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Gast RK, Jones DR, Guraya R, Garcia JS, Karcher DM. Internal Organ Colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in Layer Pullets Infected at Two Different Ages During Rearing in Cage-Free Housing. Avian Dis 2024; 68:141-144. [PMID: 38885056 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The poultry-housing environment plays a significant role in the transmission and persistence of the egg-associated pathogen Salmonella Enteritidis in laying flocks. The commercial egg industry is in the midst of a transition toward cage-free housing, but the food safety ramifications of this shift are not yet certain. The present study assessed internal organ colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in layer pullets reared in cage-free housing and infected at two different ages. Groups of 280 pullets were transferred from the rearing facility (at 9 wk of age in one trial and 15 wk in another) to a containment facility with four isolation rooms simulating commercial cage-free barns with perches and nest boxes (70 birds/room). Twenty-four pullets in each room were orally inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis immediately after placement in the containment facility. At 1-2 wk postinoculation in each trial, samples of liver, spleen, and intestinal tract were collected from all birds in two rooms for bacteriologic culturing to detect Salmonella Enteritidis. At 21-22 wk of age, samples of spleen, ovary, and intestinal tract were similarly collected and tested from all birds in the remaining two rooms. Among samples collected at 1-2 wk postinoculation, Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated significantly more often from groups of pullets infected initially at 15 wk of age than from those infected at 9 wk (61% vs. 38% of livers, 59% vs. 31% of spleens, and 84% vs. 57% of intestines). Among samples collected at 21-22 wk of age, the frequency of recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis was again significantly greater in birds infected at 15 wk of age than in those infected at 9 wk (16% vs. 6% of spleens, 9% vs. 1% of ovaries, and 26% vs. 10% of intestines). These data suggest that Salmonella Enteritidis infections introduced into flocks during the later stages of pullet rearing have greater potential to persist into the early phase of egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U. S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605,
| | - Deana R Jones
- U. S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- U. S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Javier S Garcia
- U. S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Chaney WE, McBride H, Girgis G. Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotic Feed Additive on Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization of Cecal and Ovarian Tissues in Directly Challenged and Horizontally Exposed Layer Pullets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071186. [PMID: 37048442 PMCID: PMC10093213 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the efficacy of feed-additive technologies utilized as pre-harvest food-safety interventions against Salmonella enterica may be influenced by factors including, but not limited to, mechanism of action, experimental design variables, Salmonella serovar(s), exposure dose, route, or duration in both controlled research and real-world field observations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary inclusion of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-derived postbiotic (SCFP) additive (Diamond V, Original XPC®) on the colonization of cecal and ovarian tissues of commercial pullets directly and indirectly exposed to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Four hundred and eighty commercial, day-of-age W-36 chicks were randomly allotted to 60 cages per treatment in two identical BSL-2 isolation rooms (Iowa State University) with four birds per cage and fed control (CON) or treatment (TRT) diets for the duration of study. At 16 weeks, two birds per cage were directly challenged via oral gavage with 1.1 × 109 CFU of a nalidixic-acid-resistant SE strain. The remaining two birds in each cage were thus horizontally exposed to the SE challenge. At 3, 7, and 14 days post-challenge (DPC), 20 cages per group were harvested and sampled for SE prevalence and load. No significant differences were observed between groups for SE prevalence in the ceca or ovary tissues of directly challenged birds. For the indirectly exposed cohort, SE cecal prevalence at 7 DPC was significantly lower for TRT (50.0%) vs. CON (72.5%) (p = 0.037) and, likewise, demonstrated significantly lower mean SE cecal load (1.69 Log10) vs. CON (2.83 Log10) (p = 0.005). At 14 DPC, no significant differences were detected but ~10% fewer birds remained positive in the TRT group vs. CON (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that diets supplemented with SCFP postbiotic may be a useful tool for mitigating SE colonization in horizontally exposed pullets and may support pre-harvest food-safety strategies.
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Gingerich E, Frana T, Logue CM, Smith DP, Pavlidis HO, Chaney WE. Effect of Feeding a Postbiotic Derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation as a Preharvest Food Safety Hurdle for Reducing Salmonella Enteritidis in the Ceca of Layer Pullets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:275-280. [PMID: 32977331 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis is responsible for a significant proportion of foodborne salmonellosis in the United States and continues to be attributable to table eggs despite increased federal oversight. Technologies, including feed additives, continue to be evaluated for preharvest application and their potential food safety benefits. Diamond V Original XPC, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-based postbiotic (SCFP), was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) colonization in young layer pullets. A total of 40 day-old Hy-Line W-36 layer pullets were equally divided and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments, with SCFP or without SCFP (PCON), and orally gavaged on day 28 with SE at 106 CFU/mL. Another 20 day-old pullets were fed the same control feed without SCFP and blank inoculated on day 28 with 1 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline to serve as a negative control. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of cecal contents for Salmonella were performed for all birds on day 32. The prevalence of SE in the ceca of all directly challenged birds was 100%; however, the SE concentration in birds fed SCFP diet (3.35 log CFU/g) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than that of the PCON birds not fed SCFP (4.49 log CFU/g). The proportion of birds with enumerable SE concentrations was lower in SCFP-fed pullets (57.9%) than in the PCON pullets (95.0%). These data suggest that inclusion of SCFP in the diet may aid in the reduction of SE within the ceca of commercial laying hens and could serve as an additional preharvest food safety hurdle. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gingerich
- Diamond V, Cargill Health Technologies, 2525 60th Avenue SW, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404
| | - T Frana
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, 2203 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - C M Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - D P Smith
- Diamond V, Cargill Health Technologies, 2525 60th Avenue SW, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404
| | - H O Pavlidis
- Diamond V, Cargill Health Technologies, 2525 60th Avenue SW, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404
| | - W E Chaney
- Diamond V, Cargill Health Technologies, 2525 60th Avenue SW, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404
- (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-4854 [W.E.C.])
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4
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Gast RK, Regmi P, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens of four commercial genetic lines in conventional cages and enriched colony housing. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1785-1790. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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5
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Kiros T, Gaydos T, Corley J, Raspoet R, Berghaus R, Hofacre C. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast products in reducing direct colonization and horizontal transmission of Salmonella Heidelberg in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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6
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Dewulf J, Hald T, Michel V, Niskanen T, Ricci A, Snary E, Boelaert F, Messens W, Davies R. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05596. [PMID: 32626222 PMCID: PMC7009056 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in confirmed human salmonellosis cases in the EU after 2014 triggered investigation of contributory factors and control options in poultry production. Reconsideration of the five current target serovars for breeding hens showed that there is justification for retaining Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium (including monophasic variants) and Salmonella Infantis, while Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Hadar could be replaced by Salmonella Kentucky and either Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Thompson or a variable serovar in national prevalence targets. However, a target that incorporates all serovars is expected to be more effective as the most relevant serovars in breeding flocks vary between Member State (MS) and over time. Achievement of a 1% target for the current target serovars in laying hen flocks is estimated to be reduced by 254,400 CrI95[98,540; 602,700] compared to the situation in 2016. This translates to a reduction of 53.4% CrI95[39.1; 65.7] considering the layer-associated human salmonellosis true cases and 6.2% considering the overall human salmonellosis true cases in the 23 MSs included in attribution modelling. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. A conclusion on the effect of outdoor access or impact of the shift from conventional to enriched cages could not be reached. A similar review for broiler chickens concluded that the evidence that outdoor access affects the occurrence of Salmonella is inconclusive. There is conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flocks. Based on scientific evidence, an impact of Salmonella control programmes, apart from general hygiene procedures, on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks at the holding and on broiler meat at the end of the slaughter process is not expected.
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Yang Y, Tellez G, Latorre JD, Ray PM, Hernandez X, Hargis BM, Ricke SC, Kwon YM. Salmonella Excludes Salmonella in Poultry: Confirming an Old Paradigm Using Conventional and Barcode-Tagging Approaches. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 29868621 PMCID: PMC5964308 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne bacterial pathogens, and the consumption of contaminated chicken meats isa primary route of Salmonella transmission into human food chains. However, the mechanism of Salmonella transmission within the chicken flock is not fully understood, including competition among Salmonella strains during chicken infection. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the competitive exclusion (CE) between different or same Salmonella species consecutively challenged through the oral route. Two different approaches were used to evaluate the CE effect, including tracking Salmonella colonization by wild-type strains with difference in natural antibiotic resistance or DNA barcode-tagged isogenic strains. When day-of-hatch chicks were administered by wild-type S. Typhimurium (ST) on day 1, followed by infection on day 2 by S. Enteritidis (SE) or vice versa, most of the birds were colonized only by the first strains administered (82% by ST or 83% by SE). When similar experiments were performed using two different isogenic barcode-tagged SE strains, Illumina sequencing analysis of the barcode region showed that the first barcode-tagged strains administered were dominant strains, ranging from 92 to 99% of the Salmonella recovered from ceca. These results provide quantitative evidence supporting the CE theory that oral administration of Salmonella will produce predominant inhibition over the subsequent colonization of ceca by the following administration one day later by different or same Salmonella species. We also showed that the use of barcode-tagged isogenic strains in combination with deep profiling of barcodes by Illumina sequencing can serve as a quantitative method for studying complex dynamics of Salmonella infection, transmission and colonization in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR , United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR , United States
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR , United States
| | - Pamela M Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xochitl Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR , United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States, 72704, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR , United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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8
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Avian Dis 2018; 61:366-371. [PMID: 28956995 DOI: 10.1637/11635-032517-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood. The present study assessed the effects of two different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In separate trials, laying hens were distributed into two groups housed in enriched colony cages at stocking densities of 648 and 973 cm2/bird, and a third group was housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird. All hens were orally inoculated with doses of 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of either Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Typhimurium. At eight weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Heidelberg continued for 8 wk in all housing groups, but Salmonella Typhimurium shedding ceased after as little as 5 wk in enriched colony cages at low stocking density. After Salmonella Heidelberg infection, the overall frequency of positive fecal cultures for all sampling dates combined was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from either conventional cages (51.0%) or enriched colony cages (46.5%) at high stocking density than from enriched colony cages at low stocking density (33.3%). No significant differences in Salmonella Typhimurium fecal isolation were identified between housing groups. These results demonstrate that stocking density can affect intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens for some (but not necessarily all) Salmonella serovars or strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Jean Guard
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- B Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 29765
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- C Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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9
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Salmonella status of table eggs in commercial layer farms in Menoua Division, West region of Cameroon. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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11
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1402-1409. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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12
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28443289 PMCID: PMC5385464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis are often attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs, so the prevalence of this pathogen in egg-laying poultry is an important public health risk factor. Numerous and complex environmental influences on Salmonella persistence and transmission are exerted by management practices and housing facilities used in commercial egg production. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of poultry housing systems have guided the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing, but their food safety consequences are not yet fully understood. The present study assessed the effects of different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In two trials, groups of laying hens were distributed at two stocking densities (648 and 973 cm2/bird) into enriched colony cages and (along with a group housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird) orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis. At 10 weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect S. Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis was detected for up to 10 weeks postinoculation by hens in all three housing treatment groups. The overall frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from conventional cages than from enriched colony cages (at the lower stocking density) for the total of all sampling dates (45.0 vs. 33.3%) and also for samples collected at 4–9 weeks postinfection. Likewise, the frequency of S. Enteritidis isolation from feces from conventional cages was significantly greater than from enriched colony cages (at the higher hen stocking density) for the sum of all samples (45.0 vs. 36.7%) and at 6 weeks postinoculation. Moreover, the frequency of S. Enteritidis fecal recovery from enriched colony cages at the higher hen stocking was significantly greater than from similar cages at the lower stocking density for all 10 sampling dates combined (39.4 vs. 33.3%). These results suggest that stocking density can affect S. Enteritidis intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens, but some other difference between conventional and enriched colony cage systems appears to exert an additional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Yang Y, Ricke SC, Tellez G, Kwon YM. Quantitative Tracking of Salmonella Enteritidis Transmission Routes Using Barcode-Tagged Isogenic Strains in Chickens: Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:15. [PMID: 28261587 PMCID: PMC5306393 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne bacterial pathogen, however, a fundamental understanding on Salmonella transmission routes within a poultry flock remains unclear. In this study, a series of barcode-tagged strains were constructed by inserting six random nucleotides into a functionally neutral region on the chromosome of S. Enteritidis as a tool for quantitative tracking of Salmonella transmission in chickens. Six distinct barcode-tagged strains were used for infection or contamination at either low dose (103 CFUs; three strains) or high dose (105 CFUs; three strains) in three independent experiments (Experiment 1 oral gavage; Experiment 2 contaminated feed; Experiment 3 contaminated water). For all chick experiments, cecal and foot-wash samples were collected from a subset of the chickens at days 7 or/and 14, from which genomic DNA was extracted and used to amplify the barcode regions. After the resulting PCR amplicons were pooled and analyzed by MiSeq sequencing, a total of approximately 1.5 million reads containing the barcode sequences were analyzed to determine the relative frequency of every barcode-tagged strain in each sample. In Experiment 1, the high dose of oral infection was correlated with greater dominance of the strains in the ceca of the respective seeder chickens and also in the contact chickens yet at lesser degrees. When chicks were exposed to contaminated feed (Experiment 2) or water (Experiment 3), there were no clear patterns of the barcode-tagged strains in relation to the dosage, except that the strains introduced at low dose required a longer time to colonize the ceca with contaminated feed. Most foot-wash samples contained only one to three strains for the majority of the samples, suggesting potential existence of an unknown mechanism(s) for strain exclusion. These results demonstrated the proof of concept of using barcode tagged to investigate transmission dynamics of Salmonella in chickens in a quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Kalupahana R, Rajapaksa D, Fernando P, Thilakarathne D, Abeynayake P. Occurrence and characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella in retail table eggs in Kandy district of Sri Lanka. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1363-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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16
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Yildirim I, Aygun A, Sert D. Effects of preincubation application of low and high frequency ultrasound on eggshell microbial activity, hatchability, supply organ weights at hatch, and chick performance in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1678-84. [PMID: 25971949 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to establish the effects of preincubation application of low and high frequency ultrasound on egg weight loss, hatchability, supply organ weights, chick performance, and eggshell microbial activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 630 fresh eggs were randomly divided into 3 groups. Treatments were no ultrasound but eggs were sprayed with benzalkonium chloride solution (B), 35 kHz ultrasound applied for 30 min (U35), and 130 kHz ultrasound applied for 30 min (U130). At the beginning of the incubation, the eggs in the U130 treatment had lower coliform, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus counts than those in the B group. However, no significant differences were found in coliform, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus counts among treatments at d 14 of incubation. Among treatments, there were no significant differences in egg weight loss, hatchability, embryonic mortality, supply organ weights, spread of hatch, or relative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskender Yildirim
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Selcuk University, Konya, 42075, Turkey
| | - Ali Aygun
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Selcuk University, Konya, 42075, Turkey
| | - Durmus Sert
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Food Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42090, Turkey
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17
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE. Persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1650-6. [PMID: 25910903 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis can be deposited inside eggs laid by infected hens, so the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial egg-producing flocks is an important risk factor for human illness. Opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of salmonellae in poultry are potentially influenced by flock housing and management systems. Animal welfare concerns have spurred the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing. However, the consequences of poultry housing systems for food safety have not been fully resolved by prior research. The present study assessed the effects of two different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by groups of experimentally infected laying hens. In each of two trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and orally inoculated with doses of 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At weekly intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis was detected for up to 8 wk post-inoculation by hens housed in enriched colony cages and 10 wk by hens housed in conventional cages. For both trials combined, the frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for conventional cages than for enriched colony cages at 1 wk (84.7 vs. 71.5%), 2 wk (54.2 vs. 31.3%), 3 wk (21.5 vs. 7.6%), and 4 wk (9.7 vs. 2.8%) post-inoculation. These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of hens to intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis can differ between conventional and enriched cage-based production systems, although this effect does not necessarily translate into a corresponding difference in the longer-term persistence of fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29765
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Whiley H, Ross K. Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2543-56. [PMID: 25730295 PMCID: PMC4377917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of eggs and egg shells has been identified as a public health concern worldwide. A recent shift in consumer preferences has impacted on the egg industry, with a push for cage-free egg production methods. There has also been an increased desire from consumers for raw and unprocessed foods, potentially increasing the risk of salmonellosis. In response to these changes, this review explores the current literature regarding Salmonella contamination of eggs during the production processing through to food handling protocols. The contamination of eggs with Salmonella during the production process is a complex issue, influenced by many variables including flock size, flock age, stress, feed, vaccination, and cleaning routines. Currently there is no consensus regarding the impact of caged, barn and free range egg production has on Salmonella contamination of eggs. The literature regarding the management and control strategies post-collection, during storage, transport and food handling is also reviewed. Pasteurisation and irradiation were identified as the only certain methods for controlling Salmonella and are essential for the protection of high risk groups, whereas control of temperature and pH were identified as potential control methods to minimise the risk for foods containing raw eggs; however, further research is required to provide more detailed control protocols and education programs to reduce the risk of salmonellosis from egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
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