicheng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xihui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Jin
- Changzhou Animal Disease Control Center, Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunwei Yuan
- Jiangsu Hesheng Food Limited Company, Taizhou, China
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Emamgholi Begli H, Wood BJ, Abdalla EA, Balzani A, Willems O, Schenkel F, Harlander-Matauschek A, Baes CF. Genetic parameters for clutch and broodiness traits in turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo) and their relationship with body weight and egg production. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6263-6269. [PMID: 31407014 PMCID: PMC8913747 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for clutch and broodiness (BR) traits in turkeys and their relationship with body weight and egg production. Data on dam line hens was available and included: body weight at 18 wk of age (BW18), body weight at lighting (BWL, 29 to 33 wk), age at first egg (AFE), egg number (EN), rate of lay (RL), clutch length (CL), maximum clutch length (MCL), pause length (PL), maximum PL (MPL) and BR. BR was defined as the average number of consecutive pause days between clutches that was higher than the average PL per hen. Heritability estimates for BW18 and BWL were 0.50 and 0.53, respectively. The heritability for egg production, clutch, and pause traits varied from low (MPL = 0.15; BR = 0.15) to moderate (AFE = 0.22; EN = 0.28; RL = 0.29; CL = 0.21; MCL = 0.27; PL = 0.25). Genetic correlations were negative between body weight traits and EN (rg (BW18, EN) = −0.27; rg(BWL, EN) = −0.33) and CL (rg(BW18, CL) = −0.40; rg(BWL, CL) = −0.33). BR was negatively genetically correlated with EN (rg(BR, EN) = −0.85) and CL (rg(BR, CL) = −0.30), and positively genetically correlated with PL (rg(BR, PL) = 0.93) and AFE (rg(BR, AFE) = 0.21). EN had a positive (0.73) and a negative (−0.84) genetic correlation with CL and PL, respectively. Overall, the results of this study confirmed the negative (unfavorable) correlations between egg production and body weight. Despite unfavorable genetic and phenotypic correlations between egg production traits and those relating to BR, the inclusion of BR in a selection program through incorporation of clutch length traits and pause length traits is feasible. Integration of either clutch length traits or pause length traits in a selection index is likely to increase egg number while decreasing broodiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Emamgholi Begli
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - B J Wood
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Hybrid Turkeys, A Hendrix Genetics Company, Kitchener, Ontario, N2K 3S2, Canada
| | - E A Abdalla
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Balzani
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - O Willems
- Hybrid Turkeys, A Hendrix Genetics Company, Kitchener, Ontario, N2K 3S2, Canada
| | - F Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Harlander-Matauschek
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C F Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vizoná RG, da Costa Perez B, Campolina Diniz Peixoto MG, Viana JHM, Ventura RV, Vercesi Filho AE, de Carvalho Balieiro JC. Genetic analysis of in-vitro embryo production traits in Dairy Gir cattle. Theriogenology 2020; 148:149-161. [PMID: 32182523 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dams as oocyte donors can be a selection criterion for animal breeding programs, but also an involuntary driver of the process. In both cases, it is important to determine genetic components influencing the outcome of in vitro embryo production (IVEP). The objective of the present study was to perform a detailed genetic analysis for in vitro embryo production traits in Dairy Gir cows. A dataset containing 11,450 records of ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures from 2684 Dairy Gir donors was evaluated. Analyzed traits were number (NOV) and percentage (POV) of viable oocytes; number (NGI) and percentage (PGI) of grade I oocytes; number (NEMB) and percentage (PEMB) of viable embryos. All analyzes were performed using animal models by a Bayesian framework. Heritability estimates varied from 0.16 to 0.32 for count traits and from 0.01 to 0.06 for percentage traits. The proportion of the total variation represented by the additive genetic effect of sire (semen used in IVF) for NEMB and PEMB was 7% and 5% respectively. Associations between estimated breeding values from progeny tested bulls for IVEP traits, milk production, age at first calving and conformation traits were mainly low or close to zero. Results indicate that selection for IVEP traits is possible in Dairy Gir cattle and would not impair genetic progress for traits already considered as selection criteria. The NOV seems to be a promising target trait. However, a selection index could help to avoid the use of sires with negative genetic merit for percentage traits, minimizing possible deterioration in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guimarães Vizoná
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno da Costa Perez
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Vieira Ventura
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This study aimed to modify the feed mixtures of laying hens to enrich the consumer eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). One hundred and twenty Tetra-SL laying hens used in the study were divided into three groups of 40 laying hens arranged in five repetitions: C, control with 5% soybean oil; E1, 0.5% fish oil + 0.5% microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum; and E2, 0.75% fish oil + 0.75% microalgae. The composition of the mixtures was balanced at the level of 17.5% raw protein and 11.81 MJ/kg metabolic energy (ME). Feed and water were provided ad libitum, and the experiment lasted for 21 days. In this study, the different physical and chemical properties of eggs, the fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation of fat in egg yolks were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the weight of the egg yolk and that of the shell depended on the feeding treatments (P=0.014 and P<0.001), and the weight of eggs and basic parts, as well as the thickness of the shell depended on the storage duration (P<0.001). The storage time affected the pH of egg yolks and albumen and the reduction in Haugh units and albumen height (P<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the content of ALA, DHA, ∑n-3 PUFA (mg/100 g) and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio between the C and E1/E2 egg groups (P<0.001). The results of the study indicate that it is sufficient to use a lower level of fish oil and the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum in hens' feed to achieve a satisfactory increase in n-3 PUFA in eggs, while maintaining optimal values of egg quality and freshness indicators.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mori H, Takaya M, Nishimura K, Goto T. Breed and feed affect amino acid contents of egg yolk and eggshell color in chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 99:172-178. [PMID: 32416798 PMCID: PMC7587729 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors regulate hen egg traits. To demonstrate the possibility of producing designer eggs through genetic and environmental factors, we investigated the effects of breed and feed on egg traits using 2 chicken breeds, Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Australorp (AUS), and 2 feeds, mixed feed and fermented feed. A total of 40 eggs were collected at 33 wk of age (0 mo under mixed feed) and 1, 1.5, and 2 mo after switching to fermented feed. Two-way ANOVA mixed design was used to evaluate 10 egg traits: weight, length of the long axis, length of the short axis, eggshell weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell lightness, redness, and yellowness, and 19 yolk amino acids. The results revealed significant breed effects on eggshell redness and yellowness, with higher values of these traits in RIR eggs compared with AUS eggs. There was a significant effect of feed on eggshell lightness, with a lighter color observed under fermented feed compared with mixed feed. Significant effects of breed and breed × feed were found for yolk cysteine content. Eggs from AUS had a higher yolk cysteine content than those from RIR. The cysteine content in AUS eggs increased gradually after starting fermented feed, although RIR remained relatively constant over time. These findings suggest that it is possible to produce designer eggs with enriched components, including yolk amino acids, by adjusting both genetic and environmental factors. This represents a first step in understanding the mechanisms underlying the production of value-added eggs in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mori
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takaya
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Hokkaido Tokachi Area Regional Food Processing Technology Center, Tokachi Foundation 080-2462, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishimura
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Goto
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Effects of Breed and Feed on the Composition of Chicken Eggs. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100224. [PMID: 31614916 PMCID: PMC6835386 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken eggs provide essential nutrients to consumers around the world. Although both genetic and environmental factors influence the quality of eggs, it is unclear how these factors affect the egg traits including egg metabolites. In this study, we investigated breed and feed effects on 10 egg traits, using two breeds (Rhode Island Red and Australorp) and two feed conditions (mixed feed and fermented feed). We also used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to analyze 138 yolk and 132 albumen metabolites. Significant breed effects were found on yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell colors, and one albumen metabolite (ribitol). Three yolk metabolites (erythritol, threitol, and urea) and 12 albumen metabolites (erythritol, threitol, ribitol, linoleic acid, isoleucine, dihydrouracil, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, alanine, glycine, N-butyrylglycine, pyruvic acid, and valine) were significantly altered by feed, and a significant interaction between breed and feed was discovered in one albumen metabolite (N-butyrylglycine). Yolk and albumin had higher levels of sugar alcohols when hens were fed a fermented diet, which indicates that sugar alcohol content can be transferred from diet into eggs. Linoleic acid was also enriched in albumen under fermented feed conditions. This study shows that yolk and albumen metabolites will be affected by breed and feed, which is the first step towards manipulating genetic and environmental factors to create "designer eggs."
Collapse
|
24
|
Wan Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Su H, Guo X, Wu J, Li Q, Ni G, Jiang R. Genetic parameters of the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and egg compositional traits in layer-type chickens. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:517-521. [PMID: 31185729 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1631446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Generating a robust egg albumen is one of the major factors contributing to interior egg quality owing to its nutritive value and superior appearance. However, the genetic factors regulating the proportion of thick albumen are poorly understood. 2. In this study, 1330 eggs were collected from 450 Rhode Island White layers, aged 40 weeks, to measure egg compositional traits for three successive days. The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate genetic parameters for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and other egg compositional traits. A univariate animal model was fitted to calculate heritability for each trait. 3. The heritabilities of egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, Haugh units, percentages of yolk, thick albumen, thin albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were 0.32, 0.34, 0.28, 0.47, 0.61, 0.39, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. The percentage of thick albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits, and percentage of thin albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits except for Haugh units. The thick-to-thin albumen ratio was positively correlated genetically with egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units, with correlations ranging from 0.21 to 0.54. 4. The results indicated that the percentage of thick albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were found to be moderately to highly heritable, and selection for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio could be conducive to the improvement of egg albumen quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science , Hefei , China
| | - Z Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - J Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - H Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - X Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - J Wu
- Anhui Rongda Poultry Development Co., Ltd ., Xuancheng , China
| | - Q Li
- Anhui Rongda Poultry Development Co., Ltd ., Xuancheng , China
| | - G Ni
- Anhui Rongda Poultry Development Co., Ltd ., Xuancheng , China
| | - R Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Navara KJ, Wrobel ER. Frequent double ovipositions in two flocks of laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1903-1910. [PMID: 30535307 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laying hens have been selected over generations for maximal reproductive efficiency. As a result, the incidences of abnormal eggs and abnormal laying patterns are relatively low for these strains. While double ovulations, resulting in the production of double-yolked eggs, does occur on occasion in young birds just entering reproductive maturity, these double ovulations almost never result in 2 fully formed eggs, and are rare in hens that have reached peak reproductive productivity. However, there appears to be an increasing number of anecdotal accounts of backyard hens that lay more than 1 egg per day (hereafter called double oviposition). We hypothesized that double ovipositions in modern strains of laying hens are more common than previously thought. To test this, we observed a flock of Hy-Line W36 hens for 2 consecutive weeks, recording the time of oviposition for each hen on each day. We found that 13% of hens produced a double oviposition at least once during this 2-wk observation period, often producing a second egg within 2.5 h of the first. One hen produced double ovipositions on 3 d during this short period. We then monitored a second flock of hens for 6 wk, collecting eggs that were part of a double oviposition and, on one day, all eggs that were part of double ovipositions. Eggs that were part of double ovipositions showed no external shell abnormalities, and were similar in size, weight, and specific gravity to single ovipositions, suggesting that laying hens can, and do, produce 2 fully formed eggs within hours of one another. We suggest that this may represent selection for maximal reproductive performance in a modern strain of laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Navara
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wrobel
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qu L, Shen M, Guo J, Wang X, Dou T, Hu Y, Li Y, Ma M, Wang K, Liu H. Identification of potential genomic regions and candidate genes for egg albumen quality by a genome-wide association study. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:113-123. [PMID: 31807621 PMCID: PMC6853030 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-113-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumen
quality is a leading economic trait in the chicken industry. Major studies have paid
attention to genetic architecture underlying albumen quality. However, the putative
quantitative trait locus (QTL) for this trait is still unclear. In this genome-wide
association study, we used an F2 resource population to study longitudinal albumen
quality. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were found to be significantly
(p<8.43×10-7) related to albumen quality by univariate analysis,
while 11 SNPs were significantly (p<8.43×10-7) associated with
albumen quality by multivariate analysis. A QTL on GGA4 had a pervasive function on
albumen quality, including a SNP at the missense of NCAPG, and a SNP at the
intergenic region of FGFPB1. It was further found that the putative QTLs at
GGA1, GGA2, and GGA7 had the strongest effects on albumen height (AH) at 32 weeks, Haugh
units (HU) at 44 weeks, and AH at 55 weeks. Moreover, novel SNPs on GGA5 and GGA3 were
associated with AH and HU at 32, 44, and 48 weeks of age. These results confirmed the
regions for egg weight that were detected in a previous study and were similar with QTL
for albumen quality. These results showed that GGA4 had the strongest effect on albumen
quality. Only a few significant loci were detected for most characteristics probably
reflecting the attributes of a pleiotropic gene and a minor-polygene in quantitative
traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Manman Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Taocun Dou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Freitas LAD, Savegnago RP, Grupioni NV, Ramos SB, Stafuzza NB, Figueiredo EAPD, Schmidt GS, Ledur MC, Munari DP. Reduced-rank estimation of genetic parameters for egg production traits and cluster analyses with predicted breeding values. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2019.1580308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luara Afonso de Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pelicioni Savegnago
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa em Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho, Brazil
| | - Natalia Vinhal Grupioni
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Danisio Prado Munari
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wolc A, Jankowski T, Arango J, Settar P, Fulton JE, O'Sullivan NP, Dekkers JCM. Investigating the genetic determination of clutch traits in laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:39-45. [PMID: 30101314 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clutch traits were proposed as a more detailed description of egg-laying patterns than simple total egg production. In this study, egg production of 23,809 Rhode Island Red (RIR) and 22,210 White Leghorn (WL) hens was described in terms of number of clutches, average and maximum clutch size, age at first egg, total saleable egg production, and percentage of egg defects. Genetic parameters were estimated using a six-trait animal model. Of the phenotyped birds, 1433 RIR hens and 1515 WL hens were genotyped with line specific 50K Affymetrix Axiom single nucleotide polymorphism chips to perform genome-wide association analyses. Moderate heritabilities were estimated for clutch traits of 0.20 to 0.42 in the RIR line and 0.29 to 0.41 in the WL line. Average and maximum clutch size was positively genetically correlated with total saleable egg number in both lines. Genome-wide association analysis identified seven regions that were associated with egg production in the RIR line and 12 regions in the WL line. The regions identified were line and trait specific, except for one region on chromosome 6 from 28 to 29 Mb that influenced number of clutches and maximum and average clutch size in WL hens. Regions associated with egg production identified here overlapped with 260 genes, with some strong positional candidates based on gene ontology including WASH1, which is involved in oocyte maturation, NPVF, involved in regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, and FOXO3, involved in oocyte maturation and ovulation from the ovarian follicle. Confirmation of the role of these genes in regulation of egg production pattern will require further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA.,Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | | | - J Arango
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - P Settar
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - J E Fulton
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | | | - J C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao YH, Li XH, Wang DH, Zheng CW, Hou ZC, Ning ZH. Genetic parameters and characterization of egg content spreading area in White Leghorn chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3429-3434. [PMID: 29889282 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncharacteristically large spreading area on a flat surface of broken egg negatively affects egg quality assessment and reduces eggs' economic value. In this study, we investigated the heredity of the egg content spreading area as well as the relationships between the egg content spreading area and egg quality traits and properties. We measured the total egg content spreading area (TECA), outer thin albumen area (OTAA), inner thick albumen area (ITAA), yolk area (YA), and egg quality traits for 1414 newly laid eggs from 487 27-wk-old White Leghorn pure line pullets. The genetic parameters of egg content spreading areas were estimated. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between egg content spreading area and egg quality traits were analyzed. The differences in the properties of eggs with similar egg weight but markedly different TECA were also analyzed. The heritability estimates for TECA, OTAA, ITAA, and YA were low to moderate, with values of 0.214, 0.176, 0.340, and 0.280, respectively. Egg weight was related to TECA with a phenotypic correlation of 0.450 (P < 0.01) and a genetic correlation of 0.349. A high genetic correlation (-0.731) was found between TECA and Haugh unit. In eggs with larger TECA, the weight and total solid content of outer thin albumen (OTA) and moisture content of inner thick albumen (ITA) were significantly higher, whereas the weight and total solid content of ITA was markedly lower, but no differences (P > 0.05) were found in the pH of OTA and ITA, moisture content of OTA, as well as the eggshell strength, thickness, and non-destruction and fracture deformation between eggs with similar egg weight but markedly different TECA. These results suggest that the egg content spreading area can be regulated via the direct selection strategy or indirect selection of the ratio of OTA to ITA in the breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - De-He Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Wei Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ren ZZ, Piepenburg AJ, Bütz DE, Claus JR, Cook ME. Vaccine to fibroblast growth factor 23 peptides increases eggshell strength. Poult Sci 2018; 97:882-889. [PMID: 29272435 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies that would increase eggshell quality could be of considerable value to egg producers. This research demonstrated the effective use of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) peptide vaccines to increase eggshell quality of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (from 69 to 72 wk of age). Hens, fed a standard diet (containing 900 IU/kg vitamin D3), were intramuscularly injected (and boosted) with either a control vaccine (n = 14 hens) or one of 2 FGF-23 peptide vaccines (peptides NP1, GMNPPPYS; and NP7, YTSTERNSFH; n = 15 hens for each peptide). During peak antibody titer, eggs were collected for shell and internal quality analysis, hens were artificially inseminated, and the hatchability of fertilized eggs was determined. Laying hens vaccinated with either FGF-23 peptide NP1 or NP7 had increased (P < 0.05) plasma phosphate level (mmol/L; NP1 = 1.74, NP7 = 1.76, control = 1.47), egg specific gravity (NP1 = 1.083, NP7 = 1.083, control = 1.079), and eggshell strength (g of force; NP1 = 4002, NP7 = 4157, control = 3102) when compared to control vaccinated hens. FGF-23 peptide NP1 vaccinated hens also had increased eggshell thickness (mm, P < 0.001), shell weight (g, P = 0.032), and shell index (% of whole egg, P = 0.023) when compared to control vaccinated hens. FGF-23 peptide NP7 vaccinated hens tended to have decreased eggshell weight (P = 0.064) when compared to control vaccinated hens. Hatchability of fertilized eggs was not affected in incubations 1 and 3, but tended to be decreased (P = 0.097) by FGF-23 peptide NP1 vaccination in incubation 2. In conclusion, vaccines to FGF-23 peptides increased eggshell quality of laying hens with minimal adverse effects on egg internal quality. The effect of FGF-23 peptide vaccination on hatchability remains to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Ren
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, 211 Huimin Road, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - A J Piepenburg
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - D E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - J R Claus
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - M E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Willoughby B, Steyn L, Bam L, Olivier AJ, Devey R, Maina JN. Micro-Focus X-Ray Tomography Study of the Microstructure and Morphometry of the Eggshell of Ostriches (Struthio Camerus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1015-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Willoughby
- Department of Zoology; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park Campus Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Lindi Steyn
- Department of Zoology; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park Campus Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Lunga Bam
- Department of Radiation Science; South African Nuclear Energy Corporation; Pelindaba Pretoria South Africa
| | | | - Richard Devey
- Statistical Consultation Service, University of Johannesburg; South Africa
| | - John N. Maina
- Department of Zoology; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park Campus Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee MH, Cho EJ, Choi ES, Sohn SH. The Effect of Storage Period and Temperature on Egg Quality in Commercial Eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2016.43.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
33
|
Alm M, Tauson R, Holm L, Wichman A, Kalliokoski O, Wall H. Welfare indicators in laying hens in relation to nest exclusion. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1238-47. [PMID: 26994207 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer concerns about the welfare of laying hens are increasing, leading to increased interest in identifying reliable ways to assess welfare. The present study evaluated invasive and non-invasive welfare indicators in relation to a stressful challenge. The study included 126 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens housed in furnished cages. Welfare indicators were measured between 61 and 70 wk of age in birds excluded from their nests for 5 consecutive d and control birds that had continuous access to nests. Baseline recordings were carried out in both groups prior to and post exclusion period. The assessed indicators were: corticosterone metabolites in droppings (FCM), corticosterone concentration in yolk, corticosterone concentration in plasma, irregularities of eggshells, heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, tonic immobility duration, and feather cover. Behavioral observations showed that the birds had a clear preference for using the secluded nest sites, confirming that they were likely to perceive nest exclusion as an undesirable experience. Further, elevated levels of FCM in droppings, yolk corticosterone concentrations, H:L ratios and irregular eggshells were detected in both nest deprived and control birds during the exclusion. This suggests that these indicators were able to detect an increased stress response arising from nest deprivation, and it is hypothesized that the stress spread to birds in adjacent cages with access to nests. There was a positive and consistent correlation between FCM in droppings and eggshell irregularities, also supporting the use of eggshell irregularities as a potential non-invasive welfare indicator. However, the pattern of the stress response varied between indicators and correlations were generally few and inconsistent, highlighting the complexity of the relationship among welfare indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alm
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Tauson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Holm
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Wichman
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7068, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - O Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tongsiri S, Jeyaruban M, Van Der Werf J. Genetic parameters for egg production traits in purebred and hybrid chicken in a tropical environment. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:613-20. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1099614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Egg shell quality in Japanese quail: characteristics, heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic relationships. Animal 2015; 9:1091-6. [PMID: 25851501 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to estimate heritabilities as well as genetic and phenotypic correlations for egg weight, specific gravity, shape index, shell ratio, egg shell strength, egg length, egg width and shell weight in Japanese quail eggs. External egg quality traits were measured on 5864 eggs of 934 female quails from a dam line selected for two generations. Within the Bayesian framework, using Gibbs Sampling algorithm, a multivariate animal model was applied to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for external egg quality traits. The heritability estimates for external egg quality traits were moderate to high and ranged from 0.29 to 0.81. The heritability estimates for egg and shell weight of 0.81 and 0.76 were fairly high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between egg shell strength with specific gravity, shell ratio and shell weight ranging from 0.55 to 0.79 were relatively high. It can be concluded that it is possible to determine egg shell quality using the egg specific gravity values utilizing its high heritability and fairly high positive correlation with most of the egg shell quality traits. As a result, egg specific gravity may be the choice of selection criterion rather than other external egg traits for genetic improvement of egg shell quality in Japanese quails.
Collapse
|
36
|
Alm M, Wall H, Holm L, Wichman A, Palme R, Tauson R. Welfare and performance in layers following temporary exclusion from the litter area on introduction to the layer facility. Poult Sci 2015; 94:565-73. [PMID: 25681475 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When introduced to the laying facility, pullets are sometimes temporarily excluded from the litter area in order to help them locate food and water, and to prevent floor-laid eggs. This procedure is not permitted in Sweden, because it involves denying access to both litter and space, which may have a negative effect on bird welfare. The present study investigated how the welfare and performance of layers were affected by this temporary exclusion on introduction of hens to the laying facility. The study included 600 floor-reared Dekalb White layers obtained at 16 wk age and housed in 6 groups of 100 in a conventional single-tier floor-laying system. Birds were either given full access to the litter area during the whole study or were excluded from the litter area during the first 2 wk after transfer to the laying facility. From 18 to 72 wk age, birds in both treatments had full access to the litter area. Excluding birds from the litter area for 2 wk resulted in better feather cover and reduced fearfulness, according to novel object and tonic immobility tests. Furthermore, birds initially excluded from the litter area produced eggs with a lower proportion of shell irregularities than birds with full access to the litter area throughout. No difference was found in corticosterone metabolites in droppings rate of lay, mortality, or proportion of floor-laid eggs. In conclusion, none of the parameters studied indicated that the welfare of laying hens was compromised by temporary exclusion from the litter area on introduction to the laying facility. In fact, some of the data suggested that bird welfare had improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alm
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Holm
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Wichman
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7068, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Tauson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Thirstrup JP, Larsen PF, Pertoldi C, Jensen J. Heterosis and genetic variation in the litter size of purebred and crossbred mink. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5406-16. [PMID: 25403189 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosses between different mink lines from 3 Danish mink farms that use different breeding strategies were studied to estimate heterosis and variance components for litter size. The study was designed to analyze crosses between lines of the same color type, between different color types, and between animals originating from different farms. Effect of heterosis, color type, and variance components were estimated using Average information REML (AI-REML) algorithm implemented in the DMU package for analyzing multivariate mixed models. Females from 7 generations that gave birth to at least 1 offspring were analyzed and the effects of parity and production year were included in the analyses. Genetic trend and the proportions of the total variance explained by the effects of additive genetics (h2), common environment (due to repeated litters from the same female; c2), and dam of the female (granddame of the born litter; d2) were estimated. The results showed that mink of the Black color type potentially produced smaller litters compared to mink of the other studied color types. We found significant general maternal effect of heterosis for litter size. Analyses of specific heterosis showed a significant positive effect of crossing between lines of the same color type. Estimates of variance components revealed h2 levels for farm A, B, and C of 0.15, 0.06, and 0.09, respectively; thus litter size could be selected for in the future. The effect of common environment on litter size was also considerable, with c2 values of 0.005, 0.11, and 0.15 at farms A, B, and C, respectively. In conclusion, we recommend genetic selection as a means of increasing litter size in farmed mink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Thirstrup
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P F Larsen
- Kopenhagen Research, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Pertoldi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark Aalborg Zoo, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Jensen
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Blanco A, Icken W, Ould-Ali D, Cavero D, Schmutz M. Genetic parameters of egg quality traits on different pedigree layers with special focus on dynamic stiffness. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2457-63. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Kim E, Purswell J, Evans J, Branton S. Production characteristics of Hy-Line W36 laying hens hatched from white and tinted eggs. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2123-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
40
|
Icken W, Thurner S, Heinrich A, Kaiser A, Cavero D, Wendl G, Fries R, Schmutz M, Preisinger R. Higher precision level at individual laying performance tests in noncage housing systems. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2276-82. [PMID: 23960109 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the Weihenstephan funnel nest box, 12 laying hen flocks were tested for their individual laying performance, egg quality, and nesting behavior in a noncage environment. During the whole observation period of 8 yr, a transponder-based data recording system was continuously improved and resulted in a recording accuracy of 97%. At peak production, heritabilities for the number of eggs laid are in some flocks higher than expected. With improved data accuracy, heritability estimates on individual egg weights are more stable. Heritabilities for nesting behavior traits range between a low to moderate level, providing very useful information for laying hen selection to help improve traits that cannot be recorded in cages. Over the years, the benefits of the Weihenstephan funnel nest box for laying hen breeders have grown. This is due to higher data recording accuracies and extended testing capacities, which result in more reliable genetic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Icken
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Am Seedeich 9-11, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|