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Leite EL, Saraiva MM, Vasconcelos PC, Monte DF, Allard MW, Givisiez PE, Gebreyes WA, Freitas Neto OC, Oliveira CJ. Whole genome sequence datasets of Salmonella enterica serovar Saintpaul ST50 and serovar Worthington ST592 strains isolated from raw milk in Brazil. Data Brief 2024; 53:109965. [PMID: 38425878 PMCID: PMC10904156 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the draft genome sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Saintpaul ST50 and Worthington ST592 isolated from raw milk samples in Northeastern Brazil. The 4,696,281 bp S. Saintpaul ST50 genome contained 4,628 genes in 33 contigs, while S. Worthington ST592 genome was 4,890,415 bp in length, comprising 4,951 genes in 46 contigs. S. Worthington ST592 carried a conserved Col(pHAD28) plasmid which contains the antimicrobial resistance determinants tet(C), acc(6')-Iaa, and a nonsynonymous point mutation in ParC (p.T57S). The data could support further evolutionary and epidemiologic studies involving Salmonella organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma L. Leite
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Mauro M.S. Saraiva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Priscylla C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniel F.M. Monte
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patrícia E.N. Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Oliveiro C. Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Celso J.B. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Seyoum ET, Eguale T, Habib I, Oliveira CJB, Monte DFM, Yang B, Gebreyes WA, Alali WQ. Pre-Harvest Food Safety Challenges in Food-Animal Production in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:786. [PMID: 38473171 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety remains a significant global public health concern, with the risk of unsafe food varying worldwide. The economies of several low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) heavily rely on livestock, posing a challenge to ensuring the production of safe food. This review discusses our understanding of pre-harvest critical issues related to food safety in LMICs, specifically focusing on animal-derived food. In LMICs, food safety regulations are weak and inadequately enforced, primarily concentrating on the formal market despite a substantial portion of the food sector being dominated by informal markets. Key critical issues at the farm level include animal health, a low level of good agriculture practices, and the misuse of antimicrobials. Effectively addressing foodborne diseases requires a comprehensive One Health framework. Unfortunately, the application of the One Health approach to tackle food safety issues is notably limited in LMICs. In conclusion, considering that most animal-source foods from LMICs are marketed through informal channels, food safety legislation and policies need to account for this context. Interventions aimed at reducing foodborne bacterial pathogens at the farm level should be scalable, and there should be strong advocacy for the proper implementation of pre-harvest interventions through a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyasu T Seyoum
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21511, Egypt
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Celso J B Oliveira
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Mechlowitz K, Singh N, Li X, Chen D, Yang Y, Rabil A, Cheraso AJ, Ahmed IA, Amin JK, Gebreyes WA, Hassen JY, Ibrahim AM, Manary MJ, Rajashekara G, Roba KT, Usmane IA, Havelaar AH, McKune SL. Women's empowerment and child nutrition in a context of shifting livelihoods in Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1048532. [PMID: 37457972 PMCID: PMC10338874 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1048532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture, and particularly livestock and animal source foods, has been closely linked to improvements in human nutrition. Production, income, and women's empowerment improve household food security and child nutritional outcomes in interacting ways. Khat production in Eastern Ethiopia is changing the economic and livelihood landscape for communities that have traditionally relied upon small-scale mixed agriculture and livestock production. How this shifting livelihood landscape and the empowerment of women in these communities are affecting nutritional outcomes has not been investigated. Using cross-sectional data collected during formative research for the Campylobacter Genomics and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (CAGED) project, we developed models to examine the roles of livelihood activities, including livestock production, staple crop production, and khat production, and women's empowerment in child nutrition outcomes. Survey participants were randomly selected mothers of children aged 10-15 months from Haramaya district, Eastern Hararghe, Oromia, Ethiopia. Nested logistic regression models were performed for each nutrition outcome: children's animal source food consumption, children's dietary diversity, and child stunting, wasting, and underweight. Explanatory variables included those for livelihood (tropical livestock unit, crop production, and khat production ladder) and women's empowerment (as indicated by domains of the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index), and covariates including child sex, mother's age, mother's education, assets, income, and kebele. Results indicated that khat production and tropical livestock units were not significantly associated with any of the child nutrition outcomes. However, results did indicate that the odds of reporting child animal source food consumption in households where the mother was empowered in the leadership domain was 3.33 times that in households where the mother wasn't (p < 0.05). In addition, the odds of having a stunted child in households where the mother was empowered in the time domain was 2.68 times that in households where the mother wasn't (p < 0.05). The results from this study both support and complicate the existing literature on the associations between women's empowerment in agriculture and child nutrition outcomes, underscoring the important role that livelihood, contextual factors, and location may have on the complex relationship between empowerment domains and nutritional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karah Mechlowitz
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nitya Singh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dehao Chen
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Rabil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adriana Joy Cheraso
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ibsa Abdusemed Ahmed
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Jafer Kedir Amin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Global One Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jemal Y. Hassen
- School of Rural Development and Agricultural Innovation, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mark J. Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Ibsa Aliyi Usmane
- School of Rural Development and Agricultural Innovation, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah L. McKune
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Ibrahim RA, Mekuria Z, Wang SH, Mediavilla JR, Kreiswirth B, Seyoum ET, Mariam SH, Gebreyes WA, Kefale TA, Guma GT, Berhe N. Clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in clinical specimens from selected health facilities in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:399. [PMID: 37308817 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the top three causative agents of nosocomial infection in Ethiopia. The majority of studies in Ethiopia have focused on the epidemiology of S. aureus in hospital settings, with limited molecular genotyping results. Molecular characterization of S. aureus is essential for identification of strains, and contributes to the control and prevention of S. aureus infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered from clinical specimens in Ethiopia. A total of 161 MSSA and 9 MRSA isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing. Based on the PFGE analysis, MSSA isolates were grouped into eight pulso-types groups (from A to I), while MRSA isolates clustered into three (A, B and C) pulso-types with more than 80% similarity. The spa typing analysis showed diversity of S. aureus with 56 distinct spa types. Spa type t355 was most prevalent (56/170, 32.9%), while eleven new spa types were detected including t20038, t20039, and t20042. The identified spa types were clustered into 15 spa-clonal complexes (spa-CCs) using BURP analysis; novel/unknown spa types were further subjected to MLST analysis. The majority of isolates belonged to spa-CC 152 (62/170, 36.4%), followed by spa-CC 121 (19/170, 11.2%), and spa-CC 005 (18 /170, 10.6%). Of the nine MRSA isolates, 2 (22.2%) were spa-CC 239 with staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mec III. These findings highlight the diversity of S. aureus strains in Ethiopia, as well as the presence of potentially epidemic strains circulating in the country necessitating further characterization of S. aureus for antimicrobial resistance detection and infection prevention purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiha Abubeker Ibrahim
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Ohio State Global One Health (GOH) LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jose R Mediavilla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Barry Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Eyasu T Seyoum
- Ohio State Global One Health (GOH) LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon H Mariam
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nega Berhe
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia
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Magalhães M, Ojeda A, Mechlowitz K, Brittain K, Daniel J, Roba KT, Hassen JY, Manary MJ, Gebreyes WA, Havelaar AH, McKune SL. Socioecological predictors of breastfeeding practices in rural eastern Ethiopia. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:93. [PMID: 36578078 PMCID: PMC9795740 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-022-00531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates by the World Health Organization indicate that over 800,000 global neonatal deaths each year are attributed to deviations from recommended best practices in infant feeding. Identifying factors promoting ideal breastfeeding practices may facilitate efforts to decrease neonatal and infant death rates and progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals set for 2030. Though numerous studies have identified the benefits of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of childhood undernutrition, infection and illness, and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, no studies have explored predictors of breastfeeding practices in rural eastern Ethiopia, where undernutrition is widespread. The aim of this study is to examine predictors of infant feeding practices in Haramaya, Ethiopia, using a multi-level conceptual framework. METHODS This study uses data collected from household questionnaires during the Campylobacter Genomics and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (CAGED) project among 102 households in the Haramaya woreda, Eastern Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, and investigates factors influencing breastfeeding practices: early initiation, prelacteal feeding, and untimely complementary feeding. RESULTS Nearly half (47.9%) of infants in this study were non-exclusively breastfed (n = 96). Generalized liner mixed effects models of breastfeeding practices revealed that prelacteal feeding may be a common practice in the region (43.9%, n = 98) and characterized by gender differences (p = .03). No factors evaluated were statistically significantly predictive of early initiation and untimely complementary feeding (82% and 14%, respectively). Severely food insecure mothers had more than 72% lower odds of early breastfeeding initiation, and participants who self-reported as being illiterate had 1.53 times greater odds of untimely complementary feeding (95% CI, [0.30,7.69]) followed by male children having 1.45 greater odds of being untimely complementary fed compared to female (95% CI,[0.40,5.37]). CONCLUSIONS This study found high rates of prelacteal feeding and low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, with girls more likely to be exclusively breastfed. While no predictors evaluated in this multi-level framework were associated with prevalence of early initiation or complementary feeding, rates may be clinically meaningful in a region burdened by undernutrition. Findings raise questions about gendered breastfeeding norms, the under-examined role of khat consumption on infant feeding, and the complex factors that affect breastfeeding practices in this region. This information may be used to guide future research questions and inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Magalhães
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Amanda Ojeda
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Karah Mechlowitz
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32603 USA
| | - Kaitlin Brittain
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32603 USA
| | - Jenna Daniel
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- grid.192267.90000 0001 0108 7468School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Yousuf Hassen
- grid.192267.90000 0001 0108 7468Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Mark J. Manary
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Global One Health Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Sarah L. McKune
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32603 USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Havelaar AH, Brhane M, Ahmed IA, Kedir J, Chen D, Deblais L, French N, Gebreyes WA, Hassen JY, Li X, Manary MJ, Mekuria Z, Ibrahim AM, Mummed B, Ojeda A, Rajashekara G, Roba KT, Saleem C, Singh N, Usmane IA, Yang Y, Yimer G, McKune S. Unravelling the reservoirs for colonisation of infants with Campylobacter spp. in rural Ethiopia: protocol for a longitudinal study during a global pandemic and political tensions. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061311. [PMID: 36198455 PMCID: PMC9535169 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Undernutrition is an underlying cause of mortality in children under five (CU5) years of age. Animal-source foods have been shown to decrease malnutrition in CU5. Livestock are important reservoirs for Campylobacter bacteria, which are recognised as risk factors for child malnutrition. Increasing livestock production may be beneficial for improving nutrition of children but these benefits may be negated by increased exposure to Campylobacter and research is needed to evaluate the complex pathways of Campylobacter exposure and infection applicable to low-income and middle-income countries. We aim to identify reservoirs of infection with Campylobacter spp. of infants in rural Eastern Ethiopia and evaluate interactions with child health (environmental enteric dysfunction and stunting) in the context of their sociodemographic environment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This longitudinal study involves 115 infants who are followed from birth to 12 months of age and are selected randomly from 10 kebeles of Haramaya woreda, East Hararghe zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Questionnaire-based information is obtained on demographics, livelihoods, wealth, health, nutrition and women empowerment; animal ownership/management and diseases; and water, sanitation and hygiene. Faecal samples are collected from infants, mothers, siblings and livestock, drinking water and soil. These samples are analysed by a range of phenotypic and genotypic microbiological methods to characterise the genetic structure of the Campylobacter population in each of these reservoirs, which will support inference about the main sources of exposure for infants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Florida Internal Review Board (IRB201903141), the Haramaya University Institutional Health Research Ethics Committee (COHMS/1010/3796/20) and the Ethiopia National Research Ethics Review Committee (SM/14.1/1059/20). Written informed consent is obtained from all participating households. Research findings will be disseminated to stakeholders through conferences and peer-reviewed journals and through the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dehao Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Nigel French
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Manary
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zelealem Mekuria
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Amanda Ojeda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Cyrus Saleem
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nitya Singh
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Yang Yang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah McKune
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Saraiva MMS, Silva NMV, Ferreira VA, Moreira Filho ALB, Givisiez PEN, Freitas Neto OC, Berchieri Júnior A, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJB. Residual concentrations of antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry litter favour plasmid conjugation among Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:831-838. [PMID: 35138674 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considering that plasmid conjugation is a major driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the effects of residual concentrations of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry litter on the frequencies of IncFII-FIB plasmid conjugation among Escherichia coli organisms. A 2x5 factorial trial was performed in vitro, using two types of litter materials (sugarcane bagasse and wood shavings) and five treatments of litter: non-treated (CON), herbal alkaloid sanguinarine (SANG), and AGPs monensin (MON), lincomycin (LCM), and virginiamycin (VIR). E. coli H2332 and E. coli J62 were used as donor and recipient strains, respectively.The presence of residues of monensin, lincomycin and virginiamycin increased the frequency of plasmid conjugation among E. coli in both types of litter materials. On the contrary, sanguinarine significantly reduced the frequency of conjugation among E. coli in sugarcane bagasse litter. The conjugation frequencies were significantly higher in wood shavings compared to sugarcane bagasse only in the presence of AGPs. Considering that the presence of AGPs in the litter can increase the conjugation of IncFII-FIB plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, the real impact of this phenomenon on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the poultry production chain must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M S Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Laboratory of Ornithopathology, São Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - N M V Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano - Campus Petrolina
| | - V A Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Laboratory of Ornithopathology, São Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - A L B Moreira Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Human, Social and Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCHSA/UFPB), Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | - P E N Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - O C Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A Berchieri Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Laboratory of Ornithopathology, São Paulo State University (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Global One health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.,Global One health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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8
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Santos SCL, Saraiva MMS, Moreira Filho ALB, Silva NMV, De Leon CMG, Pascoal LAF, Givisiez PEN, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJB. Swine as reservoirs of zoonotic borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101697. [PMID: 34530296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin resistance mediated by the mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus, also known as "true MRSA", is typically associated with high oxacillin MIC values (≥8 mg/L). Because non-mecA-mediated oxacillin resistant S. aureus phenotypes can also cause hard-to-treat diseases in humans, their misidentification as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (MSSA) can compromise the efficiency of the antimicrobial therapy. These strains have been refereed as Borderline Oxacillin-Resistant S. aureus (BORSA) but their characterization and role in clinical microbiology have been neglected. Considering the increasing importance of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus ST398 (LA-MRSA) as an emerging zoonotic pathogen worldwide, this study aimed to report the genomic context of oxacillin resistance in porcine S. aureus ST398 strains. S. aureus isolates were recovered from asymptomatic pigs from three herds. Oxacillin MIC values ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L. MALDI-TOF-confirmed isolates were screened for mecA and mecC by PCR and genotyped by means of PFGE and Rep-PCR. Seven isolates were whole genome sequenced. None of the isolates harbored the mecA gene or its variants. Although all seven sequenced isolates belonged to one sequence type (ST398), two different spa types (t571 and t1471) were identified. All isolates harbored conserved blaZ gene operon and no mutations on genes encoding for penicillin-binding-proteins were detected. Genes conferring resistance against other drugs such as aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin (MLS), tetracycline and trimethoprim were also detected. Isolates also harbored virulence genes encoding for adhesins (icaA; icaB; icaC; icaD; icaR), toxins (hlgA; hlgB; hlgC; luk-PV) and protease (aur). Pigs can serve as reservoirs of non-mecA-mediated oxacillin-resistant ST398 strains potentially pathogenic to humans. Considering that mecA has been the main target to screen methicillin-resistant staphylococci, the occurrence of BORSA phenotypes is probably underestimated in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C L Santos
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - M M S Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - A L B Moreira Filho
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural, Social and Human Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rua João Pessoa s/n, 58220-000, Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | - N M V Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - C M G De Leon
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - L A F Pascoal
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural, Social and Human Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rua João Pessoa s/n, 58220-000, Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | - P E N Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), 43210, Columbus, OH, USA; Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Rod. PB079 Km12, s/n, 58397-000, Areia, PB, Brazil; Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Lim K, Pennell M, Lewis S, El-Gazzar M, Gebreyes WA. Effects of flavophospholipol on conjugation and plasmid curing of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab022. [PMID: 34223097 PMCID: PMC8210090 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early in vitro studies suggested that flavophospholipol has plasmid-curing effects and could inhibit conjugation by disrupting pilus formation between bacteria. Objectives This 36-day controlled-challenge study aimed to evaluate the anti-conjugative and plasmid-curing effect of flavophospholipol in vivo on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in MDR transconjugant Salmonella Enteritidis in chickens. Methods A total of 270-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four control and four treatment groups with two doses of in-feed flavophospholipol (10 ppm and 64 ppm) and in the presence and absence of ampicillin in drinking water. Chicks were orally challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis with known plasmid-encoded AMR factors. Cloacal swabs were collected on Day 7, 14 and 23. On Day 35, all chickens were euthanized, and caecal tissue and content were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with a panel of 12 antimicrobials and interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints. Results Flavophospholipol given in-feed at 64 ppm had an anti-conjugative effect. There was a significant reduction of acquisition of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline by the recipient strains of Salmonella Enteritidis in treatment groups given flavophospholipol in-feed at 64 ppm (P < 0.05). This was not seen with flavophospholipol given in-feed at 10 ppm. Conclusions The results demonstrate that flavophospholipol given in-feed at 64 ppm had an anti-conjugative effect. The results also suggest that AMR is reduced through other mechanisms of action, which are yet to be determined. There is insufficient evidence that flavophospholipol at 64 ppm in feed alone or with sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics had a plasmid-curing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Lim
- Veterinary Health Management Branch, National Parks Board, 6 Perahu Road, Singapore 718827
| | - Michael Pennell
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave, 246 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephanie Lewis
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 2203 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Centre, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, A100R Sisson Hall, 1920 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Lemos MPL, Saraiva MMS, Leite EL, Silva NMV, Vasconcelos PC, Giachetto PF, Freitas Neto OC, Givisiez PEN, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJB. The posthatch prophylactic use of ceftiofur affects the cecal microbiota similar to the dietary sanguinarine supplementation in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6013-6021. [PMID: 33142520 PMCID: PMC7647783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic administration of ceftiofur to newly hatched chicks is a common practice in some hatcheries worldwide to mitigate early gastrointestinal infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. In spite of the crucial role of the gut microbiome for the broiler's health, there is still limited information on how the microbial composition is affected by such procedure. We investigated the effects of posthatch prophylactic application of ceftiofur on the cecal microbiota of 14-day-old broilers fed regular or sanguinarine-supplemented diets. DNA samples were extracted from cecal contents, amplified for the V3-V4 regions of the microbial 16S rRNA gene, and sequenced in a high-throughput sequencing platform (Illumina MiSeq). After downstream bioinformatics and statistical analyses, our results demonstrated that both ceftiofur and sanguinarine treatments similarly increased the proportions of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Bacteroides and Megamonas, whereas reduced the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae in the ceca of the birds. Such changes are probably associated with increased carbohydrate fermentation processes favoring the production of short-chain fatty acids. This was also corroborated by the functional prediction findings, which suggest an increase in some metabolic pathways associated with digestibility in broilers receiving ceftiofur. Considering that antimicrobial stewardship in animal production systems is strongly needed to mitigate the threat of antimicrobial resistance, our findings show that supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive can lead to a similar microbial composition in the ceca of commercial broiler chickens, suggesting that the use of alternative products could lead to functional modifications without increasing pressure for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P L Lemos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Mauro M S Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Elma L Leite
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Núbia M V Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Priscylla C Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Poliana F Giachetto
- Laboratório de Bioinformática Aplicada (LBA), Embrapa Informática Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro C Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia E N Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, The Ohio State University, Columbus-OH, USA; Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Celso J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil; Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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11
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Kelley HV, Waibel SM, Sidiki S, Tomatis-Souverbielle C, Scordo JM, Hunt WG, Barr N, Smith R, Silwani SN, Averill JJ, Baer S, Hengesbach J, Yildiz VO, Pan X, Gebreyes WA, Balada-Llasat JM, Wang SH, Torrelles JB. Accuracy of Two Point-of-Care Tests for Rapid Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis at Animal Level using Non-Invasive Specimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5441. [PMID: 32214170 PMCID: PMC7096388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) testing in cattle requires a significant investment of time, equipment, and labor. Novel, rapid, cheaper and accurate methods are needed. The Alere Determine TB lipoarabinomannan antigen (LAM-test) is a World Health Organization-endorsed point-of-care urine test designed to detect active TB disease in humans. The Lionex Animal TB Rapid Test (Lionex-test) is a novel animal specific TB diagnostic blood test. An animal level analysis was performed using urine (n = 141) and milk (n = 63) samples from depopulated BTB-suspected cattle to test the accuracy of the LAM-test when compared to results of positive TB detection by any routine BTB tests (BOVIGAM, necropsy, histology, culture, PCR) that are regularly performed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The agreement between the urine LAM-test and USDA standard tests were poor at varying testing time points. The same milk samples did not elicit statistically significant agreement with the Lionex-test, although positive trends were present. Hence, we cannot recommend the LAM-test as a valid BTB diagnostic test in cattle using either urine or milk. The Lionex-test’s production of positive trends using milk samples suggests larger sample sizes may validate the Lionex-test in accurately diagnosing BTB in cattle using milk samples, potentially providing a quick and reliable field test for BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden V Kelley
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Microbial infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah M Waibel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sabeen Sidiki
- Department of Microbial infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Julia M Scordo
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Microbial infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, United States
| | - W Garret Hunt
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - N Barr
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - R Smith
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sayeed N Silwani
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Microbial infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James J Averill
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Baer
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Janet Hengesbach
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Vedat O Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Center for Biostatistics, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States.,OSU Global One Health Initiative, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat
- OSU Global One Health Initiative, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- OSU Global One Health Initiative, Columbus, OH, United States. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States. .,Department of Microbial infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, United States.
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12
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Gebreyes WA, Jackwood D, de Oliveira CJB, Lee CW, Hoet AE, Thakur S. Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Zoonotic and Livestock Diseases. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0011-2019. [PMID: 32220263 PMCID: PMC10773240 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0011-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic and livestock diseases are very important globally both in terms of direct impact on human and animal health and in terms of their relationship to the livelihood of farming communities, as they affect income generation and food security and have other, indirect consequences on human lives. More than two-thirds of emerging infectious diseases in humans today are known to be of animal origin. Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that originate from animals, including hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, such as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella of animal origin, hyperviruent Clostridium difficile, and others, are of major significance to public health. Understanding the origin, risk factors, transmission, prevention, and control of such strains has been a challenge for various reasons, particularly due to the transdisciplinary partnership between and among human, environment, and animal health sectors. MDR bacteria greatly complicate the clinical management of human infections. Food animal farms, pets in communities, and veterinary hospital environments are major sources of such infections. However, attributing such infections and pinpointing sources requires highly discriminatory molecular methods as outlined in other parts of this curated series. Genotyping methods, such as multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and several others, have been used to decipher sources of foodborne and other zoonotic infectious diseases. In recent years, whole-genome-sequence-based approaches have been increasingly used for molecular epidemiology of diseases at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment. This part of the series highlights the major zoonotic and foodborne disease issues. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Daral Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Celso Jose Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Armando E Hoet
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Population Health and Pathobiology (PHP), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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13
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Kalayu AA, Woldetsadik DA, Woldeamanuel Y, Wang SH, Gebreyes WA, Teferi T. Burden and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in dairy farms in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:20. [PMID: 31969151 PMCID: PMC6977269 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent colonizer of human and several animal species, including dairy cows. It is the most common cause of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Its public health importance increases inline to the continuous emergence of drug-resistant strains; such as Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Indeed, the recent emergence of human and veterinary adapted MRSA demands serious attention. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and drug resistance pattern of S. aureus in dairy farms in Mekelle and determine the molecular characteristics of MRSA. Results This study was done on 385 lactating dairy cows and 71 dairy farmers. The ages of the cows and farmworkers were between 3 and 14 and 17–63 years respectively. S. aureus was isolated from 12.5% of cows and 31% of farmworkers. Highest resistance was observed for penicillin (> 90%) followed by tetracycline (32–35%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (10–27%). But no resistance was observed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and rifampin. Only one isolate was MRSA both phenotypically and harboring mecA. This isolate was from nasal of a farmworker and was MRSA SCCmec Iva, spa type t064 of CC8. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 6.2% of cow isolates and 13.6% of nasal isolates. Conclusions In this study, S. aureus infected 12.5% of dairy cows and colonized 31% of farmworkers. Except for penicillin, resistance to other drugs was rare. Although no MRSA was found from dairy cows the existence of the human and animal adapted and globally spread strain, MRSA SCCmec IVa spa t064, warrants for a coordinated action to tackle AMR in both human and veterinary in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem Abrha Kalayu
- Department of Microbiology, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, MCH building, 3rd floor, Room number 321, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Daniel Asrat Woldetsadik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Infectious Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Molecular Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Tadesse Teferi
- Tropical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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14
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O'Shaughnessy RA, Habing GG, Gebreyes WA, Bowman AS, Weese JS, Rousseau J, Stull JW. Clostridioides difficile on Ohio swine farms (2015): A comparison of swine and human environments and assessment of on-farm risk factors. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:861-870. [PMID: 31389666 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Swine are known reservoirs for Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, and transmission from swine to human farm workers is strongly suggested by previous studies. This cross-sectional study evaluated the potential role of farm environmental surfaces, including those in worker breakrooms and swine housing areas, in the possible transmission of C. difficile from swine to farm workers. Environmental surfaces and piglet faeces at 13 Ohio swine farms were sampled in 2015. Typical culturing techniques were performed to isolate C. difficile from samples, and amplification of toxin genes (tcdA, tcdB and cdtB) and PCR-ribotyping were used to genetically characterize recovered isolates. In addition, sequencing of toxin regulatory gene, tcdC, was done to identify the length of identified deletions in some isolates. A survey collected farm-level management risk factor information. Clostridioides difficile was recovered from all farms, with 42% (188/445) of samples testing positive for C. difficile. Samples collected from all on-farm locations recovered C. difficile, including farrowing rooms (60%, 107/178), breakrooms (50%, 69/138) and nursery rooms (9%, 12/129). Three ribotypes recovered from both swine and human environments (078, 412 and 005) have been previously implicated in human disease. Samples taken from farrowing rooms and breakrooms were found to have greater odds of C. difficile recovery than those taken from nursery rooms (OR = 40.5, OR = 35.6, p < .001 respectively). Farms that weaned ≥23,500 pigs per year had lower odds of C. difficile recovery as compared to farms that weaned fewer pigs (OR = 0.4, p = .01) and weekly or more frequent cleaning of breakroom counters was associated with higher odds of C. difficile recovery (OR = 11.7, p < .001). This study provides important insights into the presence and characterization of C. difficile found in human environments on swine farms and highlights how these areas may be involved in transmission of C. difficile to swine farm workers and throughout the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory G Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Global One Health initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Scott Weese
- Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce Rousseau
- Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jason W Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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15
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Delgado-Suárez EJ, Ortíz-López R, Gebreyes WA, Allard MW, Barona-Gómez F, Rubio-Lozano MS. Genomic surveillance links livestock production with the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella in Mexico. J Microbiol 2019; 57:271-280. [PMID: 30721457 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is increasingly common worldwide. While food animals are thought to contribute to the growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem, limited data is documenting this relationship, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Herein, we aimed to assess the role of non-clinical NTS of bovine origin as reservoirs of AMR genes of human clinical significance. We evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles in a set of 44 bovine-associated NTS. For comparative purposes, we also included genotypic AMR data of additional isolates from Mexico (n = 1,067) that are publicly available. The most frequent AMR phenotypes in our isolates involved tetracycline (40/44), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (26/44), chloramphenicol (19/44), ampicillin (18/44), streptomycin (16/44), and carbenicillin (13/44), while nearly 70% of the strains were MDR. These phenotypes were correlated with a widespread distribution of AMR genes (i.e. tetA, aadA, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, bla-TEM-1, blaCARB-2) against multiple antibiotic classes, with some of them contributed by plasmids and/or class-1 integrons. We observed different AMR genotypes for betalactams and tetracycline resistance, providing evidence of convergent evolution and adaptive AMR. The probability of MDR genotype occurrence was higher in meat-associated isolates than in those from other sources (odds ratio 11.2, 95% confidence interval 4.5-27.9, P < 0.0001). The study shows that beef cattle are a significant source of MDR NTS in Mexico, highlighting the role of animal production on the emergence and spread of MDR Salmonella in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Ortíz-López
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Salud Rubio-Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Saraiva MMS, Moreira Filho ALB, Freitas Neto OC, Silva NMV, Givisiez PEN, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJB. Off-label use of ceftiofur in one-day chicks triggers a short-term increase of ESBL-producing E. coli in the gut. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203158. [PMID: 30204766 PMCID: PMC6133352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This trial was designed to evaluate the off-label use of ceftiofur with Marek's vaccine in one-day-old broiler chicks, a prophylactic treatment that has been done in some commercial hatcheries, on the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli). A total of 168 chicks (Cobb500®) were used in a completely randomized design. Birds were assigned to two treatments (Marek's vaccine plus saline vs Marek's vaccine plus ceftiofur) and six repetitions, with 14 animals each. Cloacal swabs were collected from 1 to 14 days post-hatch. The majority (86%; p<0.0001) of the ESBL-producing isolates harboring blaCTX-M and blaSHV genes originated from animals receiving the antimicrobial. None of the isolates were positive for plasmid-mediated AmpC betalactamase genes (blaACC, blaCMY-2, blaDHA, blaFOX, blaMOX and blaMIR). These findings indicate that the off-label use of ceftiofur with Marek's vaccine is associated with the short-term increase in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the gut of chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro M. S. Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L. B. Moreira Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
- National Institute for Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (INPRA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro C. Freitas Neto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Núbia M. V. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia E. N. Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Celso J. B. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
- National Institute for Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (INPRA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Eguale T, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Nana I, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella strains isolated from humans and food animals in central Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:766-776. [PMID: 29984468 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common causes of food-borne bacterial illnesses. The primary sources of human nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection are food animals. This study characterized temporally and spatially related Salmonella isolated during April 2013 to March 2014 from faeces of diarrhoeic human patients in Addis Ababa (n = 68) and food animals (n = 84) in Addis Ababa and surrounding districts (dairy cattle, n = 30; slaughtered cattle, n = 20; poultry, n = 26; swine n = 8). Isolates were serotyped, page typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from food animals were S. Saintpaul (38.1%), S. Typhimurium (17.9%) and S. Kentucky (9.5%), whereas in humans, S. Typhimurium (39.7%), S. Virchow (30.9%) and S. Kottbus (10.3%) were frequently isolated. Resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and cephalothin was higher in animal isolates than human isolates, and mean number of antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant was significantly higher in isolates from cattle and poultry compared to those from humans (p < 0.05). All S. Kentucky isolated from animals and humans were multidrug resistant (MDR) with shared resistance phenotype (AmpCfCipTeSuSNa). Although this study involved small sample size and was not able to show clear epidemiological linkage among isolates from various sources, genotyping by PFGE analysis demonstrated circulation of closely related genotypes of S. Virchow, S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky among humans and food animals. Detection of related Salmonella isolates from humans and animals, the high MDR status of isolates from animals and close proximity of farms and human residential areas in the absence of appropriate biosecurity present major public health problem. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella serovars in humans and animals and implementation of appropriate hazard analysis and pathogen control strategies along critical points of the food chain from farm to table is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ismael Nana
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Delgado-Suárez EJ, Selem-Mojica N, Ortiz-López R, Gebreyes WA, Allard MW, Barona-Gómez F, Rubio-Lozano MS. Whole genome sequencing reveals widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes and VirB/D4 plasmids in bovine-associated nontyphoidal Salmonella. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9864. [PMID: 29959369 PMCID: PMC6026178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common pathogen in food-producing animals and a public health concern worldwide. Various NTS serovars may be present in apparently healthy animals. This could result in carcass contamination during the slaughter process leading to human exposure. While most genomic research has focused on Salmonella pathogenesis, little is known on the factors associated with subclinical infections and environmental persistence. We report here the widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes (i. e. the cdtB islet, hlyE, taiA), among NTS strains from a beef slaughter operation (n = 39) and from epidemiologically unconnected ground beef (n = 20). These genes were present in 76% of the strains, regardless of serovar, isolation source or geographical location. Moreover, strains that predominated in the slaughterhouse carry plasmid-borne type IV secretion systems (T4SS), which have been linked to persistent infections in numerous pathogens. Population genomics supports clonal dissemination of NTS along the food production chain, highlighting its role as reservoir of genetic variability in the environment. Overall, the study provides a thorough characterization of serovar diversity and genomic features of beef-associated NTS in Mexico. Furthermore, it reveals how common genetic factors could partially explain the emergence and persistence of certain NTS serovars in the beef industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jesús Delgado-Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Selem-Mojica
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 66460, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, 64710, Mexico
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, 20740, USA
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico.
| | - María Salud Rubio-Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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19
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Saraiva MM, De Leon CM, Santos SC, Stipp DT, Souza MM, Santos Filho L, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJ. Accuracy of PCR targeting different markers for Staphylococcus aureus identification: a comparative study using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as the gold standard. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:252-255. [PMID: 29105571 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717732370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered a major pathogen in veterinary and human medicine, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, such as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus, means that reliable, inexpensive, and fast methods are required to identify S. aureus obtained from animal sources. We tested the accuracy of a PCR targeting the genes femA, nuc, and coa in identifying S. aureus from animals. A total of 157 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry; 18 different Staphylococcus species were identified. Of 68 S. aureus isolates, the genes femA, nuc, and coa were found in 61, 53, and 32 isolates, respectively. Considering MALDI-TOF as the gold standard, the PCR assays targeting all 3 genes showed 100% specificity; the sensitivity values were 89.7, 77.9, and 47.0% for femA, nuc, and coa, respectively. Sensitivity was 100% when femA and nuc markers were targeted simultaneously. These results confirm PCR as an accurate method to identify S. aureus species from animal sources and strongly suggest the simultaneous use of primers targeting femA and nuc genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro M Saraiva
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Candice M De Leon
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Silvana C Santos
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Danilo T Stipp
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Miliane M Souza
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Lauro Santos Filho
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
| | - Celso J Oliveira
- Departments of Animal Sciences (Saraiva, De Leon, Santos, Oliveira), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Veterinary Sciences (Stipp), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Souza).,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Santos Filho).,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Gebreyes, Oliveira)
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20
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Eguale T, Birungi J, Asrat D, Njahira MN, Njuguna J, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Djikeng A, Engidawork E. Genetic markers associated with resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in central Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:13. [PMID: 28105330 PMCID: PMC5240271 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials are commonly used for treatment of infections caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and other pathogens. Resistance to these classes of antimicrobials has increased significantly in the recent years. However, little is known on the genetic basis of resistance to these drugs in Salmonella isolates from Ethiopia. Methods Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams (n = 43) were tested for genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes, and those resistant to quinolones (n = 29) for mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) as well as plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes using PCR and sequencing. Results Beta-lactamase genes (bla) were detected in 34 (79.1%) of the isolates. The dominant bla gene was blaTEM, recovered from 33 (76.7%) of the isolates, majority being TEM-1 (24, 72.7%) followed by TEM-57, (10, 30.3%). The blaOXA-10 and blaCTX-M-15 were detected only in a single S. Concord human isolate. Double substitutions in gyrA (Ser83-Phe + Asp87-Gly) as well as parC (Thr57-Ser + Ser80-Ile) subunits of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were detected in all S. Kentucky isolates with high level resistance to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Single amino acid substitutions, Ser83-Phe (n = 4) and Ser83-Tyr (n = 1) were also detected in the gyrA gene. An isolate of S. Miami susceptible to nalidixic acid but intermediately resistant to ciprofloxacin had Thr57-Ser and an additional novel mutation (Tyr83-Phe) in the parC gene. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes investigated were not detected in any of the isolates. In some isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and/or nalidixic acid, no mutations in QRDR or PMQR genes were detected. Over half of the quinolone resistant isolates in the current study 17 (58.6%) were also resistant to at least one of the beta-lactam antimicrobials. Conclusion Acquisition of blaTEM was the principal beta-lactamase resistance mechanism and mutations within QRDR of gyrA and parC were the primary mechanism for resistance to quinolones. Further study on extended spectrum beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance mechanisms in other gram negative pathogens is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Josephine Birungi
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moses N Njahira
- ICIPE-African Insect Science for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Njuguna
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 432101214 USA
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Eguale T, Engidawork E, Gebreyes WA, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Johnson RP, Gunn JS. Fecal prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellae in dairy cattle in central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:20. [PMID: 26879347 PMCID: PMC4754838 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonellae are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate species including humans. Consumption of contaminated dairy products and contact with dairy cattle represent a common source of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in humans. Despite a large number of small-scale dairy farms in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts, little is known about the status of Salmonella in these farms. Results Salmonella was recovered from the feces of at least one animal in 7.6 % (10/132) of the dairy farms. Out of 1203 fecal samples examined, 30 were positive for Salmonella resulting in a weighted animal level prevalence of 2.3 %. Detection of diarrhea in an animal and in a farm was significantly associated with animal level (p = 0.012) and herd level (p < 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella. Animal level prevalence of Salmonella was significantly associated with age (p = 0.023) and study location; it was highest among those under 6 months of age and in farms from Adaa district and Addis Ababa (p < 0.001). Nine different serotypes were identified using standard serological agglutination tests. The most frequently recovered serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium (23.3 %), S. Saintpaul (20 %), S. Kentucky (16.7 %) and S. Virchow (16.7 %). All isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 18 drugs tested. Twenty-six (86.7 %), 19 (63.3 %), 18 (60 %), 16 (53.3 %) of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline , respectively. Resistance to 2 drugs was detected in 27 (90 %) of the isolates. Resistance to 3 or more drugs was detected in 21 (70 %) of the isolates, while resistance to 7 or more drugs was detected in 11 (36.7 %) of the isolates. The rate of occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella strains isolated from dairy farms in Addis Ababa was significantly higher than those isolated from farms outside of Addis Ababa (p = 0.009). MDR was more common in S. Kentucky, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. Conclusion Isolation of Salmonella serotypes commonly known for causing human salmonellosis that are associated with an MDR phenotype in dairy farms in close proximity with human population is a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict pathogen reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Roger P Johnson
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada.
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH, 43210-1214, USA.
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Abstract
Genotyping approaches are important for tracking infectious agents and can be used for various purposes. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is among the highly discriminatory genotyping approaches commonly used for characterizing Clostridium difficile. Other genotyping methods used for C. difficile include Ribotyping, Restriction Endonuclease Assay (REA), Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Assay, and others. PFGE has a high discriminatory power, high reproducibility, and typeability. We utilized PFGE for typing C. difficile isolates of porcine and human origin. We used a macrorestriction fragment analysis of an intact genomic DNA using SmaI, a rare cutting restriction endonuclease. Using a Contour-Clamped Homogeneous Electric Field (CHEF) system with running conditions of 120° angle; initial switch time of 5 s; final switch time of 40 s with a run time of 18 h in a low-melting temperature agarose (Seakem Gold); and 0.5× TBE circulated in the CHEF system at 6 V/cm [CDC (2014) Pulsenet. http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/index.html . Accessed 22 Aug 2014] supported by 14 °C cooling module, we were able to separate very large DNA fragments (up to 2 Mb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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23
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Eguale T, Gebreyes WA, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and co-infection with parasites among patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:497. [PMID: 26537951 PMCID: PMC4634906 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important public health problem worldwide. Consumption of animal-derived food products and direct and/or indirect contact with animals are the major routes of acquiring infection with NTS. Published information, particularly on the serotype distribution of NTS among human patients with gastroenteritis and associated risk factors, is scarce in Ethiopia. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella species among diarrheic out-patients attending health centers in Addis Ababa and patients with various gastrointestinal complaints at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). METHODS Stool samples were cultured for Salmonella species according to the WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol. Salmonella serotyping was conducted using slide agglutination and microplate agglutination techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS A total of 59 (6.2 %) stool samples, out of 957 were culture positive for Salmonella species. Fifty-five (7.2 %) of 765 diarrheic patients from health centers and 4 (2.1 %) of 192 patients from TASH were culture positive for Salmonella species. Multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting for all other variables revealed statistically significant association of Salmonella infection with consumption of raw vegetables (OR = 1.91, 95 % CI = 1.29-2.83, χ(2) = 4.74, p = 0.025) and symptom of watery diarrhea (OR = 3.3, 95 % CI = 1.23-8.88, χ(2) = 10.54, p = 0.005). Eleven serotypes were detected, and the most prominent were S. Typhimurium (37.3 %), S. Virchow (34 %), and S. Kottbus (10.2 %). Other serotypes were S. Miami, S. Kentucky, S. Newport, S. Enteritidis, S. Braenderup, S. Saintpaul, S. Concord and S. V:ROUGH-O. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 27 (40.3 %) of the isolates. Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 17 (25.4 %). Resistance to individual antimicrobials was found at varying proportions: streptomycin (50; 74.6 %), nitrofurantoin (27; 40.3 %), sulfisoxazole (26; 38.8 %), kanamycin (23; 34.3 %), cephalothin (12; 17.9 %), and ampicillin (11; 16.4 %) respectively. Two S. Kentucky, one S. Typhimurium and one S. Concord isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 10 antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated significant association of Salmonella infection with consumption of raw vegetables. There was no significant association of Salmonella infection with co-occurring parasites. The study also showed the dominance of S. Typhimurium and S. Virchow in primary health care units. Overall, prevalence of MDR was low compared to previous studies. Although their proportion was low, S. Kentucky and S. Concord demonstrated wider spectrum of MDR. Continuous monitoring of circulating serotypes, antimicrobial resistance profile and characterization on molecular resistance determinants is essential for proper treatment of patients and for identifying potential environmental origins of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH, 43210-1214, USA.
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Artuso-Ponte V, Moeller S, Rajala-Schultz P, Medardus JJ, Munyalo J, Lim K, Gebreyes WA. Supplementation with Quaternary Benzo(c)phenanthridine Alkaloids Decreased Salivary Cortisol and Salmonella Shedding in Pigs After Transportation to the Slaughterhouse. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:891-7. [PMID: 26393495 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of herbal extracts supplementation, particularly quaternary-benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids (QBA), which have been previously demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune-modulator effects. We investigated the role of QBA on stress response and Salmonella shedding in finishing pigs transported to the slaughterhouse. A total of 82 pigs were orally challenged with a Salmonella cocktail (day 0) containing Salmonella Meleagridis, Hartford, Bovismorbificans and Newport serovars and randomly assigned to three treatment groups after 2 wks (day [D] 14): T1, in-feed QBA; T2, in-feed and water-soluble QBA; CON, nonsupplemented). Pigs were transported to the slaughterhouse 2 weeks after intervention (D 28) and slaughtered after nearly 19 h (D 29). Saliva, fecal samples, and carcass swabs were collected from all pigs. Salivary cortisol, Salmonella shedding, and carcass contamination were measured. A high positive correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient range 0.82-0.93) between salivary cortisol and Salmonella shedding was found after transportation in all groups (p < 0.05). Only the CON group showed an increase in salivary cortisol after transportation (5.48 ng/mL; p < 0.0001) to concentrations that were higher than in T1 (2.73 ng/mL; p = 0.0002) and T2 (1.88 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Salmonella prevalence and shedding decreased after transportation in pigs receiving the QBA intervention (p < 0.05), whereas the control group showed a significant increase in Salmonella shedding after transportation (p = 0.04). At D 28, pigs in T2 shed lower numbers of Salmonella as compared to T1 (1.3E + 02 CFU/mL versus 8E + 03 CFU/mL; p = 0.002). Additionally, carcass contamination by Salmonella was higher in the CON group than the treated groups (p = 0.01). The findings show QBA intervention was effective in reducing transportation stress of pigs, resulting in reduced Salmonella shedding and positively impacting animal welfare and pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Artuso-Ponte
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven Moeller
- 2 Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paivi Rajala-Schultz
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julius J Medardus
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Janet Munyalo
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelvin Lim
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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25
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Oliveira CJB, Tiao N, de Sousa FGC, de Moura JFP, Santos Filho L, Gebreyes WA. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Brazilian Dairy Farms and Identification of Novel Sequence Types. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:97-105. [PMID: 26178302 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity and anti-microbial resistance among staphylococci of dairy herds that originated from Paraiba State, north-eastern Brazil, a region where such studies are rare. Milk samples (n = 552) were collected from 15 dairy farms. Isolates were evaluated for anti-microbial susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Confirmation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was performed using multiplex PCR targeting mecA and nuc genes in addition to phenotypic assay based on PBP-2a latex agglutination. Clonal relatedness of isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotyping. Staphylococci were detected in 269 (49%) of the samples. Among these, 65 (24%) were S. aureus. The remaining 204 isolates were either coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 188; 70%) or coagulase positive other than S. aureus (n = 16; 6%). Staphylococci were cultured in seven (35%) of the 20 hand swab samples, from which five isolates were S. aureus. The isolates were most commonly resistant against penicillin (43%), ampicillin (38%) and oxacillin (27%). The gene mecA was detected in 21 S. aureus from milk and in one isolate from a milker's hand. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. PFGE findings showed high clonal diversity among the isolates. Based on MLST, we identified a total of 11 different sequence types (STs 1, 5, 6, 83, 97, 126, 1583, 1622, 1623, 1624 and 1625) with four novel STs (ST1622-ST1625). The findings show that MRSA is prevalent in milk from semi-extensive dairy cows in north-eastern Brazil, and further investigation on its extent in various types of milk production systems and the farm-to-table continuum is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Tiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F G C de Sousa
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - J F P de Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - L Santos Filho
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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26
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Jácome ISC, Sousa FGC, De Leon CMG, Spricigo DA, Saraiva MMS, Givisiez PEN, Gebreyes WA, Vieira RFC, Oliveira CJB. Pre-parturition staphylococcal mastitis in primiparous replacement goats: persistence over lactation and sources of infection. Vet Res 2014; 45:115. [PMID: 25487513 PMCID: PMC4302595 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation reported for the first time the occurrence of intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus in primiparous replacement goats before parturition and the persistence of clinical Staphylococcus aureus infection during the lactation period. Subclinical infections, mainly caused by coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS), did not persist during lactation. Genotyping analysis indicated that environment seems to play a moderate role as source of intramammary infections to goats before parturition, but causative agents of mastitis in lactating animals are not genotypically related to environmental staphylococci. The occurrence and persistence of intramammary infections in replacement goats demonstrate the need to consider those animals as potential sources of infections in dairy goat herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacome S C Jácome
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Francisca G C Sousa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Candice M G De Leon
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Denis A Spricigo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Mauro M S Saraiva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Patricia E N Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Celso J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil. .,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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27
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Gebreyes WA, Dupouy-Camet J, Newport MJ, Oliveira CJB, Schlesinger LS, Saif YM, Kariuki S, Saif LJ, Saville W, Wittum T, Hoet A, Quessy S, Kazwala R, Tekola B, Shryock T, Bisesi M, Patchanee P, Boonmar S, King LJ. The global one health paradigm: challenges and opportunities for tackling infectious diseases at the human, animal, and environment interface in low-resource settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3257. [PMID: 25393303 PMCID: PMC4230840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infectious diseases have been an important concern to humankind for more than 10,000 years. Today, approximately 75% of newly emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are zoonoses that result from various anthropogenic, genetic, ecologic, socioeconomic, and climatic factors. These interrelated driving forces make it difficult to predict and to prevent zoonotic EIDs. Although significant improvements in environmental and medical surveillance, clinical diagnostic methods, and medical practices have been achieved in the recent years, zoonotic EIDs remain a major global concern, and such threats are expanding, especially in less developed regions. The current Ebola epidemic in West Africa is an extreme stark reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health and reinforces the urgent need for globally operationalizing a One Health approach. The complex nature of zoonotic diseases and the limited resources in developing countries are a reminder that the need for implementation of Global One Health in low-resource settings is crucial. The Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology (VPH-Biotec) Global Consortium launched the International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI) in order to address important challenges and needs for capacity building. The inaugural ICOPHAI (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011) and the second congress (Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, 2013) were unique opportunities to share and discuss issues related to zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide. In addition to strong scientific reports in eight thematic areas that necessitate One Health implementation, the congress identified four key capacity-building needs: (1) development of adequate science-based risk management policies, (2) skilled-personnel capacity building, (3) accredited veterinary and public health diagnostic laboratories with a shared database, and (4) improved use of existing natural resources and implementation. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in key zoonotic disease areas and the One Health capacity needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean Dupouy-Camet
- Department of Parasitology, Hôspital Cochin, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Melanie J. Newport
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Celso J. B. Oliveira
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yehia M. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William Saville
- Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wittum
- Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Armando Hoet
- Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Berhe Tekola
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Shryock
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Bisesi
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Lonnie J. King
- Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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28
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Farias LFP, Oliveira CJB, Medardus JJ, Molla BZ, Wolfe BA, Gebreyes WA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enterica in Captive Wildlife and Exotic Animal Species in Ohio, USA. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:438-44. [PMID: 25388917 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, phenotypic and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella enterica recovered from captive wildlife host species and in the environment in Ohio, USA. A total of 319 samples including faecal (n = 225), feed (n = 38) and environmental (n = 56) were collected from 32 different wild and exotic animal species in captivity and their environment in Ohio. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and genotyping was performed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella was detected in 56 of 225 (24.9%) faecal samples; six of 56 (10.7%) environmental samples and six of 38 (15.8%) feed samples. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from giraffes (78.2%; 36/46), cranes (75%; 3/4) and raccoons (75%; 3/4). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (64.3%), S. Newport (32.1%) and S. Heidelberg (5.3%) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible (88.2%; 60 of 68), multidrug-resistant strains including penta-resistant type, AmStTeKmGm (8.8%; six of 68) were detected. Genotypic diversity was found among S. Typhimurium isolates. The identification of clonally related Salmonella isolates from environment and faeces suggests that indirect transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination is an important concern to workers, visitors and other wildlife. Results of this study show the diversity of Salmonella serovars and public health implications of human exposure from wildlife reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F P Farias
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J J Medardus
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B Z Molla
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B A Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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29
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Eguale T, Marshall J, Molla B, Bhatiya A, Gebreyes WA, Engidawork E, Asrat D, Gunn JS. Association of multicellular behaviour and drug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from animals and humans in Ethiopia. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:961-971. [PMID: 24934091 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the association between multicellular behaviour, integron status and antibiotic resistance among 87 Ethiopian Salmonella enterica isolates of animal and human origin. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolates were characterized for their biofilm forming ability, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence and characteristics of a class 1 integron and Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). The majority of isolates grown at environmental temperatures (20°C) exhibited robust biofilm formation (72·4%) and displayed RDAR colony morphology on Congo red agar plates. The presence of a class 1 integron correlated with the extent of drug resistance and ability to exhibit multicellular behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Although cellulose production and RDAR morphology correlated with increased multicellular behaviour, neither was required for biofilm formation. Contrary to previous reports, colony morphology was generally consistent within a serovar. No integrons were detected in isolates deficient for multicellular behaviour, indicating a potential role of bacterial community formation in transfer of genetic elements among environmental isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Infection by Salm. enterica is a major public health problem worldwide. The dominance of multidrug resistance and multicellular behaviour in Salmonella isolates of Ethiopian origin highlights a need for integrated surveillance and further detailed phenotypic and molecular studies of isolates from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joanna Marshall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 43210-1214
| | - Bayleyegn Molla
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Aditi Bhatiya
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 43210-1214
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH 43210-1214
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30
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Pornsukarom S, Patchanee P, Erdman M, Cray PF, Wittum T, Lee J, Gebreyes WA. Comparative phenotypic and genotypic analyses of Salmonella Rissen that originated from food animals in Thailand and United States. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:151-8. [PMID: 24931512 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen has been recognized as one of the most common serovar among humans and pork production systems in different parts of the world, especially Asia. In the United States, this serovar caused outbreaks but its epidemiologic significance remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic attributes of Salmonella Rissen isolated in Thailand (Thai) and the United States (US). All the Thai isolates (n = 30) were recovered from swine faecal samples. The US isolates (n = 35) were recovered from swine faecal samples (n = 29), cattle (n = 2), chicken (n = 2), dog (n = 1) and a ready-to-eat product (n = 1). The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genotypic diversity of isolates. All Thai isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with the most frequent antibiotic resistance shown against ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (96.7%), tetracycline (93.3%), streptomycin (90%) and chloramphenicol (30%). About half of the isolates of USA origin were pan-susceptible and roughly 30% were resistant to only tetracycline (R-type: Te). Salmonella Rissen isolated from Thailand and the USA in this study were found to be clonally unrelated. Genotypic analyses indicated that isolates were clustered primarily based on the geographic origin implying the limited clonality among the strains. Clonal relatedness among different host species within the same geography (USA) was found. We found genotypic similarity in Thai and US isolates in few instances but with no epidemiological link. Further studies to assess propensity for increased inter-regional transmission and dissemination is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pornsukarom
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Tadee P, Kumpapong K, Sinthuya D, Yamsakul P, Chokesajjawatee N, Nuanualsuwan S, Pornsukarom S, Molla BZ, Gebreyes WA, Patchanee P. Distribution, quantitative load and characterization of Salmonella associated with swine farms in upper-northern Thailand. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:327-34. [PMID: 24675839 PMCID: PMC4087236 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and quantitative loads of Salmonella spp. on pig farms in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Thailand to assess loading levels before slaughtering. The serotype diversity, antimicrobial-resistance pattern and pulse-field type of Salmonella spp. were also characterized to assess the dynamic propagation of the pathogen. The Salmonella-positive prevalence was 246/805 (30.56%), and the quantitative loads varied from 1.48 ˜ 4.04 Log10MPN/g, with a mean ± standard deviation of 2.11 ± 0.57. AMP/S/TE (ampicillin/streptomycin/tetracycline) was the highest frequency antimicrobial resistance pattern found in this study. In addition, Salmonella Rissen was the primary serotype in this region. PFGE results indicated the occurrence of infection by cross contamination among pig farms. Our study showed that pork is easily contaminated with this pathogen. Farm control programs must be based on strict biosecurity and hygienic measures, which could further reduce the contamination pressure at slaughterhouses or retail shops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakpoom Tadee
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Robbins RC, Artuso-Ponte VC, Moeser AJ, Morrow WEM, Spears JW, Gebreyes WA. Effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids on growth performance, shedding of organisms, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with multidrug-resistantSalmonellaspp. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1530-5. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.12.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Walker JB, Walker WL, DeGraves FJ, Mathews JL, Gebreyes WA, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Staphylococcus aureus shedding pattern throughout lactation in dairy cows with naturally occurring intramammary infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1410-8. [PMID: 23634687 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.10.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate shedding patterns of Staphylococcus aureus, specifically the association between clonal relatedness and shedding patterns of S aureus for cows with naturally occurring S aureus intramammary infection. DESIGN Longitudinal field study. SAMPLE Milk samples from 22 lactating cows (29 mammary glands) of varied numbers of lactations on 2 dairies. Procedures-Foremilk samples were collected weekly for 26 to 44 weeks during lactation from individual mammary glands. Milk samples were cultured bacteriologically with a 0.01-mL inoculum. Samples were considered culture positive for S aureus if ≥ 1 colony-forming units were obtained. Milk samples from known S aureus-positive mammary glands that were culture negative for S aureus or culture positive with a single colony of S aureus were cultured bacteriologically a second time with a 0.1-mL inoculum. Longitudinal shedding patterns of S aureus and the effect of strain type on ln(colony forming unit count) were examined. RESULTS With the 0.01-mL inoculum, 914 of 1,070 (85%) samples were culture positive. After reculturing of negative samples with a 0.1-mL inoculum, 1,011 (95%) of the samples were culture positive. There was no significant difference in the detection of S aureus between genotypic clusters when either the 0.01- or 0.1-mL inoculum was used. There was no significant difference in the amount of shedding between mammary glands infected with isolates in genotypic cluster 1 or 2. No consistent shedding patterns were identified among or within cows. There was a significant difference in mammary gland linear score and test day (composite) linear score between mammary glands infected with isolates in genotypic clusters 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE S aureus was shed consistently in cows with naturally occurring intramammary infection in cows, and regardless of the pulsotype, variations in the amount of S aureus shedding had no significant effect on the ability to detect S aureus with a 0.1-mL inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Walker
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Keelara S, Scott HM, Morrow WM, Hartley CS, Griffin DL, Gebreyes WA, Thakur S. Comparative phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human clinical cases, pigs, and the environment in North Carolina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:156-64. [PMID: 24237109 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains are of great public health concern. We compared the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among temporally and spatially related AMR Salmonella isolates (n=1058) representing several predominant serovars, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhimurium var. 5-, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Muenchen, Salmonella Schwarzengrund, and Salmonella Rissen of human clinical cases (n=572), pig (n=212), and farm environment (n=274) origin in North Carolina. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method, and genotypic resistance determinants, including class I and II integrons, were identified. Overall, Salmonella isolates exhibited the highest frequency of resistance to tetracycline (50%), followed by sulfisoxazole (36%) and streptomycin (27%). We identified 16 different antimicrobial resistance genes, including extended spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases-producing genes (bla(TEM), bla(PSE), and bla(CMY-2)), in all the β-lactam- and cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment. Class I integrons of 1-kb and 1.2-kb size were identified from all the three sources (humans, 66%; pigs, 85%; environment, 58%), while Class II integrons of 2-kb size were identified only in pig (10%) and environmental (19%) isolates. We detected genotypic similarity between Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans, pigs, and the environment while serovars Derby, Heidelberg, and Muenchen exhibited genotypic diversity. Detection of AMR Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment is a concern for clinicians and veterinarians to mitigate the dissemination of AMR Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaramu Keelara
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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Wenner BA, Zerby HN, Boler DD, Gebreyes WA, Moeller SJ. Effect of mannan oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos) and outdoor access housing on pig growth, feed efficiency and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4936-44. [PMID: 23942715 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted as a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in 7 pen replications conducted using progeny (n = 360) of successive farrowings of 1 Landrace breeding female population. Grower-finisher dietary treatments included the addition of Bio-Mos (BM; at 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05% inclusion rates for phase 1 (30.2 to 63.5 kg), 2 (63.5 to 90.5 kg), and 3 (90.5 to 113.6 kg), respectively), the inclusion of a subtherapeutic antibiotic (AB; tetracycline; at 0.0055% inclusion rate in all dietary phases) and a no additive control (CON) diet. Housing systems were a conventional, indoor (IN) facility providing 1.0 m(2)/pig solid concrete and 0.3 m(2)/pig slatted floor with 12 pigs per pen and an outdoor access (OUT) system providing 1.1 m(2)/pig indoor, bedded concrete, and 1.9 m(2)/pig outdoor solid concrete with 6 pigs per pen. Housing systems analyses acknowledge confounding of space with number of pigs per pen. Daily growth rate (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion (G:F), ultrasonic carcass composition, blood hematocrit (1 group), and observed illnesses were measured. Dietary × housing treatment interactions were not observed. Pigs reared in OUT had greater ADFI (0.1 kg/d; P = 0.01) resulting in greater ADG (0.04 kg/d; P < 0.0005) and required fewer days to reach a standard 113.6 kg endpoint (4.0 d; P < 0.0005) but had reduced (poorer) G:F (0.01 kg gain/kg feed; P = 0.05) when compared to IN. Pigs fed BM and CON diets had greater ADG (0.02 kg/d; P < 0.05) and required 3 fewer days to 113.6 kg (P < 0.05) when compared with pigs fed AB. Carcass composition measures were not different across dietary or housing treatments. Hematocrit was 2 units greater (P < 0.05) at the end of the trial (d 84) for OUT housed pigs but not different at the start, d 28, or d 56 of the trial. In the present study, the addition of a subtherapeutic antibiotic in swine finisher diets did not improve pig growth, efficiency, or health whereas the addition of BM did not increase growth performance compared to the CON diet in both housing systems, a finding suggesting the potential for improved gut health and or improved appetite in pigs not fed an antibiotic. Whereas pigs reared OUT had greater growth rate and a more desirable hematocrit level, the observed differences may be attributed to stocking density, number of pigs per pen, or outdoor access, effects that are not able to be fully described under the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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36
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Smith TC, Gebreyes WA, Abley MJ, Harper AL, Forshey BM, Male MJ, Martin HW, Molla BZ, Sreevatsan S, Thakur S, Thiruvengadam M, Davies PR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs and farm workers on conventional and antibiotic-free swine farms in the USA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63704. [PMID: 23667659 PMCID: PMC3646818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Much uncertainty remains about the origin and public health implications of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and prevalence of MRSA in general and LA-MRSA in particular in pigs and farm workers in five states. We collected nasal swabs from pigs and farm workers at 45 swine herds (21 antibiotic-free herds; 24 conventional herds) in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina and Ohio. MRSA was isolated from 50 of 1085 pigs (4.6%) and 31 of 148 (20.9%) of farm workers. MRSA-positive pigs and people were clustered in four conventional swine farms in Iowa and Illinois. Based on genotyping, spa type t034, a common livestock associated variant, was predominant among both human and swine isolates. These results confirm the presence of LA-MRSA in pigs and swine farm workers in the USA, but the prevalence found is relatively low compared with European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Smith
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
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Funk JA, Abley MJ, Bowman AS, Gebreyes WA, Morrow WEM, Tadesse DA. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in antimicrobial-free and conventional antimicrobial use swine production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:514-9. [PMID: 23614802 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are the primary reservoir for foodborne illness associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. The use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture has been hypothesized as having a potential role in the increase in prevalence of zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of Y. enterocolitica fecal shedding in swine reared on farms with conventional antimicrobial use policies to farms that were antimicrobial free (ABF). Swine farms were selected from three regions in the United States. In each region, farms were categorized based on antimicrobial use policy. Fecal samples were collected from pigs on-farm within 48 h of harvest. The overall proportion of Y. enterocolitica and ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica-positive pigs was 10.9% and 4.0%, respectively. There were increased odds (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.46-13.28) for a pig to be Y. enterocolitica positive if it was reared on an ABF farm as compared to a conventional farm. There was no significant association between farm antimicrobial use policy and isolation of an ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica from an individual pig (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.90-3.61). The association of antimicrobial use policy with Y. enterocolitica shedding in feces should be interpreted cautiously, as antimicrobial use cannot be separated from other management factors (e.g., confinement or outdoor housing), which may be associated with risk of Y. enterocolitica in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Lyra DG, Sousa FG, Borges MF, Givisiez PE, Queiroga RC, Souza EL, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJ. Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes inStaphylococcusspp. from Bulk Goat Milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:126-30. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele G. Lyra
- Federal Institution for Education, Science, and Technology of Alagoas (IFAL), Santana do Ipanema-AL, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Evandro L. Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- VPH-Biotech Global Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Celso J.B. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB, Brazil
- VPH-Biotech Global Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Tadesse DA, Bahnson PB, Funk JA, Morrow WM, Abley MJ, Ponte VA, Thakur S, Wittum T, DeGraves FJ, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Gebreyes WA. Yersinia enterocoliticaof Porcine Origin: Carriage of Virulence Genes and Genotypic Diversity. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:80-6. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Tadesse
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Peter B. Bahnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Julie A. Funk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - W.E. Morgan Morrow
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Melanie J. Abley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Valeria A. Ponte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Wittum
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fred J. DeGraves
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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40
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Abley MJ, Wittum TE, Funk JA, Gebreyes WA. Antimicrobial susceptibility, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multi-locus sequence typing of Campylobacter coli in swine before, during, and after the slaughter process. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:506-12. [PMID: 22663186 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine persistence of clonal strains from farm to retail by assessing the clonal relatedness of Campylobacter coli isolated on farm, peri-harvest, and at processing from 11 individually identified pigs. Phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic (pulsed field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] and multi-locus sequence typing [MLST]) characterization of isolates was conducted. There was high genetic diversity of Campylobacter isolates from on-farm fecal samples. Campylobacter isolates from farm, post-evisceration, hide, and carcass samples showed similar phenotypes and belonged to the same genotypic clusters based on PFGE and sequence types (STs) based on MLST. Five STs that have not been previously reported were identified (ST-4083, ST-4084, ST-4085, ST-4086, ST-4087). Despite high genotypic diversity of C. coli on farm, retail meat products were consistently contaminated with isolates of the same STs, particularly ST854 and ST1056, as isolates collected from previous stages confirming persistence of strains from pre- to post-harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Abley
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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41
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Decker BK, Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Hall GS, Jacobs MR, Gebreyes WA, Zoll ST, Massire C, Eshoo MW, Ecker DJ, Rather PN, Bonomo RA. Longitudinal analysis of the temporal evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Ohio, USA, by using rapid automated typing methods. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33443. [PMID: 22511922 PMCID: PMC3325217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotyping methods are essential to understand the transmission dynamics of Acinetobacter baumannii. We examined the representative genotypes of A. baumannii at different time periods in select locations in Ohio, using two rapid automated typing methods: PCR coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS), a form of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and repetitive-sequence-based-PCR (rep-PCR). Our analysis included 122 isolates from 4 referral hospital systems, in 2 urban areas of Ohio. These isolates were associated with outbreaks at 3 different time periods (1996, 2000 and 2005–2007). Type assignments of PCR/ESI-MS and rep-PCR were compared to each other and to worldwide (WW) clone types. The discriminatory power of each method was determined using the Simpson's index of diversity (DI). We observed that PCR/ESI-MS sequence type (ST) 14, corresponding to WW clone 3, predominated in 1996, whereas ST 12 and 14 co-existed in the intermediate period (2000) and ST 10 and 12, belonging to WW clone 2, predominated more recently in 2007. The shift from WW clone 3 to WW clone 2 was accompanied by an increase in carbapenem resistance. The DI was approximately 0.74 for PCR/ESI-MS, 0.88 for rep-PCR and 0.90 for the combination of both typing methods. We conclude that combining rapid automated typing methods such as PCR/ESI-MS and rep-PCR serves to optimally characterize the regional molecular epidemiology of A. baumannii. Our data also sheds light on the changing sequence types in an 11 year period in Northeast Ohio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K. Decker
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Federico Perez
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Hujer
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristine M. Hujer
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Geraldine S. Hall
- Cleveland Clinic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Zoll
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Molecular, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Massire
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Molecular, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Molecular, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Ecker
- Ibis Biosciences Inc., Abbott Molecular, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Philip N. Rather
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Walker JB, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Walker WL, Mathews JL, Gebreyes WA, DeGraves FJ. Variation in daily shedding patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in naturally occurring intramammary infections. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1114-22. [PMID: 22362791 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current prospective field study was to examine the shedding patterns of naturally occurring Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections and the association of pulsed field gel electrophoresis pulsotype with shedding. Milk samples from 5 multiparous and 2 primiparous cows identified with S. aureus intramammary infections were collected for 21 consecutive days, 3 times throughout the lactation (63 days total). Cyclicity of each quarter was evaluated using a locally weighted regression. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used for genotypic cluster comparisons to evaluate the association of strain type and shedding patterns. Although the amount of shedding varied greatly, 97.5% of the samples were culture positive. There were notable differences in S. aureus shedding patterns among cows as well as within cows; however, no consistent cyclic pattern was identified. Quarters infected with S. aureus isolates grouped in genotypic cluster 1 appeared to shed at consistently higher levels with a median cfu/0.01 ml of 154 (ln[cfu] = 5.0). In comparing ln(cfu)/0.01 ml between genotypic clusters over the first 21-day sample period, accounting for the effect of sample day, samples collected from quarters infected with S. aureus in genotypic cluster 1 had a 1.5 times greater ln(cfu) than those collected from quarters infected with strains in genotypic cluster 2. The ability to detect S. aureus from day to day was very consistent. The current study examining naturally occurring intramammary infections would support the conclusions of other studies suggesting that a single quarter sample would be adequate in determining S. aureus intramammary infections status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Walker
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lutz EA, McCarty MJ, Mollenkopf DF, Funk JA, Gebreyes WA, Wittum TE. Ceftiofur use in finishing swine barns and the recovery of fecal Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. resistant to ceftriaxone. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1229-34. [PMID: 21819210 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between ceftiofur use policy in finishing swine barns and recovery of fecal Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. resistant to ceftriaxone. The study population included 54 finishing swine barns from three companies located in North Carolina. The barns were each classified according to their reported therapeutic ceftiofur use rates of "Rare," "Moderate," and "Common." Fecal samples from the barns were cultured for the presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. resistant to ceftriaxone using selective media designed to recover rare organisms expressing the AmpC β-lactamase phenotype. A total of 1899 swine fecal samples yielded 1193 E. coli (63%) resistant to ceftriaxone. Recovery rates by ceftiofur use classification were 45% for Rare, 73% for Moderate, and 68% Common ceftiofur use groups. Barns reporting Rare ceftiofur use had a lower odds of recovery of E. coli (OR=0.32; p<0.001) resistant to ceftriaxone compared to Common use barns. The overall Salmonella spp. prevalence was 63.8% (n=714). Of these, 65 Salmonella were resistant to ceftriaxone with the highest rate (6%) found in the Common ceftiofur use group, followed by Rare (4.1%) and Moderate (0.15%). The odds of recovery of Salmonella resistant to ceftriaxone were similar for barns with ceftiofur use classified as Rare and Common. Samples from barns with ceftiofur use classified as Moderate had a lower odds (OR=0.02; p<0.01) of recovery of Salmonella resistant to ceftriaxone than barns classified as Common. Our result is consistent with the hypothesis that the use of ceftiofur in finishing swine barns, beyond its rare application, may influence the recovery of enteric E. coli with resistance to cephalosporin drugs, although other unmeasured factors appear to be important in the recovery of cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella. The dissemination of enteric bacteria with resistance to cephalosporins has the potential to impact both veterinary and human therapeutic treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Lutz
- Division of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Hoet AE, Johnson A, Nava-Hoet RC, Bateman S, Hillier A, Dyce J, Gebreyes WA, Wittum TE. Environmental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a veterinary teaching hospital during a nonoutbreak period. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:609-15. [PMID: 21417926 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent to reports of zoonotic and nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary settings, recent evidence indicates that the environment in veterinary hospitals may be a potential source of MRSA. The present report is a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of MRSA on specific human and animal contact surfaces at a large veterinary hospital during a nonoutbreak period. A total of 156 samples were collected using Swiffers(®) or premoistened swabs from the small animal, equine, and food animal sections. MRSA was isolated and identified by pre-enrichment culture and standard microbiology procedures, including growth on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with NaCl and oxacillin, and by detection of the mecA gene. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile were also determined. MRSA was detected in 12% (19/157) of the hospital environments sampled. The prevalence of MRSA in the small animal, equine, and food animal areas were 16%, 4%, and 0%, respectively. Sixteen of the MRSA isolates from the small animal section were classified as USA100, SCCmec type II, two of which had pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern that does not conform to any known type. The one isolate obtained from the equine section was classified as USA500, SCCmec type IV. The molecular epidemiological analysis revealed a very diverse population of MRSA isolates circulating in the hospital; however, in some instances, multiple locations/surfaces, not directly associated, had the same MRSA clone. No significant difference was observed between animal and human contact surfaces in regard to prevalence and type of isolates. Surfaces touched by multiple people (doors) and patients (carts) were frequently contaminated with MRSA. The results from this study indicate that MRSA is present in the environment even during nonoutbreak periods. This study also identified specific surfaces in a veterinary environment that need to be targeted when designing and executing infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E Hoet
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Sibhat B, Molla Zewde B, Zerihun A, Muckle A, Cole L, Boerlin P, Wilkie E, Perets A, Mistry K, Gebreyes WA. Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles in beef cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and slaughterhouse environment in ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:102-9. [PMID: 20042064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars in slaughter beef cattle, slaughterhouse environment and personnel engaged in flaying and evisceration during slaughtering process. A total of 800 samples (each sample type, n = 100) consisting of swabs from hides, slaughterhouse personnel hands at flaying and evisceration, rumen and caecal contents, mesenteric lymph nodes, carcasses and holding pens were collected. Of the total 100 beef cattle examined, 14% were Salmonella positive in caecal content and/or mesenteric lymph nodes. Of the various samples analysed, Salmonella was detected in 31% of hides, 19% of rumen contents, 8% of mesenteric lymph nodes, 6% of caecal contents, 2% of carcass swabs, 9% of palm swabs taken from the hands of personnel in the slaughterhouse during flaying (7%) and evisceration (2%), and in 12% of holding pen swabs. The Salmonella isolates (n = 87) belonged to eight different serovars of which S. Anatum (n = 54) and S. Newport (19) were the major serovars and both serovars were detected in all sample sources except in carcass swabs. Eighteen of the 87 (20.7%) Salmonella serovars consisting of Newport (n = 14), Anatum (n = 3) and Eastbourne (n = 1) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Among the antimicrobial resistant Salmonella serovars, S. Newport was multidrug resistant (15.6%) and exhibited resistance to streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sibhat
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Training Collage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alage, Ethiopia
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Tadesse DA, Bahnson PB, Funk JA, Thakur S, Morrow WEM, Wittum T, DeGraves F, Rajala-Schultz P, Gebreyes WA. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ofCampylobacterSpp. Isolated from Conventional and Antimicrobial-Free Swine Production Systems from Different U.S. Regions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:367-74. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Tadesse
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland
| | | | - Julie A. Funk
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - William E. Morgan Morrow
- North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fred DeGraves
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paivi Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Mollenkopf DF, Kleinhenz KE, Funk JA, Gebreyes WA, Wittum TE. Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli Harboring blaCMY in Retail Beef and Pork Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:333-6. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie E. Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie A. Funk
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Thomas E. Wittum
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Thakur S, Putnam M, Fry PR, Abley M, Gebreyes WA. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and association with toxin genes in Clostridium difficile in commercial swine. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1189-94. [PMID: 20919905 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence and determine association between antimicrobia resistance and toxin gene profile of Clostridium difficile in commercial pigs at the preharvest food-safety level. ANIMALS 68 sows and 251 young pigs from 5 farms in North Carolina and 3 in Ohio. PROCEDURES Fecal samples were collected from sows (8/farm) and matched young pigs (32/farm) at farrowing and again at the nursery and finishing stages. Clostridium difficile isolates were tested for susceptibility to 6 antimicrobials. A PCR assay was used to detect genes coding for enterotoxin A (tcdA), cytotoxin B (tcdB), and binary toxin (cdtB). RESULTS C difficile prevalence in young pigs at farrowing was 73% (n=183) with significantly higher prevalence in Ohio (875%) than in North Carolina (64%). Clostridium difficile was isolated from 32 (47%) sows with no significant difference between the 2 regions. A single pig had a positive test result at the nursery, and no isolate was recovered at the finishing farms. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was predominant in young pigs (91.3% of isolates) and sows (94%). The antimicrobial resistance profile ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-tetracycline was detected in 21.4% and 11.7% of isolates from young pigs and sows, respectively. Most isolates had positive results for tcdA (65%), tcdB (84%), and the binary toxin cdtB (77%) genes. Erythromycin resistance and tetracycline resistance were significantly associated with toxin gene profiles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant C difficile and the significant association of toxigenic strains with antimicrobial resistance could contribute to high morbidity in farms with farrowing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Patchanee P, Molla B, White N, Line DE, Gebreyes WA. Tracking salmonella contamination in various watersheds and phenotypic and genotypic diversity. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1113-20. [PMID: 20528467 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen, and contamination of surface and ground water that may result from various human activities, such as animal production and urbanization, may contribute to the public health burden. The aims of this study was to determine the sources of Salmonella contamination in four different types of watersheds and to assess the relative contribution of multidrug-resistant strains. Eighty-six water samples collected from four different watershed systems, including those impacted by swine production (n = 12), residential/industrial (n = 34), crop agriculture (n = 12), and forestry (n = 28), were cultured for Salmonella and further characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping. Salmonella prevalence was high in all four watersheds: residential/industrial area (58.8%), forestry (57.1%), crop agriculture (50%), and swine production (41.7%). Majority of the Salmonella isolates (87.1%) were pansusceptible. Multidrug resistance up to eight antimicrobials (R-type: AmStTeAxChCeKmGm) was detected in water samples that originated from swine production systems only. Serovars identified included Anatum, Gaminara, and Inverness (18.3% each) and Muenchen and Newport (8.7% each), Bredeny (7.6%), and Montevideo (6.8%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis indicated genotypic relatedness among Salmonella recovered from residential/industrial and forestry-associated watersheds (genotypic cluster types A, C, D, E, F, G, H, and J), sites with relatively close geographic proximity. Swine-production-associated isolates were distinctly different from the others (genotypic cluster types B and I), corroborating the phenotypic findings. Overall, the findings suggest that all the various watersheds, including natural forest, remain important contributors of Salmonella contamination. While swine-production-associated water samples were not found to have a disproportionately high prevalence, it was the most important reservoir of multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapas Patchanee
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Wittum TE, Mollenkopf DF, Daniels JB, Parkinson AE, Mathews JL, Fry PR, Abley MJ, Gebreyes WA. CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Present inEscherichia colifrom the Feces of Cattle in Ohio, United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1575-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Wittum
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Joshua B. Daniels
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Pamela R. Fry
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Melanie J. Abley
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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