1
|
Shure W, Tayachew A, Berkessa T, Teka G, Biru M, Gebeyehu A, Woldeab A, Tadesse M, Gonta M, Agune A, Hailemariam A, Haile B, Addis B, Moges M, Lisanwork L, Gizachew L, Tigabu E, Mekuria Z, Yimer G, Dereje N, Aliy J, Lulseged S, Melaku Z, Abate E, Gebreyes W, Wossen M, Abayneh A. SARS-CoV-2 co-detection with influenza and human respiratory syncytial virus in Ethiopia: Findings from the severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance, January 01, 2021, to June 30, 2022. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024; 4:e0003093. [PMID: 38635749 PMCID: PMC11025837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with the influenza virus or human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may complicate its progress and clinical outcomes. However, data on the co-detection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses are limited in Ethiopia and other parts of Africa to inform evidence-based response and decision-making. We analyzed 4,989 patients' data captured from the national severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance sites over 18 months period from January 01, 2021, to June 30, 2022. Laboratory specimens were collected from the patients and tested for viral respiratory pathogens by real-time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the national influenza center. The median age of the patients was 14 years (IQR: 1-35 years), with a slight preponderance of them being at the age of 15 to less than 50 years. SARS-CoV-2 was detected among 459 (9.2%, 95% CI: 8.4-10.0) patients, and 64 (1.3%, 95% CI: 1.0-1.6) of SARS-CoV-2 were co-detected either with Influenza virus (54.7%) or RSV (32.8%) and 12.5% were detected with both of the viruses. A substantial proportion (54.7%) of SARS-CoV-2 co-detection with other respiratory viruses was identified among patients in the age group from 15 to less than 50 years. The multivariable analysis found that the odds of SARS-CoV-2 co-detection was higher among individuals with the age category of 20 to 39 years as compared to those less than 20 years old (AOR: 1.98, 95%CI:1.15-3.42) while the odds of SARS-CoV-2 co-detection was lower among cases from other regions of the country as compared to those from Addis Ababa (AOR:0.16 95%CI:0.07-0.34). Although the SARS-CoV-2 co-detection with other respiratory viral pathogens was minimal, the findings of this study underscore that it is critical to continuously monitor the co-infections to reduce transmission and improve patient outcomes, particularly among the youth and patients with ILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolde Shure
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adamu Tayachew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gizaw Teka
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Biru
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Gebeyehu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Woldeab
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Musse Tadesse
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Gonta
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Admikew Agune
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Bizuwork Haile
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beza Addis
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Moges
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leuel Lisanwork
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lehageru Gizachew
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Tigabu
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, OH, Unites States of America
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Unites States of America
| | | | - Jemal Aliy
- ICAP at Columbia University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Ebba Abate
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- The Ohio State University Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, OH, Unites States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Unites States of America
| | - Mesfin Wossen
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim RA, Berhe N, Mekuria Z, Seyoum ET, Balada-Llasat JM, Abebe T, Mariam SH, Tsige E, Fentaw Dinku S, Wang SH. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene Profile of Clinical Staphylococcus aureus: A Multi-Center Study from Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4835-4844. [PMID: 37520455 PMCID: PMC10386829 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections from mild skin and soft tissue to severe life-threatening bacteremia. The pathogenicity of S. aureus infections is related to various bacterial surface components and extracellular proteins such as toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). In this study we determine the antimicrobial resistance of isolated strains and their virulence genes in Ethiopia. Methods A total of 190 archived S. aureus isolates from four Ethiopia Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance sites were analyzed. The identification of S. aureus was done by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF Biotyper) and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was done using VITEK® 2. Multiplex PCR was used to detect mecA, mecC, pvl and spa genes and super-antigens (sea, seb, sec, seh and sej staphylococcal enterotoxins). Results A total of 172 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus, 9 (5.23%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 163 (94.76%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). AST showed that 152 (88.4%) isolates were resistant to penicillin; 90 (52.32%) resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; and 45 (26.16%) resistant to tetracycline. A total of 66 (38.37%) isolates harbored at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene and 31 (46.96%) isolates had more than one. The most frequent enterotoxin gene encountered was seb 28 (16.28%). The TSST-1 gene was detected in 23 (13.37%). Presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin gene showed significant association with antibiotic resistance to cefoxitin, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline and SXT. The pvl gene was detected in 102 (59.3%) of isolates. Isolates from patients below 15 years of age showed significantly high numbers of pvl gene (P = 0.02). Presence of sej (P = 0.011) and TSST-1 (P <0.001) genes were associated with the presence of pvl gene. Conclusion In this study, isolates were highly resistant to oral antibiotics and the pvl, seb, sea and TSST-1 genes were prevalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiha A Ibrahim
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eyasu T Seyoum
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Schools of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon H Mariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Estifanos Tsige
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel Fentaw Dinku
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ibrahim RA, Mekuria Z, Wang SH, Mediavilla JR, Kreiswirth B, Seyoum ET, Mariam SH, Gebreyes WA, Kefale TA, Guma GT, Berhe N. Clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in clinical specimens from selected health facilities in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:399. [PMID: 37308817 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the top three causative agents of nosocomial infection in Ethiopia. The majority of studies in Ethiopia have focused on the epidemiology of S. aureus in hospital settings, with limited molecular genotyping results. Molecular characterization of S. aureus is essential for identification of strains, and contributes to the control and prevention of S. aureus infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered from clinical specimens in Ethiopia. A total of 161 MSSA and 9 MRSA isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing. Based on the PFGE analysis, MSSA isolates were grouped into eight pulso-types groups (from A to I), while MRSA isolates clustered into three (A, B and C) pulso-types with more than 80% similarity. The spa typing analysis showed diversity of S. aureus with 56 distinct spa types. Spa type t355 was most prevalent (56/170, 32.9%), while eleven new spa types were detected including t20038, t20039, and t20042. The identified spa types were clustered into 15 spa-clonal complexes (spa-CCs) using BURP analysis; novel/unknown spa types were further subjected to MLST analysis. The majority of isolates belonged to spa-CC 152 (62/170, 36.4%), followed by spa-CC 121 (19/170, 11.2%), and spa-CC 005 (18 /170, 10.6%). Of the nine MRSA isolates, 2 (22.2%) were spa-CC 239 with staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)mec III. These findings highlight the diversity of S. aureus strains in Ethiopia, as well as the presence of potentially epidemic strains circulating in the country necessitating further characterization of S. aureus for antimicrobial resistance detection and infection prevention purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiha Abubeker Ibrahim
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Ohio State Global One Health (GOH) LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jose R Mediavilla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Barry Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Eyasu T Seyoum
- Ohio State Global One Health (GOH) LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon H Mariam
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nega Berhe
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Myers JM, Schexnayder MM, Mekuria Z, Mitchell MS, Ryan KA, Dehghanpir SD. What is your diagnosis? Urine sediment from a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 52 Suppl 2:100-102. [PMID: 35383391 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Myers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew M Schexnayder
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maria S Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kirk A Ryan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shannon D Dehghanpir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tewabe T, Mekuria Z. Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among undergraduate students in Bahir Dar University, North-West Ethiopia, 2016: A cross-sectional study. J Public Health Afr 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31244982 PMCID: PMC6562255 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2019.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed each year which accounts 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Breast self-examination offers women the best opportunity for reducing breast cancer deaths. From a total of 222 respondents about 190 (85.6%) heard about breast selfexamination. One hundred forty-three (75.3%) had good knowledge about sign and symptoms of breast cancer and 47 (24.7%) had poor knowledge about the sign and symptoms of breast cancer. From total respondents of the study 120 (54.1%) practiced breast self-examination. Breast selfexamination practice is relatively frequent problem in Bahir Dar University, health science students. Negligence, forgetfulness and lack of knowledge are the main factors for poor practice of breast self-examination. Public health education using the media, clubs and leaflet could significantly reduce poor practice of breast self-examination and increases early detection of breast lump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Tewabe
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Mekuria
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|