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Akanmu AO, Asemoloye MD, Marchisio MA, Babalola OO. Adoption of CRISPR-Cas for crop production: present status and future prospects. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17402. [PMID: 38860212 PMCID: PMC11164064 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Global food systems in recent years have been impacted by some harsh environmental challenges and excessive anthropogenic activities. The increasing levels of both biotic and abiotic stressors have led to a decline in food production, safety, and quality. This has also contributed to a low crop production rate and difficulty in meeting the requirements of the ever-growing population. Several biotic stresses have developed above natural resistance in crops coupled with alarming contamination rates. In particular, the multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria and some other plant pathogens has been a hot topic over recent years since the food system is often exposed to contamination at each of the farm-to-fork stages. Therefore, a system that prioritizes the safety, quality, and availability of foods is needed to meet the health and dietary preferences of everyone at every time. Methods This review collected scattered information on food systems and proposes methods for plant disease management. Multiple databases were searched for relevant specialized literature in the field. Particular attention was placed on the genetic methods with special interest in the potentials of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins technology in food systems and security. Results The review reveals the approaches that have been developed to salvage the problem of food insecurity in an attempt to achieve sustainable agriculture. On crop plants, some systems tend towards either enhancing the systemic resistance or engineering resistant varieties against known pathogens. The CRISPR-Cas technology has become a popular tool for engineering desired genes in living organisms. This review discusses its impact and why it should be considered in the sustainable management, availability, and quality of food systems. Some important roles of CRISPR-Cas have been established concerning conventional and earlier genome editing methods for simultaneous modification of different agronomic traits in crops. Conclusion Despite the controversies over the safety of the CRISPR-Cas system, its importance has been evident in the engineering of disease- and drought-resistant crop varieties, the improvement of crop yield, and enhancement of food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinlolu Olalekan Akanmu
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Michael Dare Asemoloye
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | | | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of North-West, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Tanveer M, Abidin ZU, Alawadi HFN, Shahzad AN, Mahmood A, Khan BA, Qari S, Oraby HF. Recent advances in genome editing strategies for balancing growth and defence in sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24036. [PMID: 38696670 DOI: 10.1071/fp24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum ) has gained more attention worldwide in recent decades because of its importance as a bioenergy resource and in producing table sugar. However, the production capabilities of conventional varieties are being challenged by the changing climates, which struggle to meet the escalating demands of the growing global population. Genome editing has emerged as a pivotal field that offers groundbreaking solutions in agriculture and beyond. It includes inserting, removing or replacing DNA in an organism's genome. Various approaches are employed to enhance crop yields and resilience in harsh climates. These techniques include zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas). Among these, CRISPR/Cas is one of the most promising and rapidly advancing fields. With the help of these techniques, several crops like rice (Oryza sativa ), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ), maize (Zea mays ), barley (Hordeum vulgare ) and sugarcane have been improved to be resistant to viral diseases. This review describes recent advances in genome editing with a particular focus on sugarcane and focuses on the advantages and limitations of these approaches while also considering the regulatory and ethical implications across different countries. It also offers insights into future prospects and the application of these approaches in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Tanveer
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ul Abidin
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmad Naeem Shahzad
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakarriya University, Multan 60650, Pakistan
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Sameer Qari
- Department of Biology, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Farouk Oraby
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Fernández Ríos D, Benítez Candia N, Soerensen MC, Goberna MF, Arrúa AA. Regulatory landscape for new breeding techniques (NBTs): insights from Paraguay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1332851. [PMID: 38328441 PMCID: PMC10847525 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1332851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fernández Ríos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Nidia Benítez Candia
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - María Cristina Soerensen
- Dirección de Comercio Internacional, Dirección General de Planificación, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - María Florencia Goberna
- Coordination of Innovation and Biotechnology, National Directorate of Bioeconomy, Under-Secretariat of Food, Bioeconomy and Regional Development, SAGyP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Alejandra Arrúa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
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Divya K, Thangaraj M, Krishna Radhika N. CRISPR/Cas9: an advanced platform for root and tuber crops improvement. Front Genome Ed 2024; 5:1242510. [PMID: 38312197 PMCID: PMC10836405 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1242510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Root and tuber crops (RTCs), which include cassava, potato, sweet potato, and yams, principally function as staple crops for a considerable fraction of the world population, in addition to their diverse applications in nutrition, industry, and bioenergy sectors. Even then, RTCs are an underutilized group considering their potential as industrial raw material. Complexities in conventional RTC improvement programs curb the extensive exploitation of the potentials of this group of crop species for food, energy production, value addition, and sustainable development. Now, with the advent of whole-genome sequencing, sufficient sequence data are available for cassava, sweet potato, and potato. These genomic resources provide enormous scope for the improvement of tuber crops, to make them better suited for agronomic and industrial applications. There has been remarkable progress in RTC improvement through the deployment of new strategies like gene editing over the last decade. This review brings out the major areas where CRISPR/Cas technology has improved tuber crops. Strategies for genetic transformation of RTCs with CRISPR/Cas9 constructs and regeneration of edited lines and the bottlenecks encountered in their establishment are also discussed. Certain attributes of tuber crops requiring focus in future research along with putative editing targets are also indicated. Altogether, this review provides a comprehensive account of developments achieved, future lines of research, bottlenecks, and major experimental concerns regarding the establishment of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in RTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Divya
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - N Krishna Radhika
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Kharbikar L, Konwarh R, Chakraborty M, Nandanwar S, Marathe A, Yele Y, Ghosh PK, Sanan-Mishra N, Singh AP. 3Bs of CRISPR-Cas mediated genome editing in plants: exploring the basics, bioinformatics and biosafety landscape. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1825-1850. [PMID: 38222286 PMCID: PMC10784264 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent thrust in research has projected the type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system as an avant-garde plant genome editing tool. It facilitates the induction of site-specific double-stranded DNA cleavage by the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease (RGEN), Cas9. Elimination, addition, or alteration of sections in DNA sequence besides the creation of a knockout genotype (CRISPRko) is aided by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in its wild form (wtCas9). The inactivation of the nuclease domain generates a dead Cas9 (dCas9), which is capable of targeting genomic DNA without scissoring it. The dCas9 system can be engineered by fusing it with different effectors to facilitate transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) and transcriptional interference (CRISPRi). CRISPR-Cas thus holds tremendous prospects as a genome-manipulating stratagem for a wide gamut of crops. In this article, we present a brief on the fundamentals and the general workflow of the CRISPR-Cas system followed by an overview of the prospects of bioinformatics in propelling CRISPR-Cas research with a special thrust on the available databases and algorithms/web-accessible applications that have aided in increasing the usage and efficiency of editing. The article also provides an update on the current regulatory landscape in different countries on the CRISPR-Cas edited plants to emphasize the far-reaching impact of the genomic editing technology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01397-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kharbikar
- ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Rocktotpal Konwarh
- Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Baba Kinaram Research Foundation (BKRF), Bramsthan, Mau, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Monoswi Chakraborty
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Nandanwar
- ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur, India
| | - Ashish Marathe
- ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur, India
| | - Yogesh Yele
- ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ghosh
- ICAR - National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Pratap Singh
- Baba Kinaram Research Foundation (BKRF), Bramsthan, Mau, Uttar Pradesh India
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6
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Ahmad A, Jamil A, Munawar N. GMOs or non-GMOs? The CRISPR Conundrum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1232938. [PMID: 37877083 PMCID: PMC10591184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9, the "genetic scissors", is being presaged as a revolutionary technology, having tremendous potential to create designer crops by introducing precise and targeted modifications in the genome to achieve global food security in the face of climate change and increasing population. Traditional genetic engineering relies on random and unpredictable insertion of isolated genes or foreign DNA elements into the plant genome. However, CRISPR-Cas based gene editing does not necessarily involve inserting a foreign DNA element into the plant genome from different species but introducing new traits by precisely altering the existing genes. CRISPR edited crops are touching markets, however, the world community is divided over whether these crops should be considered genetically modified (GM) or non-GM. Classification of CRISPR edited crops, especially transgene free crops as traditional GM crops, will significantly affect their future and public acceptance in some regions. Therefore, the future of the CRISPR edited crops is depending upon their regulation as GM or non-GMs, and their public perception. Here we briefly discuss how CRISPR edited crops are different from traditional genetically modified crops. In addition, we discuss different CRISPR reagents and their delivery tools to produce transgene-free CRISPR edited crops. Moreover, we also summarize the regulatory classification of CRISPR modifications and how different countries are regulating CRISPR edited crops. We summarize that the controversy of CRISPR-edited plants as GM or non-GM will continue until a universal, transparent, and scalable regulatory framework for CRISPR-edited plants will be introduced worldwide, with increased public awareness by involving all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Aman Mohammadi M, Maximiano MR, Hosseini SM, Franco OL. CRISPR-Cas engineering in food science and sustainable agriculture: recent advancements and applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:483-497. [PMID: 36707422 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The developments in the food supply chain to support the growing population of the world is one of today's most pressing issues, and to achieve this goal improvements should be performed in both crops and microbes. For this purpose, novel approaches such as genome editing (GE) methods have upgraded the biological sciences for genome manipulation and, among such methods, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) are the main exciting innovations since the Green Revolution. CRISPR/Cas systems can be a potent tool for the food industry, improvement of agricultural crops and even for protecting food-grade bacteria from foreign genetic invasive elements. This review introduces the history and mechanism of the CRISPR-Cas system as a genome editing tool and its applications in the vaccination of starter cultures, production of antimicrobials and bioactive compounds, and genome editing of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aman Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- S-Inova Biotech, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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8
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Rahman SU, McCoy E, Raza G, Ali Z, Mansoor S, Amin I. Improvement of Soybean; A Way Forward Transition from Genetic Engineering to New Plant Breeding Technologies. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:162-180. [PMID: 35119645 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is considered one of the important crops among legumes. Due to high nutritional contents in seed (proteins, sugars, oil, fatty acids, and amino acids), soybean is used globally for food, feed, and fuel. The primary consumption of soybean is vegetable oil and feed for chickens and livestock. Apart from this, soybean benefits soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through root nodular bacteria. While conventional breeding is practiced for soybean improvement, with the advent of new biotechnological methods scientists have also engineered soybean to improve different traits (herbicide, insect, and disease resistance) to fulfill consumer requirements and to meet the global food deficiency. Genetic engineering (GE) techniques such as transgenesis and gene silencing help to minimize the risks and increase the adaptability of soybean. Recently, new plant breeding technologies (NPBTs) emerged such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), which paved the way for enhanced genetic modification of soybean. These NPBTs have the potential to improve soybean via gene functional characterization precision genome engineering for trait improvement. Importantly, these NPBTs address the ethical and public acceptance issues related to genetic modifications and transgenesis in soybean. In the present review, we summarized the improvement of soybean through GE and NPBTs. The valuable traits that have been improved through GE for different constraints have been discussed. Moreover, the traits that have been improved through NPBTs and potential targets for soybean improvements via NPBTs and solutions for ethical and public acceptance are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ur Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Evan McCoy
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies (CAGT), University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Ghulam Raza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture and Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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9
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Devi R, Chauhan S, Dhillon TS. Genome editing for vegetable crop improvement: Challenges and future prospects. Front Genet 2022; 13:1037091. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1037091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable crops are known as protective foods due to their potential role in a balanced human diet, especially for vegetarians as they are a rich source of vitamins and minerals along with dietary fibers. Many biotic and abiotic stresses threaten the crop growth, yield and quality of these crops. These crops are annual, biennial and perennial in breeding behavior. Traditional breeding strategies pose many challenges in improving economic crop traits. As in most of the cases the large number of backcrosses and stringent selection pressure is required for the introgression of the useful traits into the germplasm, which is time and labour-intensive process. Plant scientists have improved economic traits like yield, quality, biotic stress resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved nutritional quality of crops more precisely and accurately through the use of the revolutionary breeding method known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9). The high mutation efficiency, less off-target consequences and simplicity of this technique has made it possible to attain novel germplasm resources through gene-directed mutation. It facilitates mutagenic response even in complicated genomes which are difficult to breed using traditional approaches. The revelation of functions of important genes with the advancement of whole-genome sequencing has facilitated the CRISPR-Cas9 editing to mutate the desired target genes. This technology speeds up the creation of new germplasm resources having better agro-economical traits. This review entails a detailed description of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology along with its potential applications in olericulture, challenges faced and future prospects.
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10
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Kalaitzandonakes N, Willig C, Zahringer K. The economics and policy of genome editing in crop improvement. THE PLANT GENOME 2022:e20248. [PMID: 36321718 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we analyze the economics of genome editing and its potential long-term effect on crop improvement and agriculture. We describe the emergence of genome editing as a novel platform for crop improvement, distinct from the existing platforms of plant breeding and genetic engineering. We review key technical characteristics of genome editing and describe how it enables faster trait development, lower research and development costs, and the development of novel traits not possible through previous crop improvement methods. Given these fundamental technical and economic advantages, we describe how genome editing can greatly increase the productivity and broaden the scope of crop improvement with potential outsized economic effects. We further discuss how the global regulatory policy environment, which is still emerging, can shape the ultimate path of genome editing innovation, its effect on crop improvement, and its overall socioeconomic benefits to society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth Zahringer
- Division of Applied Social Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Kumar R, Bahuguna RN, Tiwari M, Pal M, Chinnusamy V, Sreeman S, Muthurajan R, Krishna Jagadish SV. Walking through crossroads-rice responses to heat and biotic stress interactions. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4065-4081. [PMID: 35713657 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice, the most important source of calories for humans is prone to severe yield loss due to changing climate including heat stress. Additionally, rice encounters biotic stresses in conjunction with heat stress, which exacerbates the adverse effects, and exponentially increase such losses. Several investigations have identified biotic and heat stress-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that may contribute to improved tolerance to these stresses. However, a significant knowledge gap exists in identifying the genomic regions imparting tolerance against combined biotic and heat stress. Hereby, we are presenting a conceptual meta-analysis identifying genomic regions that may be promising candidates for enhancing combined biotic and heat stress tolerance in rice. Fourteen common genomic regions were identified along chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10 and 12, which harbored 1265 genes related to heat stress and defense responses in rice. Further, the meta expression analysis revealed 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in calcium-mediated stress signaling including transcription factors Myb, bHLH, ROS signaling, molecular chaperones HSP110 and pathogenesis related proteins. Additionally, we also proposed a hypothetical model based on GO and MapMan analysis representing the pathways intersecting heat and biotic stresses. These DEGs can be potential candidate genes for improving tolerance to combined biotic and heat stress in rice. We present a framework highlighting plausible connecting links (QTLs/genes) between rice response to heat stress and different biotic factors associated with yield, that can be extended to other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Rajeev N Bahuguna
- Center for Advanced Studies on Climate Change, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Madan Pal
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sheshshayee Sreeman
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Raveendran Muthurajan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India.
| | - S V Krishna Jagadish
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India.
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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12
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Macfarlane NB, Adams J, Bennett EL, Brooks TM, Delborne JA, Eggermont H, Endy D, Esvelt KM, Kolodziejczyk B, Kuiken T, Oliva MJ, Peña Moreno S, Slobodian L, Smith RB, Thizy D, Tompkins DM, Wei W, Redford KH. Direct and indirect impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity conservation. iScience 2022; 25:105423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Zhi H, Zhou S, Pan W, Shang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang H. The Promising Nanovectors for Gene Delivery in Plant Genome Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158501. [PMID: 35955636 PMCID: PMC9368765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient gene delivery systems are essential for genetic engineering in plants. Traditional delivery methods have been widely used, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated delivery, biolistic particle bombardment, and viral transfection. However, genotype dependence and other drawbacks of these techniques limit the application of genetic engineering, particularly genome editing in many crop plants. There is a great need to develop newer gene delivery vectors or methods. Recently, nanomaterials such as mesoporous silica particles (MSNs), AuNPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and layer double hydroxides (LDHs), have emerged as promising vectors for the delivery of genome engineering tools (DNA, RNA, proteins, and RNPs) to plants in a species-independent manner with high efficiency. Some exciting results have been reported, such as the successful delivery of cargo genes into plants and the generation of genome stable transgenic cotton and maize plants, which have provided some new routines for genome engineering in plants. Thus, in this review, we summarized recent progress in the utilization of nanomaterials for plant genetic transformation and discussed the advantages and limitations of different methods. Furthermore, we emphasized the advantages and potential broad applications of nanomaterials in plant genome editing, which provides guidance for future applications of nanomaterials in plant genetic engineering and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhi
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Shengen Zhou
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Wenbo Pan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Yun Shang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Science, Peking University, Weifang 261000, China;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Matsuo M, Tachikawa M. Implications and Lessons From the Introduction of Genome-Edited Food Products in Japan. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:899154. [PMID: 35813972 PMCID: PMC9258185 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.899154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Japan clarified its regulatory approaches for products derived from genome editing technologies in 2019. Consequently, Japan has become a pioneer in the social implementation of such technologies, as to date, the notification process for three products, GABA-enriched tomato, fleshier red sea bream, and high-growth tiger puffer, has been completed. However, this has led to questions about how this was achieved, given the poor consumer acceptance and low public support for genetically modified (GM) foods in the past. This paper describes Japan’s regulatory approaches and their implementation guidelines for products created using genome editing technologies. It explains the governance of genome editing technologies and how the derived products have been introduced into society. The three factors that made this possible include: 1) improved R&D environments as a result of government-led innovation policy and regulations which have sought a balance between science and social demand 2) changes in the players (i.e. university startups), that engage in R&D and the strategies used for social introduction, and 3) social value changes—the recent rise in momentum for sustainable development goals (SDGs) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. The lessons and challenges in terms of R&D policy development and regulation from these analyses are presented. As the market size and social impact of genome-edited food products is limited, it is too early to fully assess this topic for Japan and thus, the analysis in this study is preliminary and must be revisited in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makiko Matsuo,
| | - Masashi Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Goberna MF, Whelan AI, Godoy P, Lewi DM. Genomic Editing: The Evolution in Regulatory Management Accompanying Scientific Progress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:835378. [PMID: 35265604 PMCID: PMC8900009 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.835378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Argentina currently has a regulation for genome-editing products whose criteria were updated as consultations were received to determine the regulatory status of these products. The aim of this regulation is to consider all organisms (animals, micro-organisms and plants) under the same NBT resolution independently and without being linked to commercial Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) regulations. This gives certainty to local researchers and developers (teams of local developers and researchers), which can be seen in the number of developments and consultations carried out. It should be noted that early results showed that the speed of innovation of these technologies was increasing in a short time, giving more opportunity to local developers who showed interest in generating products in different species, crops and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Goberna
- National Directorate of Bioeconomy, Secretariat of Food, Bioeconomy and Regional Development, MAGyP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Inés Whelan
- National Directorate of Bioeconomy, Secretariat of Food, Bioeconomy and Regional Development, MAGyP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Perla Godoy
- National Directorate of Bioeconomy, Secretariat of Food, Bioeconomy and Regional Development, MAGyP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dalia Marcela Lewi
- National Directorate of Bioeconomy, Secretariat of Food, Bioeconomy and Regional Development, MAGyP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11753. [PMID: 34769204 PMCID: PMC8583973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Alaa T. Qusmani
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sabin Aslam
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ahmad Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Qaiser Sultan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Molecular Biology Central Laboratory (GMCL), Department of Biology/Genetics, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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18
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Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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19
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Giudice G, Moffa L, Varotto S, Cardone MF, Bergamini C, De Lorenzis G, Velasco R, Nerva L, Chitarra W. Novel and emerging biotechnological crop protection approaches. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1495-1510. [PMID: 33945200 PMCID: PMC8384607 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional breeding or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have for a long time been the sole approaches to effectively cope with biotic and abiotic stresses and implement the quality traits of crops. However, emerging diseases as well as unpredictable climate changes affecting agriculture over the entire globe force scientists to find alternative solutions required to quickly overcome seasonal crises. In this review, we first focus on cisgenesis and genome editing as challenging biotechnological approaches for breeding crops more tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, we take into consideration a toolbox of new techniques based on applications of RNA interference and epigenome modifications, which can be adopted for improving plant resilience. Recent advances in these biotechnological applications are mainly reported for non-model plants and woody crops in particular. Indeed, the characterization of RNAi machinery in plants is fundamental to transform available information into biologically or biotechnologically applicable knowledge. Finally, here we discuss how these innovative and environmentally friendly techniques combined with traditional breeding can sustain a modern agriculture and be of potential contribution to climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Giudice
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)ConeglianoTVItaly
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences ‐ Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)University of MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Loredana Moffa
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)ConeglianoTVItaly
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A)University of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Animals Food Natural Resources and Environment (DAFNAE)University of PadovaLegnaroPDItaly
| | - Maria Francesca Cardone
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)TuriBAItaly
| | - Carlo Bergamini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)TuriBAItaly
| | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences ‐ Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)University of MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)ConeglianoTVItaly
| | - Luca Nerva
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)ConeglianoTVItaly
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council (IPSP‐CNR)TorinoItaly
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Research Centre for Viticulture and EnologyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA‐VE)ConeglianoTVItaly
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council (IPSP‐CNR)TorinoItaly
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20
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Entine J, Felipe MSS, Groenewald JH, Kershen DL, Lema M, McHughen A, Nepomuceno AL, Ohsawa R, Ordonio RL, Parrott WA, Quemada H, Ramage C, Slamet-Loedin I, Smyth SJ, Wray-Cahen D. Regulatory approaches for genome edited agricultural plants in select countries and jurisdictions around the world. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:551-584. [PMID: 33970411 PMCID: PMC8316157 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing in agriculture and food is leading to new, improved crops and other products. Depending on the regulatory approach taken in each country or region, commercialization of these crops and products may or may not require approval from the respective regulatory authorities. This paper describes the regulatory landscape governing genome edited agriculture and food products in a selection of countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Entine
- Genetic Literacy Project, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria Sueli S Felipe
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Martin Lema
- Departamento de Ciencia Y Tecnología and Maestría en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan McHughen
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | | | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reynante L Ordonio
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Science City of Munoz, Philippines
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hector Quemada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Carl Ramage
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Industry Engagement), Rautaki Solutions Pty Ltd, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Inez Slamet-Loedin
- Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, Cluster Lead-Trait and Genome Engineering, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Diane Wray-Cahen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Biosafety of Genome Editing Applications in Plant Breeding: Considerations for a Focused Case-Specific Risk Assessment in the EU. BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10030010. [PMID: 35822764 PMCID: PMC9245463 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10030010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An intensely debated question is whether or how a mandatory environmental risk assessment (ERA) should be conducted for plants obtained through novel genomic techniques, including genome editing (GE). Some countries have already exempted certain types of GE applications from their regulations addressing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In the European Union, the European Court of Justice confirmed in 2018 that plants developed by novel genomic techniques for directed mutagenesis are regulated as GMOs. Thus, they have to undergo an ERA prior to deliberate release or being placed on the market. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published two opinions on the relevance of the current EU ERA framework for GM plants obtained through novel genomic techniques (NGTs). Regarding GE plants, the opinions confirmed that the existing ERA framework is suitable in general and that the current ERA requirements need to be applied in a case specific manner. Since EFSA did not provide further guidance, this review addresses a couple of issues relevant for the case-specific assessment of GE plants. We discuss the suitability of general denominators of risk/safety and address characteristics of GE plants which require particular assessment approaches. We suggest integrating the following two sets of considerations into the ERA: considerations related to the traits developed by GE and considerations addressing the assessment of method-related unintended effects, e.g., due to off-target modifications. In conclusion, we recommend that further specific guidance for the ERA and monitoring should be developed to facilitate a focused assessment approach for GE plants.
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22
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Maximiano MR, Távora FTPK, Prado GS, Dias SC, Mehta A, Franco OL. CRISPR Genome Editing Technology: A Powerful Tool Applied to Developing Agribusiness. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6379-6395. [PMID: 34097395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The natural increase of the world's population implies boosting agricultural demand. In the current non-optimistic global scenario, where adverse climate changes come associated with substantial population growth, the main challenge in agribusiness is food security. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a friendly gene editing biotechnological tool, enabling a precise manipulation of genomes and enhancement of desirable traits in several organisms. This review highlights the CRISPR/Cas system as a paramount tool for the improvement of agribusiness products and brings up-to-date findings showing its potential applications in improving agricultural-related traits in major plant crops and farm animals, all representing economic-relevant commodities responsible for feeding the world. Several applied pieces of research have successfully demonstrated the CRISPR/Cas ability in boosting interesting traits in agribusiness products, including animal productivity and welfare, crop yield growth, and seed quality, reflecting positive impacts in both socioeconomics and human health aspects. Hence, the CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized bioscience and biotechnology, and its concrete application in agribusiness goods is on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Fabiano T P K Távora
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Goiânia, Goiás 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
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23
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Zhang H, Li J, Zhao S, Yan X, Si N, Gao H, Li Y, Zhai S, Xiao F, Wu G, Wu Y. An Editing-Site-Specific PCR Method for Detection and Quantification of CAO1-Edited Rice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061209. [PMID: 34071965 PMCID: PMC8226746 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-edited plants created by genome editing technology have been approved for commercialization. Due to molecular characteristics that differ from classic genetically modified organisms (GMOs), establishing regulation-compliant analytical methods for identification and quantification of genome-edited plants has always been regarded as a challenging task. An editing-site-specific PCR method was developed based on the unique edited sequence in CAO1-edited rice plants. Test results of seven primer/probe sets indicated that this method can identify specific CAO1-edited rice from other CAO1-edited rice and wild types of rice with high specificity and sensitivity. The use of LNA (locked nucleic acid) in a probe can efficiently increase the specificity of the editing-site-specific PCR method at increased annealing temperature which can eliminate non-specific amplification of the non-target. The genome-edited ingredient content in blinded samples at the level of 0.1% to 5.0% was accurately quantified by this method on the ddPCR platform with RSD of <15% and bias in the range of ±17%, meeting the performance requirements for GMO detection method. The developed editing-site-specific PCR method presents a promising detection and quantification technique for genome-edited plants with known edited sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuhua Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-86711573
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24
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Chávez‐Dulanto PN, Thiry AAA, Glorio‐Paulet P, Vögler O, Carvalho FP. Increasing the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Perla N. Chávez‐Dulanto
- Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agronomy Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Arnauld A. A. Thiry
- The Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Bailrigg Lancaster United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Glorio‐Paulet
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Food Industry Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Lima Peru
| | - Oliver Vögler
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS‐IdISBa) Department of Biology University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Fernando P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Protecção e Segurança Radiológica Instituto Superior Técnico—Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
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25
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Chhalliyil P, Ilves H, Kazakov SA, Howard SJ, Johnston BH, Fagan J. A Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method Specific for Detection and Quantification of the First Commercialized Genome-Edited Plant. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091245. [PMID: 32906573 PMCID: PMC7556030 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion regarding the regulatory status of genome-edited crops has focused on precision of editing and on doubts regarding the feasibility of analytical monitoring compliant with existing GMO regulations. Effective detection methods are important, both for regulatory enforcement and traceability in case of biosafety, environmental or socio-economic impacts. Here, we approach the analysis question for the first time in the laboratory and report the successful development of a quantitative PCR detection method for the first commercialized genome-edited crop, a canola with a single base pair edit conferring herbicide tolerance. The method is highly sensitive and specific (quantification limit, 0.05%), compatible with the standards of practice, equipment and expertise typical in GMO laboratories, and readily integrable into their analytical workflows, including use of the matrix approach. The method, validated by an independent laboratory, meets all legal requirements for GMO analytical methods in jurisdictions such as the EU, is consistent with ISO17025 accreditation standards and has been placed in the public domain. Having developed a qPCR method for the most challenging class of genome edits, single-nucleotide variants, this research suggests that qPCR-based method development may be applicable to virtually any genome-edited organism. This advance resolves doubts regarding the feasibility of extending the regulatory approach currently employed for recombinant DNA-based GMOs to genome-edited organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradheep Chhalliyil
- Health Research Institute, 505 Dimick Drive, P.O. Box 370, Fairfield, IA 52556, USA;
| | - Heini Ilves
- Somagenics, Inc., 2161 Delaware Ave, Suite E, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; (H.I.); (S.A.K.); (B.H.J.)
| | - Sergei A. Kazakov
- Somagenics, Inc., 2161 Delaware Ave, Suite E, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; (H.I.); (S.A.K.); (B.H.J.)
| | - Stephanie J. Howard
- The Sustainability Council of New Zealand, P.O. Box 24304, Wellington 6142, New Zealand;
| | - Brian H. Johnston
- Somagenics, Inc., 2161 Delaware Ave, Suite E, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; (H.I.); (S.A.K.); (B.H.J.)
| | - John Fagan
- Health Research Institute, 505 Dimick Drive, P.O. Box 370, Fairfield, IA 52556, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-641-451-5454
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Zhang D, Hussain A, Manghwar H, Xie K, Xie S, Zhao S, Larkin RM, Qing P, Jin S, Ding F. Genome editing with the CRISPR-Cas system: an art, ethics and global regulatory perspective. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1651-1669. [PMID: 32271968 PMCID: PMC7336378 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the development of new genome editing techniques, such as ODM, TALENs, ZFNs and the CRISPR-Cas system, has led to significant progress in the field of plant and animal breeding. The CRISPR-Cas system is the most versatile genome editing tool discovered in the history of molecular biology because it can be used to alter diverse genomes (e.g. genomes from both plants and animals) including human genomes with unprecedented ease, accuracy and high efficiency. The recent development and scope of CRISPR-Cas system have raised new regulatory challenges around the world due to moral, ethical, safety and technical concerns associated with its applications in pre-clinical and clinical research, biomedicine and agriculture. Here, we review the art, applications and potential risks of CRISPR-Cas system in genome editing. We also highlight the patent and ethical issues of this technology along with regulatory frameworks established by various nations to regulate CRISPR-Cas-modified organisms/products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Public AdministrationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Amjad Hussain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ping Qing
- College of Public AdministrationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant Sciences and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Sánchez MA. Chile as a key enabler country for global plant breeding, agricultural innovation, and biotechnology. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 11:130-139. [PMID: 32400263 PMCID: PMC7518752 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1761757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chile has become one of the main global players in seed production for counter-season markets and research purposes. Chile has a key role contributing to the reduction in seed production shortages in the Northern Hemisphere by speeding up the development of new hybrids, cultivars, and genetically modified (GM) organisms. The seeds that Chile produces for export include a considerable amount of GM seeds. Between 2009 and 2018, 1,081 different seed-planting events were undertaken for seed multiplication and/or research purposes. Every single event that had commodity cultivation status in 2018 in at least one country underwent field activities in Chile at least once over the last 10 y. Chile just adopted a regulatory approach for new plant breeding techniques. This type of regulatory approach should contribute to maintaining the status of Chile as a hot spot for future innovation in plant breeding-based biotechnology.
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Whelan AI, Gutti P, Lema MA. Gene Editing Regulation and Innovation Economics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:303. [PMID: 32363186 PMCID: PMC7181966 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Argentina was the first country that enacted regulatory criteria to assess if organisms resulting from new breeding techniques (NBTs) are to be regarded as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or not. The country has now accumulated 4 year of experience applying such criteria, reaching a considerable number of cases, composed mostly of gene-edited plants, animals, and microorganisms of agricultural use. This article explores the effects on economic innovation of such regulatory experience. This is done by comparing the cases of products derived from gene editing and other NBTs that have been presented to the regulatory system, against the cases of GMOs that have been deregulated in the country. Albeit preliminary, this analysis suggests that products from gene editing will have different profiles and market release rates compared with the first wave of products from the so called “modern biotechnology.” Gene editing products seems to follow a much faster development rate from bench to market. Such development is driven by a more diverse group of developers, and led mostly by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and public research institutions. In addition, product profiles are also more diversified in terms of traits and organisms. The inferences of these findings for the agricultural and biotechnology sectors, particularly in developing countries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina I Whelan
- Maestría en Política y Gestión de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Dirección de Biotecnología, Secretaría de Alimentos y Bioeconomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Gutti
- Maestría en Política y Gestión de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología & Maestría en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Martin A Lema
- Dirección de Biotecnología, Secretaría de Alimentos y Bioeconomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología & Maestría en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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Menary J, Hobbs M, Mesquita de Albuquerque S, Pacho A, Drake PMW, Prendiville A, Ma JKC, Fuller SS. Shotguns vs Lasers: Identifying barriers and facilitators to scaling-up plant molecular farming for high-value health products. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229952. [PMID: 32196508 PMCID: PMC7083274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a convenient and cost-effective way to produce high-value recombinant proteins that can be used in the production of a range of health products, from pharmaceutical therapeutics to cosmetic products. New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) provide a means to enhance PMF systems more quickly and with greater precision than ever before. However, the feasibility, regulatory standing and social acceptability of both PMF and NPBTs are in question. This paper explores the perceptions of key stakeholders on two European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 programmes-Pharma-Factory and Newcotiana-towards the barriers and facilitators of PMF and NPBTs in Europe. One-on-one qualitative interviews were undertaken with N = 20 individuals involved in one or both of the two projects at 16 institutions in seven countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Spain and the UK). The findings indicate that the current EU regulatory environment and the perception of the public towards biotechnology are seen as the main barriers to scaling-up PMF and NPBTs. Competition from existing systems and the lack of plant-specific regulations likewise present challenges for PMF developing beyond its current niche. However, respondents felt that the communication of the benefits and purpose of NPBT PMF could provide a platform for improving the social acceptance of genetic modification. The importance of the media in this process was highlighted. This article also uses the multi-level perspective to explore the ways in which NPBTs are being legitimated by interested parties and the systemic factors that have shaped and are continuing to shape the development of PMF in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Menary
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Agata Pacho
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal M. W. Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Prendiville
- London College of Communication, University of the Arts, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian S. Fuller
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
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El-Mounadi K, Morales-Floriano ML, Garcia-Ruiz H. Principles, Applications, and Biosafety of Plant Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:56. [PMID: 32117392 PMCID: PMC7031443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The terms genome engineering, genome editing, and gene editing, refer to modifications (insertions, deletions, substitutions) in the genome of a living organism. The most widely used approach to genome editing nowadays is based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9). In prokaryotes, CRISPR-Cas9 is an adaptive immune system that naturally protects cells from DNA virus infections. CRISPR-Cas9 has been modified to create a versatile genome editing technology that has a wide diversity of applications in medicine, agriculture, and basic studies of gene functions. CRISPR-Cas9 has been used in a growing number of monocot and dicot plant species to enhance yield, quality, and nutritional value, to introduce or enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, among other applications. Although biosafety concerns remain, genome editing is a promising technology with potential to contribute to food production for the benefit of the growing human population. Here, we review the principles, current advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing in crop improvement. We also address biosafety concerns and show that humans have been exposed to Cas9 protein homologues long before the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar El-Mounadi
- Department of Biology, Kuztown University of Pennsylvania, Kuztown, PA, United States
| | - María Luisa Morales-Floriano
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Montecillo, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Mitchell HJ, Bartsch D. Regulation of GM Organisms for Invasive Species Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:454. [PMID: 32039172 PMCID: PMC6985037 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species can cause significant harm to the environment, agriculture, and human health, but there are often very limited tools available to control their populations. Gene drives (GD) have been proposed as a new tool which could be used to control or eliminate such species. Here, GD describes a variety of molecular biology applications which all enable the introduction of genetic elements at a higher than expected frequency. These elements can change the genotypes in target populations rapidly with consequences either for (intrinsic) fitness or host-parasite interaction, or both. Beneficial applications are foreseen for human and animal health, agriculture, or nature conservation. This rapidly developing technology is likely to have major impacts in the fight against various diseases, pests, and invasive species. The majority of GD applications involve genetic engineering and novel traits. Therefore, applicants and GMO regulators need to interact to achieve the benefits in innovation while cautiously avoiding unacceptable risks. The release into the environment may include transboundary movement and replacement of target populations, with potential impact on human/animal health and the environment. This article summarizes knowledge-based discussions to identify information gaps and analyzes scenarios for responsible introduction of GD organisms into the environment. It aims to connect the latest scientific developments with regulatory approaches and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J. Mitchell
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Detlef Bartsch
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Berlin, Germany
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Tabei Y. Risk and safety considerations 2: genetic variations and potential risks-traditional breeding and genome editing. Transgenic Res 2020; 28:119-124. [PMID: 31321694 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tabei
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Abstract
Argentina is a world leader in regards to regulation and adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops. As a consequence, the regulatory aspects of gene editing applied to agriculture were considered proactively by the Argentinian regulators, who implemented simple but solid pioneering regulatory criteria for gene edited crops. At present, the Argentine regulatory system is fully able to establish if a gene-edited crop should be classified (and handled) either as a GM crop or a conventional new variety. To this end, the concept of "novel combination of genetic material" derived from the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is of decisive importance. After some pilot cases that have been managed under this criteria, now applicants appreciate the ease, speed and predictability of the regulation. Moreover, it has been considered by other countries in the course of developing their own regulations, thus acting also as a harmonization factor for the safe and effective insertion of these technologies in the global market.
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Clarifying the regulation of genome editing in Australia: situation for genetically modified organisms. Transgenic Res 2020; 28:151-159. [PMID: 31321698 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Australia's gene technology regulatory scheme (GT Scheme) regulates activities with genetically modified organisms (GMOs, organisms modified by gene technology), including environmental releases. The scope of regulation, i.e. what organisms are and are not regulated, is set by the Gene Technology Act 2000 (GT Act) and GT Regulations 2001 (GT Regulations). The GT Act gives broad, overarching definitions of 'gene technology' and 'GMO' but also provides for exclusions and inclusions in the GT Regulations. Whether organisms developed with genome editing techniques are, or should be, regulated under countries' national GMO laws is the subject of debate globally. These issues are also under active consideration in Australia. A technical review of the GT Regulations was initiated in 2016 to clarify the regulatory status of genome editing. Proposed draft amendments are structured around whether the process involves introduction of a nucleic acid template. If agreed, amendments would exclude from regulation organisms produced using site directed nuclease (SDN) 1 techniques while organisms produced using oligonucleotide mutagenesis, SDN-2 or SDN-3 would continue to be regulated as GMOs. The review of the GT Regulations is still ongoing and no legislative changes have been made to the GT Regulations. A broader policy review of the GT Scheme was undertaken in 2017-2018 and as a result further work will be undertaken on the scope and definitions of the GT Act in light of ongoing developments.
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Abstract
Recent advances in genome engineering are revolutionizing crop research and plant breeding. The ability to make specific modifications to a plant's genetic material creates opportunities for rapid development of elite cultivars with desired traits. The plant genome can be altered in several ways, including targeted introduction of nucleotide changes, deleting DNA segments, introducing exogenous DNA fragments and epigenetic modifications. Targeted changes are mediated by sequence specific nucleases (SSNs), such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated protein) systems. Recent advances in engineering chimeric Cas nucleases fused to base editing enzymes permit for even greater precision in base editing and control over gene expression. In addition to gene editing technologies, improvement in delivery systems of exogenous DNA into plant cells have increased the rate of successful gene editing events. Regeneration of fertile plants containing the desired edits remains challenging; however, manipulation of embryogenesis-related genes such as BABY BOOM (BBM) has been shown to facilitate regeneration through tissue culture, often a major hurdle in recalcitrant cultivars. Epigenome reprogramming for improved crop performance is another possibility for future breeders, with recent studies on MutS HOMOLOG 1 (MSH1) demonstrating epigenetic-dependent hybrid vigor in several crops. While these technologies offer plant breeders new tools in creating high yielding, better adapted crop varieties, constantly evolving government policy regarding the cultivation of plants containing transgenes may impede the widespread adoption of some of these techniques. This chapter summarizes advances in genome editing tools and discusses the future of these techniques for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Bilichak
- Morden Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada.
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - John Laurie
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Wasmer M. Roads Forward for European GMO Policy-Uncertainties in Wake of ECJ Judgment Have to be Mitigated by Regulatory Reform. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:132. [PMID: 31231643 PMCID: PMC6561310 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article gives an overview of legal and procedural uncertainties regarding genome edited organisms and possible ways forward for European GMO policy. After a recent judgment by the European Court of Justice (ECJ judgment of 25 July 2018, C-528/16), organisms obtained by techniques of genome editing are GMOs and subject to the same obligations as transgenic organisms. Uncertainties emerge if genome edited organisms cannot be distinguished from organisms bred by conventional techniques, such as crossing or random mutagenesis. In this case, identical organisms can be subject to either GMO law or exempt from regulation because of the use of a technique that cannot be identified. Regulatory agencies might not be able to enforce GMO law for such cases in the long term. As other jurisdictions do not regulate such organisms as GMOs, accidental imports might occur and undermine European GMO regulation. In the near future, the EU Commission as well as European and national regulatory agencies will decide on how to apply the updated interpretation of the law. In order to mitigate current legal and procedural uncertainties, a first step forward lies in updating all guidance documents to specifically address genome editing specifically address genome editing, including a solution for providing a unique identifier. In part, the authorization procedure for GMO release can be tailored to different types of organisms by making use of existing flexibilities in GMO law. However, only an amendment to the regulations that govern the process of authorization for GMO release can substantially lower the burden for innovators. In a second step, any way forward has to aim at amending, supplementing or replacing the European GMO Directive (2001/18/EC). The policy options presented in this article presuppose political readiness for reform. This may not be realistic in the current political situation. However, if the problems of current GMO law are just ignored, European competitiveness and research in green biotechnology will suffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wasmer
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences (CELLS), Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Schiemann J, Dietz-Pfeilstetter A, Hartung F, Kohl C, Romeis J, Sprink T. Risk Assessment and Regulation of Plants Modified by Modern Biotechniques: Current Status and Future Challenges. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:699-726. [PMID: 30822113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the current status and future challenges of risk assessment and regulation of plants modified by modern biotechniques, namely genetic engineering and genome editing. It provides a general overview of the biosafety and regulation of genetically modified plants and details different regulatory frameworks with a focus on the European situation. The environmental risk and safety assessment of genetically modified plants is explained, and aspects of toxicological assessments are discussed, especially the controversial debate in Europe on the added scientific value of untargeted animal feeding studies. Because RNA interference (RNAi) is increasingly explored for commercial applications, the risk and safety assessment of RNAi-based genetically modified plants is also elucidated. The production, detection, and identification of genome-edited plants are described. Recent applications of modern biotechniques, namely synthetic biology and gene drives, are discussed, and a short outlook on the future follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Frank Hartung
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Kohl
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorben Sprink
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
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Eckerstorfer MF, Dolezel M, Heissenberger A, Miklau M, Reichenbecher W, Steinbrecher RA, Waßmann F. An EU Perspective on Biosafety Considerations for Plants Developed by Genome Editing and Other New Genetic Modification Techniques (nGMs). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30891445 PMCID: PMC6413072 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The question whether new genetic modification techniques (nGM) in plant development might result in non-negligible negative effects for the environment and/or health is significant for the discussion concerning their regulation. However, current knowledge to address this issue is limited for most nGMs, particularly for recently developed nGMs, like genome editing, and their newly emerging variations, e.g., base editing. This leads to uncertainties regarding the risk/safety-status of plants which are developed with a broad range of different nGMs, especially genome editing, and other nGMs such as cisgenesis, transgrafting, haploid induction or reverse breeding. A literature survey was conducted to identify plants developed by nGMs which are relevant for future agricultural use. Such nGM plants were analyzed for hazards associated either (i) with their developed traits and their use or (ii) with unintended changes resulting from the nGMs or other methods applied during breeding. Several traits are likely to become particularly relevant in the future for nGM plants, namely herbicide resistance (HR), resistance to different plant pathogens as well as modified composition, morphology, fitness (e.g., increased resistance to cold/frost, drought, or salinity) or modified reproductive characteristics. Some traits such as resistance to certain herbicides are already known from existing GM crops and their previous assessments identified issues of concern and/or risks, such as the development of herbicide resistant weeds. Other traits in nGM plants are novel; meaning they are not present in agricultural plants currently cultivated with a history of safe use, and their underlying physiological mechanisms are not yet sufficiently elucidated. Characteristics of some genome editing applications, e.g., the small extent of genomic sequence change and their higher targeting efficiency, i.e., precision, cannot be considered an indication of safety per se, especially in relation to novel traits created by such modifications. All nGMs considered here can result in unintended changes of different types and frequencies. However, the rapid development of nGM plants can compromise the detection and elimination of unintended effects. Thus, a case-specific premarket risk assessment should be conducted for nGM plants, including an appropriate molecular characterization to identify unintended changes and/or confirm the absence of unwanted transgenic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Dolezel
- Department Landuse & Biosafety, Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marianne Miklau
- Department Landuse & Biosafety, Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Reichenbecher
- Department GMO Regulation, Biosafety, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Waßmann
- Department GMO Regulation, Biosafety, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany
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Agapito-Tenfen SZ, Okoli AS, Bernstein MJ, Wikmark OG, Myhr AI. Revisiting Risk Governance of GM Plants: The Need to Consider New and Emerging Gene-Editing Techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1874. [PMID: 30622546 PMCID: PMC6308909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
New and emerging gene-editing techniques make it possible to target specific genes in species with greater speed and specificity than previously possible. Of major relevance for plant breeding, regulators and scientists are discussing how to regulate products developed using these gene-editing techniques. Such discussions include whether to adopt or adapt the current framework for GMO risk governance in evaluating the impacts of gene-edited plants, and derived products, on the environment, human and animal health and society. Product classification or definition is one of several aspects of the current framework being criticized. Further, knowledge gaps related to risk assessments of gene-edited organisms-for example of target and off-target effects of intervention in plant genomes-are also of concern. Resolving these and related aspects of the current framework will involve addressing many subjective, value-laden positions, for example how to specify protection goals through ecosystem service approaches. A process informed by responsible research and innovation practices, involving a broader community of people, organizations, experts, and interest groups, could help scientists, regulators, and other stakeholders address these complex, value-laden concerns related to gene-editing of plants with and for society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arinze S. Okoli
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety, SIVA Innovation Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Odd-Gunnar Wikmark
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety, SIVA Innovation Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Anne I. Myhr
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety, SIVA Innovation Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Abstract
Gene discovery and government regulation are bottlenecks for the widespread adoption of genome-edited crops. We propose a culture of sharing and integrating crop data to accelerate the discovery and prioritization of candidate genes, as well as a strong engagement with governments and the public to address environmental and health concerns and to achieve appropriate regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Scheben
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Metje-Sprink J, Menz J, Modrzejewski D, Sprink T. DNA-Free Genome Editing: Past, Present and Future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1957. [PMID: 30693009 PMCID: PMC6339908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome Editing using engineered endonuclease (GEEN) systems rapidly took over the field of plant science and plant breeding. So far, Genome Editing techniques have been applied in more than fifty different plants; including model species like Arabidopsis; main crops like rice, maize or wheat as well as economically less important crops like strawberry, peanut and cucumber. These techniques have been used for basic research as proof-of-concept or to investigate gene functions in most of its applications. However, several market-oriented traits have been addressed including enhanced agronomic characteristics, improved food and feed quality, increased tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress and herbicide tolerance. These technologies are evolving at a tearing pace and especially the field of CRISPR based Genome Editing is advancing incredibly fast. CRISPR-Systems derived from a multitude of bacterial species are being used for targeted Gene Editing and many modifications have already been applied to the existing CRISPR-Systems such as (i) alter their protospacer adjacent motif (ii) increase their specificity (iii) alter their ability to cut DNA and (iv) fuse them with additional proteins. Besides, the classical transformation system using Agrobacteria tumefaciens or Rhizobium rhizogenes, other transformation technologies have become available and additional methods are on its way to the plant sector. Some of them are utilizing solely proteins or protein-RNA complexes for transformation, making it possible to alter the genome without the use of recombinant DNA. Due to this, it is impossible that foreign DNA is being incorporated into the host genome. In this review we will present the recent developments and techniques in the field of DNA-free Genome Editing, its advantages and pitfalls and give a perspective on technologies which might be available in the future for targeted Genome Editing in plants. Furthermore, we will discuss these techniques in the light of existing- and potential future regulations.
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