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Wang J, Singer SD, Chen G. Biotechnological advances in the production of unusual fatty acids in transgenic plants and recombinant microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 76:108435. [PMID: 39214484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Certain plants and microorganisms can produce high amounts of unusual fatty acids (UFAs) such as hydroxy, conjugated, cyclic, and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have distinct physicochemical properties and significant applications in the food, feed, and oleochemical industries. Since many natural sources of UFAs are not ideal for large-scale agricultural production or fermentation, it is attractive to produce them through synthetic biology. Although several UFAs have been commercially or pre-commercially produced in transgenic plants and microorganisms, their contents in transgenic hosts are generally much lower than in natural sources. Moreover, reproducing this success for a wider spectrum of UFAs has remained challenging. This review discusses recent advancements in our understanding of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and heterologous production of UFAs, and addresses the challenges and potential strategies for achieving high UFA content in engineered plants and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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2
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Petrus R, Matuszak K, Kinzhybalo V. Synthesis of ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters by Macrocyclic Lactones Alcoholysis Catalyzed by Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Zinc Aryloxides. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400526. [PMID: 38924377 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A series of zinc aryloxides, [Zn4(sal-Me)8]⋅2.5(C7H8) (1), [Zn4(sal-Me)8]⋅CH2Cl2 (2), [Zn4(μ3-OR)2(sal-R)6] (3) (for R=Me (0.51), Et (0.49)), [Zn4(μ3-OMe)4(sal-Me)4(HOMe)4] (4), [Zn(sal-Me)2(py)2]⋅THF (5), {[Zn(sal-Me)2(tmbpy)] ⋅ 2(C6H5CH3)}n (6), [Zn2(sal-Me)2(THF)2Cl2] ⋅ 0.5(C6H5CH3) (7), and [Zn4(μ3-OMe)2(sal-Me)4Cl2] (8) (Hsal-Me=methyl salicylate, py=pyridine, tmbpy=4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine) were obtained that have different nuclearities and central core topologies and contain ligands of different basicity and coordination abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Petrus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 23 Smoluchowskiego, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Matuszak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 23 Smoluchowskiego, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Vasyl Kinzhybalo
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2 Okólna, 50-422, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Bannister KR, Prather KL. Engineering polyester monomer diversity through novel pathway design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102852. [PMID: 36481340 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyesters composed of hydroxy acids (HAs) and diols serve many material niches and are invaluable to our daily lives. However, their traditional synthesis from petrochemicals creates many environmental concerns. Metabolically engineered microorganisms have been leveraged for the industrially competitive production of a few polyesters with properties that limit their application. Designing new metabolic pathways to polyester building blocks is essential to broadening material property diversity and improving carbon and energy usage of current bioproduction schemes. This review focuses on recently developed pathways to HAs and diols. Specifically, new pathways to 2,3- and ω-Hydroxy acids, as well as C3-C4 and medium-chain-length diols, are discussed. Pathways to the same compound are compared on the basis of criteria such as energy usage, number of pathway steps, and titer. Finally, suggestions for improvements and next steps for each pathway are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K'yal R Bannister
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kristala Lj Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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4
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Lu C, Akwafo EO, Wijffels RH, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Weusthuis RA. Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for medium-chain-length fatty alcohol and ester production from fatty acids. Metab Eng 2023; 75:110-118. [PMID: 36494025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain-length fatty alcohols have broad applications in the surfactant, lubricant, and cosmetic industries. Their acetate esters are widely used as flavoring and fragrance substances. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a promising chassis for fatty alcohol and ester production at the industrial scale due to its robustness, versatility, and high oxidative capacity. However, P. putida has also numerous native alcohol dehydrogenases, which lead to the degradation of these alcohols and thereby hinder its use as an effective biocatalyst. Therefore, to harness its capacity as a producer, we constructed two engineered strains (WTΔpedFΔadhP, GN346ΔadhP) incapable of growing on mcl-fatty alcohols by deleting either a cytochrome c oxidase PedF and a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase AdhP in P. putida or AdhP in P. putida GN346. Carboxylic acid reductase, phosphopantetheinyl transferase, and alcohol acetyltransferase were expressed in the engineered P. putida strains to produce hexyl acetate. Overexpression of transporters further increased 1-hexanol and hexyl acetate production. The optimal strain G23E-MPAscTP produced 93.8 mg/L 1-hexanol and 160.5 mg/L hexyl acetate, with a yield of 63.1%. The engineered strain is applicable for C6-C10 fatty alcohols and their acetate ester production. This study lays a foundation for P. putida being used as a microbial cell factory for sustainable synthesis of a broad range of products based on medium-chain-length fatty alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhe Lu
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward Ofori Akwafo
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Lifeglimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Wang K, Shi TQ, Lin L, Wei P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ, Huang H. Advances in synthetic biology tools paving the way for the biomanufacturing of unusual fatty acids using the Yarrowia lipolytica chassis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kim IJ, Bayer T, Terholsen H, Bornscheuer U. α-Dioxygenases (α-DOXs): Promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly production of aroma compounds. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100693. [PMID: 35107200 PMCID: PMC9305512 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes (FALs) can be derived from fatty acids (FAs) and related compounds and are frequently used as flavors and fragrances. Although chemical methods have been conventionally used, their selective biotechnological production aiming at more efficient and eco‐friendly synthetic routes is in demand. α‐Dioxygenases (α‐DOXs) are heme‐dependent oxidative enzymes biologically involved in the initial step of plant FA α‐oxidation during which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the Cα‐position of a FA (Cn) to generate the intermediate FA hydroperoxide, which is subsequently converted into the shortened corresponding FAL (Cn‐1). α‐DOXs are promising biocatalysts for the flavor and fragrance industries, they do not require NAD(P)H as cofactors or redox partner proteins, and they have a broad substrate scope. Here, we highlight recent advances in the biocatalytic utilization of α‐DOXs with emphasis on newly discovered cyanobacterial α‐DOXs as well as analytical methods to measure α‐DOX activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Bayer
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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7
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Microbial cell surface engineering for high-level synthesis of bio-products. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107912. [PMID: 35041862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface layers, which mainly include the cell membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane, capsules, S-layers, pili, and flagella, control material exchange between the cell and the extracellular environment, and have great impact on production titers and yields of various bio-products synthesized by microbes. Recent research work has made exciting achievements in metabolic engineering using microbial cell surface components as novel regulation targets without direct modifications of the metabolic pathways of the desired products. This review article will summarize the accomplishments obtained in this emerging field, and will describe various engineering strategies that have been adopted in bacteria and yeasts for the enhancement of mass transfer across the cell surface, improvement of protein expression and folding, modulation of cell size and shape, and re-direction of cellular resources, all of which contribute to the construction of more efficient microbial cell factories toward the synthesis of a variety of bio-products. The existing problems and possible future directions will also be discussed.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Münch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Pascal Püllmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, MartinLuther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
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9
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Lee Y, Sathesh-Prabu C, Kwak GH, Bang I, Jung HW, Kim D, Lee SK. Enhanced production of nonanedioic acid from nonanoic acid by engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2000416. [PMID: 33964181 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, whole-cell biotransformation was conducted to produce nonanedioic acid from nonanoic acid by expressing the alkane hydroxylating system (AlkBGT) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 in Escherichia coli. Following adaptive laboratory evolution, an efficient E. coli mutant strain, designated as MRE, was successfully obtained, demonstrating the fastest growth (27-fold higher) on nonanoic acid as the sole carbon source compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, the MRE strain was engineered to block nonanoic acid degradation by deleting fadE. The resulting strain exhibited a 12.8-fold increase in nonanedioic acid production compared to the wild-type strain. Six mutations in acrR, Pcrp , dppA, PfadD , e14, and yeaR were identified in the mutant MRE strain, which was characterized using genomic modifications and RNA-sequencing. The acquired mutations were found to be beneficial for rapid growth and nonanedioic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoo Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandran Sathesh-Prabu
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hwa Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Bang
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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10
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Park BG, Kim J, Kim EJ, Kim Y, Kim J, Kim JY, Kim BG. Application of Random Mutagenesis and Synthetic FadR Promoter for de novo Production of ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acid in Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624838. [PMID: 33692989 PMCID: PMC7937803 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means to develop oleaginous biorefinery, Yarrowia lipolytica was utilized to produce ω-hydroxy palmitic acid from glucose using evolutionary metabolic engineering and synthetic FadR promoters for cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression. First, a base strain was constructed to produce free fatty acids (FFAs) from glucose using metabolic engineering strategies. Subsequently, through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced random mutagenesis and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) screening, improved FFA overproducers were screened. Additionally, synthetic promoters containing bacterial FadR binding sequences for CYP expression were designed to respond to the surge of the concentration of FFAs to activate the ω-hydroxylating pathway, resulting in increased transcriptional activity by 14 times from the third day of culture compared to the first day. Then, endogenous alk5 was screened and expressed using the synthetic FadR promoter in the developed strain for the production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid. By implementing the synthetic FadR promoter, cell growth and production phases could be efficiently decoupled. Finally, in batch fermentation, we demonstrated de novo production of 160 mg/L of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid using FmeN3-TR1-alk5 in nitrogen-limited media. This study presents an excellent example of the production of ω-hydroxy fatty acids using synthetic promoters with bacterial transcriptional regulator (i.e., FadR) binding sequences in oleaginous yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Gi Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junyeob Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yechan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Liu H, Song Y, Fan X, Wang C, Lu X, Tian Y. Yarrowia lipolytica as an Oleaginous Platform for the Production of Value-Added Fatty Acid-Based Bioproducts. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:608662. [PMID: 33469452 PMCID: PMC7813756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial fermentation process has been used as an alternative pathway to the production of value-added natural products. Of the microorganisms, Yarrowia lipolytica, as an oleaginous platform, is able to produce fatty acid-derived biofuels and biochemicals. Nowadays, there are growing progresses on the production of value-added fatty acid-based bioproducts in Y. lipolytica. However, there are fewer reviews performing the metabolic engineering strategies and summarizing the current production of fatty acid-based bioproducts in Y. lipolytica. To this end, we briefly provide the fatty acid metabolism, including fatty acid biosynthesis, transportation, and degradation. Then, we introduce the various metabolic engineering strategies for increasing bioproduct accumulation in Y. lipolytica. Further, the advanced progress in the production of fatty acid-based bioproducts by Y. lipolytica, including nutraceuticals, biofuels, and biochemicals, is summarized. This review will provide attractive thoughts for researchers working in the field of Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulan Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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