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Shi X, Li X, Li X, He Z, Chen X, Song J, Zeng L, Liang Q, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. Antibacterial Properties of TMA against Escherichia coli and Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on TMA Content, Lysozyme Activity and Content in Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040527. [PMID: 35206004 PMCID: PMC8870930 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on trimethylamine (TMA) in egg yolk have focused on how it impacts the flavor of eggs, but there has been little focus on its other functions. We designed an in vitro antibacterial test of TMA according to TMA concentrations that covered the TMA contents typically found in egg yolk. The change in TMA content in yolk was analyzed at different storage temperatures and for different storage durations. The known antibacterial components of eggs, including the cuticle quality of the eggshell and the lysozyme activity and content in egg white, were also assessed. The total bacterial count (TBC) of different parts of eggs were detected. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of TMA on Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth increased with increasing TMA concentration, and the yolk TMA content significantly increased with storage duration (p < 0.05). The cuticle quality and lysozyme content and activity significantly decreased with storage time and increasing temperature, accompanied by a significant increase in the TBC on the eggshell surface and in the egg white (p < 0.05). This work reveals a new role for trace TMA in yolks because it reduces the risk of bacterial colonization, especially when the antibacterial function of eggs is gradually weakened during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Xingzheng Li
- Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shenzhen 440307, China;
| | - Xianyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Zhaoxiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Xia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;
| | - Jianlou Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Lingsen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Qianni Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Junying Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Guiyun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (G.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-2741; Fax: +86-10-6273-1080
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Review: Production factors affecting the quality of chicken table eggs and egg products in Europe. Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 1:100425. [PMID: 34955388 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hen's egg (Gallus gallus) is an animal product of great agronomic interest, with a world production of 70.9 million tonnes in 2018. China accounted for 35% of world production, followed by North America (12% of world production), the European Union (7.0 million tonnes, 10% of world production) and India (5.0 million tonnes, 7% of world production). In France, 16-17 billion eggs are produced annually (14.5 billion for table eggs) and more than 1 200 billion worldwide. In 2019, egg production increased by 3.3% compared to 2018, mainly due to the increase in Asian production, which has risen by 42% since 2000. Chicken eggs are widely used either as a low-cost, high nutritional quality food cooked by the consumer (more than 100 billion eggs consumed in Europe), or incorporated as an ingredient in many food products. The various production methods have changed considerably over the last 15 years with the consideration of animal welfare and changes in European regulations. In Europe, fewer and fewer eggs are produced in confinement and there has been a strong growth in the number of systems giving access to an outdoor run. In this review, we describe the different ways in which eggs are produced and processed into egg products to meet the growing demand for ready-to-use food products. We analyse the effect of this evolution of hen-rearing systems on the set of characteristics of eggs and egg products that determine their quality. We describe the risks and benefits associated with these new production methods and their influence or lack of influence on commercial, nutritional, microbial and chemical contamination risk characteristics, as well as the evolution of the image for the consumer. The latter covers the ethical, cultural and environmental dimensions associated with the way the egg is produced.
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Ren L, Ma J, Lv Y, Tong Q, Guo H. Characterization of key off-odor compounds in thermal duck egg gels by GC-olfactometry-MS, odor activity values, and aroma recombination. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li I, Yang W, Chou C, Chen Y, Kuo S, Wang S. Analysis of steroid hormones in shell eggs from layer breeds common to Taiwan by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2319-2326. [PMID: 31367360 PMCID: PMC6657713 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are often used in animal agriculture but are currently banned for use in domesticated fowl because residual hormones could be present in eggs for human consumption. Egg samples from eight common commercial poultry layer breeds (Hy-Line W-36, Hy-Line Brown, ISA-White, ISA-Brown, Lohnmann Ultra-Lite, Lohnmann-Brown, Hisex White, Hisex Brown) in Taiwan were screened for a combination of 15 natural and synthetic steroid hormones by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for consumer assurance. Only natural hormones such as progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and testosterone were detected. Regarding each breed, the interaction effect (age × shell color), main effect (age or shell color), and blocking effect (lighting system) were further analyzed by using 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized block design. We also discovered associations between yolk steroid hormone levels and laying hen age, as well as lighting conditions. Additionally, we found a correlation between hormone levels and eggshell color, suggesting a potential role in brown pigmentation. Ultimately, we concluded that detectable steroid hormone levels in eggs were not a consumer health risk. Furthermore, these data provide empirical hormone concentrations in various types of commercial layer breeds for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I‐Chen Li
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Yuan Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippi
| | - Chung‐Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Su‐Lien Kuo
- Technical Service CenterNational Animal Industry FoundationPingtung CityTaiwan
| | - Sheng‐Yao Wang
- Department of Animal Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Li X, Yuan G, Chen X, Guo Y, Yang N, Pi J, Zhang H, Zheng J. Fishy Odor and TMA Content Levels in Duck Egg Yolks. J Food Sci 2017; 83:39-45. [PMID: 29210463 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The differences between the trimethylamine (TMA) content levels in duck and chicken egg yolks under normal dietary conditions were compared. Moreover, the association between the polymorphisms of the duck FMO3 gene and TMA content levels in duck egg yolks was analyzed. Then, to detect the mutations associated with the fish-flavor trait, duck populations were selected for a high-choline diet experiment, which was followed by full-length sequencing of the FMO3 exons. The results showed that the TMA content levels in duck eggs (3.60 μg/g) were significantly higher than those in chicken eggs (2.35 μg/g) under normal dietary conditions (P < 0.01). With regard to the high-choline diet, the average TMA content levels in duck egg yolks (9.21 μg/g; P < 0.01) increased significantly. Furthermore, 5 SNPs reported in Ensembl database were detected in duck FMO3 exons. However, no mutation loci were found to be significantly associated with the TMA content levels in duck egg yolks. Besides, duck liver FMO3 mRNA expression levels were not associated with the TMA content levels. The results indicated that excessive TMA deposition in duck eggs is one of main factors causing the fishy odor in duck eggs, and the addition of choline in the ducks' diets was responsible for inducing an increase in the TMA content levels in duck eggs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Our study can help to diminish the fishy taste in duck eggs by reducing the amount of supplemented choline. Furthermore, this study laid a solid foundation for revealing the genetic factors involved in the fishy odor in duck eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzheng Li
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gongjiao Yuan
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xia Chen
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinsong Pi
- The Instit. of Animal Science, Hubei Acad. of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- The Instit. of Animal Science, Hubei Acad. of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- the National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100193, China
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Wang J, Long C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yue H, Wang X, Wu S, Qi G. Genetic Variant in Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 Alters Lipid Metabolism in Laying Hens in a Diet-Specific Manner. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1382-1393. [PMID: 27877090 PMCID: PMC5118784 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variant T329S in flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) impairs trimethylamine (TMA) metabolism in birds. The TMA metabolism that under complex genetic and dietary regulation, closely linked to cardiovascular disease risk. We determined whether the genetic defects in TMA metabolism may change other metabolic traits in birds, determined whether the genetic effects depend on diets, and to identify genes or gene pathways that underlie the metabolic alteration induced by genetic and diet factors. We used hens genotyped as FMO3 c.984 A>T as well as those with the homozygous normal genotype. For each genotype, hens were provided with either a corn-soybean meal basal diets (SM), which contains lower levels of TMA precursor, or the basal diets supplemented with 21% of rapeseed meal (RM), which contains higher levels of TMA precursor. An integrative analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic was used to explore the metabolic patterns of FMO3 genetic variant in hens that were fed the two defined diets. In birds that consumed SM diets, the T329S mutation increased levels of plasma TMA and lipids, FMO3 mRNA levels, and the expression of genes involved in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. In birds that consumed RM diets, the T329S mutation induced fishy odor syndrome, a repression in LXR pathway and a reciprocal change in lipid metabolism. Variations in TMA and lipid metabolism were linked to the genetic variant in FMO3 in a diet-specific manner, which suggest FMO3 functions in TMA metabolism and lipid homeostasis. LXR pathway and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism are two possible mechanisms of FMO3 action in response to dietary TMA precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cheng Long
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Chu Q, Zhang J, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Geng A, Liu H. The detection and elimination of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene T329S mutation in the Beijing You chicken. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3109-12. [PMID: 24235218 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, using a newly developed TaqMan-based real-time PCR method for the T329S mutation in the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene, a marker-assisted selective breeding program against the unfavorable T allele was implemented in the Beijing You chicken breeding stock from 2010 to 2012. A total of 2,359 breeder candidate chickens were detected. After 1-generation culling in both males and females and 2-generation culling only in males, genotyping results in 2013 showed that there still remained a low unfavorable allele frequency of 0.022 in this population. The results indicated that to ensure a complete eradication of the defective tainting mutation in FMO3 out of the Beijing You population, more strict breeding and management schemes should be carried out in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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