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Stearns R, Bowen K, Taylor RL, Moritz J, Matak K, Tou J, Freshour A, Jaczynski J, Boltz T, Li X, Long C, Shen C. Microbial profile of broiler carcasses processed at a university scale mobile poultry processing unit. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103576. [PMID: 38430779 PMCID: PMC10912918 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken and chicken products have been associated with foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Poultry comprises an important segment of the agricultural economy (75 million birds processed as of 2019) in West Virginia (WV). The risk of pathogens on processed chickens has risen with the increased popularity of mobile poultry processing units (MPPUs). This study evaluated the microbial safety of broilers processed in a MPPU in WV. This study assessed aerobic plate counts (APCs), E. coli counts and the presence/absence of Salmonella and Campylobacter on 96 broiler carcasses following each MPPU step of scalding, eviscerating, and chilling. Samples were either chilled in ice water only (W) or ice water with 5 ppm chlorine (CW). The highest number of bacteria recovered from carcasses were APCs (4.21 log10CFU/mL) and E. coli (3.77 log10CFU/mL; P = 0.02). A total reduction of 0.30 (P = 0.10) and 0.63 (P = 0.01) log10CFU/mL for APCs and E. coli, respectively, occurred from chilling carcasses in CW. Overall, results show that E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from the initial scalding to the chilling step. However, Salmonella frequency doubled (15.63-34.38%) after the evisceration step, indicating that washing carcasses after evisceration may be a critical control point in preventing cross-contamination by Salmonella. Proper chilling is also an important microbial mitigation step in MPPU processing. Results indicate that Campylobacter was more resistant to chilling than Salmonella. Campylobacter was not completely inactivated until carcasses were chilled in CW, whereas W was sufficient to reduce Salmonella on carcasses. The results led to the conclusion that although 5 ppm chlorine (Cl2) achieved more bacterial reductions than water alone, the reductions were not always significant (P > 0.05). Further MPPU studies are needed to verify more effective chilling and processing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stearns
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristina Bowen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joe Moritz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Janet Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Annette Freshour
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jacek Jaczynski
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Egg and Poultry Production Safety Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Carly Long
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Lanzl M, Zwietering M, Abee T, den Besten H. Combining enrichment with multiplex real-time PCR leads to faster detection and identification of Campylobacter spp. in food compared to ISO 10272–1:2017. Food Microbiol 2022; 108:104117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Havelaar AH, Brhane M, Ahmed IA, Kedir J, Chen D, Deblais L, French N, Gebreyes WA, Hassen JY, Li X, Manary MJ, Mekuria Z, Ibrahim AM, Mummed B, Ojeda A, Rajashekara G, Roba KT, Saleem C, Singh N, Usmane IA, Yang Y, Yimer G, McKune S. Unravelling the reservoirs for colonisation of infants with Campylobacter spp. in rural Ethiopia: protocol for a longitudinal study during a global pandemic and political tensions. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061311. [PMID: 36198455 PMCID: PMC9535169 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Undernutrition is an underlying cause of mortality in children under five (CU5) years of age. Animal-source foods have been shown to decrease malnutrition in CU5. Livestock are important reservoirs for Campylobacter bacteria, which are recognised as risk factors for child malnutrition. Increasing livestock production may be beneficial for improving nutrition of children but these benefits may be negated by increased exposure to Campylobacter and research is needed to evaluate the complex pathways of Campylobacter exposure and infection applicable to low-income and middle-income countries. We aim to identify reservoirs of infection with Campylobacter spp. of infants in rural Eastern Ethiopia and evaluate interactions with child health (environmental enteric dysfunction and stunting) in the context of their sociodemographic environment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This longitudinal study involves 115 infants who are followed from birth to 12 months of age and are selected randomly from 10 kebeles of Haramaya woreda, East Hararghe zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Questionnaire-based information is obtained on demographics, livelihoods, wealth, health, nutrition and women empowerment; animal ownership/management and diseases; and water, sanitation and hygiene. Faecal samples are collected from infants, mothers, siblings and livestock, drinking water and soil. These samples are analysed by a range of phenotypic and genotypic microbiological methods to characterise the genetic structure of the Campylobacter population in each of these reservoirs, which will support inference about the main sources of exposure for infants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Florida Internal Review Board (IRB201903141), the Haramaya University Institutional Health Research Ethics Committee (COHMS/1010/3796/20) and the Ethiopia National Research Ethics Review Committee (SM/14.1/1059/20). Written informed consent is obtained from all participating households. Research findings will be disseminated to stakeholders through conferences and peer-reviewed journals and through the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dehao Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Nigel French
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Manary
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zelealem Mekuria
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Amanda Ojeda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Cyrus Saleem
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nitya Singh
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Yang Yang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah McKune
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Dubovitskaya O, Seinige D, Valero A, Reich F, Kehrenberg C. Quantitative assessment of Campylobacter spp. levels with real-time PCR methods at different stages of the broiler food chain. Food Microbiol 2022; 110:104152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Vizzini P, Vidic J, Manzano M. Enrichment Free qPCR for Rapid Identification and Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis in Chicken Meat Samples by a New Couple of Primers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102341. [PMID: 34681388 PMCID: PMC8535059 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the main cause of bacterial foodborne disease and poultry meat is the principal source of human infections. Rapid methods for Campylobacter detection are urgently needed to decrease high bacterial prevalence in poultry products. In this study, we developed new primers, CampyPFw and CampyPRv, that target the 16S-23S rRNA genes of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. The primers were tested on positive and negative reference strains in pure cultures and in inoculated poultry meat samples before their application in real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol for analyzing chicken meat samples. In parallel, the samples were tested by using the ISO 10272-1:2006 method. The qPCR protocol based on CampyPFw and CampyPRv showed good sensitivity, with the limit of detection of 4.6 × 102 cells/mL in chicken samples without enrichment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France;
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Tang Y, Jiang Q, Tang H, Wang Z, Yin Y, Ren F, Kong L, Jiao X, Huang J. Characterization and Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. From Broiler Chicken Rearing Period to the Slaughtering Process in Eastern China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:227. [PMID: 32426383 PMCID: PMC7203416 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide, and poultry is regarded as the main reservoir of Campylobacter. The contamination of Campylobacter in broiler chickens at the farm level is closely related to the transmission of Campylobacter in the poultry production chain. This study identified 464 Campylobacter isolates from 1,534 samples from broiler rearing period and slaughtering process including 233 Campylobacter jejuni isolates and 231 Campylobacter coli isolates. We have observed a dynamic distribution of Campylobacter during broiler chicken production, that 66.3% of Campylobacter isolates were C. jejuni during broiler rearing period, while C. coli occupied 60.4% of Campylobacter isolates during the broiler slaughtering process. A tag-label method allowed us to track the dynamic of Campylobacter in each broiler chicken from 31-day age at rearing to the partition step in the slaughterhouse. At the 31-day during rearing, 150 broiler chicken were labeled, and was tracked for Campylobacter positive from rearing period to slaughtering process. Among the labeled broiler, 11 of the tracking broiler samples were able to detect Campylobacter from rearing period to slaughtering. All Campylobacter isolates from the 11 tracking samples were sequenced and analyzed. C. jejuni isolates were divided into four STs and C. coli isolates were divided into six STs. Isolates with identical core genome were observed from the same tag-labeled samples at different stages indicating a vertical transmission of Campylobacter in the early broiler meat production. Meanwhile, the core genome analysis elucidated the cross-contamination of Campylobacter during the rearing period and the slaughtering process. The virulotyping analysis revealed that all C. jejuni isolates shared the same virulotypes, while C. coli isolates were divided into three different virulotypes. The antimicrobial resistance gene analysis demonstrated that all Campylobacter isolates contained at least two antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the ARG profiles were well-corresponding to each ST type. Our study observed a high prevalence of Campylobacter during the early chicken meat production, and further studies will be needed to investigate the diversity and transmission of Campylobacter in the poultry production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qidong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Lianshui Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lianyungang, China
| | - Fangzhe Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Kong
- Department of Quality and Safety Control, Heyi Food Co. Ltd., Zaozhuang, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
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Liang H, Wen Z, Li Y, Duan Y, Gu Y, Zhang M. Comparison of the Filtration Culture and Multiple Real-Time PCR Examination for Campylobacter spp. From Stool Specimens in Diarrheal Patients. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2995. [PMID: 30568645 PMCID: PMC6290255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common pathogens leading to the bacterial diarrheal illness. In order to set up one effective culture independent assay for the screen of the Campylobacter infection in the diarrheal patients, the quadruple real-time PCR method comparing to the culture based on the enriched filtration method which was recognized as the most effective isolation method was assessed for 190 stool samples from the diarrheal patients collected during the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network in Beijing. This multiple real-time PCR was designed to identify the Campylobacter genus, C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari simultaneously. With the enrichment culture method, 23 (12.1%, 23/190) Campylobacter isolates were obtained (20 C. jejuni and 3 C. coli), however, 31 samples (16.3%, 31/190) were detected positively with the real-time PCR (21 C. jejuni, 8 C. coli, and 2 Campylobacter genus only). With the comparison, the real-time-PCR method is more sensitive than the enrichment filtration method (16.3 vs. 12.1%, p = 0.021). Among the culture-positive samples, 95.7% (22/23) were detected positively by PCR which indicate the specificity of this method was higher. These two methods were consistent well (Kappa = 0.785, p < 0.05). Comparing to the culture methods, the result of the multiple real-time PCR method is sensitive, reliable and rapid. The present study indicated this multiple real-time PCR can be used both for the surveillance network and the preceding screen for bacteria isolation. This is first comparative study between the culture and multiple real-time PCR method for Campylobacter identification in stool specimens from the diarrheal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shunyi District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Duan
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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8
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Papić B, Pate M, Henigman U, Zajc U, Gruntar I, Biasizzo M, Ocepek M, Kušar D. New Approaches on Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Samples: The Use of Digital PCR and Real-time PCR against the ISO Standard Plate Count Method. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:331. [PMID: 28303130 PMCID: PMC5332403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported bacterial food-borne illness in the European Union and contaminated broiler meat is considered the most important source of infection in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate real-time PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) for quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in 75 broiler neck-skin samples collected from a poultry slaughterhouse, and to compare them with the ISO 10272-2 standard plate count method. For qPCR standard curve, C. jejuni-negative neck-skin samples were spiked with C. jejuni suspension with a known number of bacterial cells. The observed CFU/g values by qPCR correlated greatly with the expected values and qPCR showed good performance with the reliable limit of detection (rLOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of three and 31 target copies per reaction, respectively. However, both rLOD (1219 CFU/g) and LOQ (12,523 CFU/g) were beyond the EFSA-proposed critical limit of 500-1,000 CFU/g of neck skin. Although C. jejuni cell counts were ≤1,000 CFU/g in only 7/75 samples by plate counting, they were ≤LOQ in 60/75 and ≤rLOD in 26/75 (≤1,000 CFU/g in 24/75) samples by qPCR. A strong and statistically significant correlation was observed between qPCR and dPCR. Both PCR-based methods correlated significantly with the plate count method; however, the correlation was moderate. Using the Bland-Altman analysis, an average agreement was noted between all three methods, although with a large standard deviation. A significant bias toward overestimation in dPCR was observed, probably due to the relatively high number of false positive calls. The linear dynamic range was comparable in both PCR-based methods; however, qPCR proved to be more suitable for routine use. In the future, the establishment of a reliable molecular quantification of C. jejuni in poultry samples showing a wide range of contamination levels down to the proposed critical limit is needed to enable time- and cost-effective surveillance throughout all stages in the food production chain. As both rLOD and LOQ were beyond this limit, a modification of the procedure is suggested to include less sample dilution prior to DNA extraction to enable PCR-based quantification of C. jejuni at the proposed microbiological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Papić
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Pate
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Henigman
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Zajc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Gruntar
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Biasizzo
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Kušar
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Lianou A, Panagou EZ, Nychas GJE. Meat Safety—I Foodborne Pathogens and Other Biological Issues. LAWRIE´S MEAT SCIENCE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7152306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100694-8.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents information pertinent to foodborne pathogens (bacteria and bacterial toxins, viruses, parasites) and other biological issues (prions) with importance to the safety of meat and meat products. Aspects covered refer mainly to the characteristics of the most important pathogenic organisms, their distribution in the environment, their transmission routes to humans, as well as their epidemiology and association with sporadic or epidemic foodborne illness. Current and emerging challenges to meat safety management also are discussed.
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Wang J, Zhao S, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Deng W. Establishment and Validation of a Non-Radioactive Method for In Vitro Transcription Assay Using Primer Extension and Quantitative Real Time PCR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135317. [PMID: 26252791 PMCID: PMC4529316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primer extension-dependent in vitro transcription assay is one of the most important approaches in the research field of gene transcription. However, conventional in vitro transcription assays incorporates radioactive isotopes that cause environmental and health concerns and restricts its scope of application. Here we report a novel non-radioactive method for in vitro transcription analysis by combining primer extension with quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). We show that the DNA template within the transcription system can be effectively eliminated to a very low level by our specially designed approach, and that the primers uniquely designed for primer extension and qPCR can specifically recognize the RNA transcripts. Quantitative PCR data demonstrate that the novel method has successfully been applied to in vitro transcription analyses using the adenovirus E4 and major late promoters. Furthermore, we show that the TFIIB recognition element inhibits transcription of TATA-less promoters using both conventional and nonradioactive in vitro transcription assays. Our method will benefit the laboratories that need to perform in vitro transcription but either lack of or choose to avoid radioactive facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Huangjiahu Campus, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Huangjiahu Campus, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Huangjiahu Campus, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Huangjiahu Campus, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Wensheng Deng
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Huangjiahu Campus, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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