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Mo PC, Lin CF, Li Y, Hernandez ME, Liao JC, Hung IYJ, Jan YK. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to assess the effect of the cupping size on the spatial hemodynamic response from the area inside and outside the cup of the biceps. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302828. [PMID: 38722930 PMCID: PMC11081366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cupping therapy is a popular intervention for improving muscle recovery after exercise although clinical evidence is weak. Previous studies demonstrated that cupping therapy may improve microcirculation of the soft tissue to accelerate tissue healing. However, it is unclear whether the cupping size could affect the spatial hemodynamic response of the treated muscle. The objective of this study was to use 8-channel near-infrared spectroscopy to assess this clinical question by assessing the effect of 3 cupping sizes (35, 40, and 45 mm in inner diameter of the circular cup) under -300 mmHg for 5 min on the muscle hemodynamic response from the area inside and outside the cup, including oxyhemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin in 18 healthy adults. Two-way factorial design was used to assess the interaction between the cupping size (35, 40, and 45 mm) and the location (inside and outside the cup) and the main effects of the cupping size and the location. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated an interaction between the cupping size and the location in deoxy-hemoglobin (P = 0.039) but no interaction in oxyhemoglobin (P = 0.100), and a main effect of the cup size (P = 0.001) and location (P = 0.023) factors in oxyhemoglobin. For the cupping size factor, the 45-mm cup resulted in a significant increase in oxyhemoglobin (5.738±0.760 μM) compared to the 40-mm (2.095±0.312 μM, P<0.001) and 35-mm (3.134±0.515 μM, P<0.01) cup. Our findings demonstrate that the cupping size and location factors affect the muscle hemodynamic response, and the use of multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy may help understand benefits of cupping therapy on managing musculoskeletal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Chun Mo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yameng Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manuel E. Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi Mei Hospital Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Isabella Yu-Ju Hung
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Shen WC, Cheng HT, Jan YK, Liau BY, Hsieh CW, Bau JG, Tai CC, Lung CW. Effect of negative pressure therapy on the treatment response to scar thickness and viscoelasticity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353418. [PMID: 38712331 PMCID: PMC11070486 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with scars face a grave threat to their mental and physical health. Negative pressure has been used for scar therapy in medical care and provides a microenvironment conducive to scar healing while stimulating cell regeneration. Negative pressure may disrupt scar tissue regeneration when the pressure is too high or too low, so finding a suitable negative pressure is important. We hypothesized that different negative pressure magnitudes would affect scar tissue properties differently. This research aimed to provide practical recommendations for scar therapy. This study used three negative pressures (-105 mmHg, -125 mmHg, and -145 mmHg) to compare scar material properties. We measured scar tissue thickness and viscoelasticity with a motor-driven ultrasound indentation system. According to the results of this study, scar thickness is most effectively reduced at a negative pressure of -105 mmHg. In comparison, scar viscoelasticity continuously increases at a negative pressure of -125 mmHg. Negative pressure therapy can be recommended to scar care clinics based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Shen
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Tang Cheng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Asia University College of Medical and Health Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ben-Yi Liau
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Guo Bau
- Department of Agricultural Technology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Tai
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Lung
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Abdelfattah A, Zureigat A, Almotiri A, Alzughailat M, Al-Khreisat MJ, Abdel Fattah O. The impact of wet cupping on haematological and inflammatory parameters in a sample of Jordanian team players. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29330. [PMID: 38633638 PMCID: PMC11021965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objective The practice of complementary and alternative medicine has significantly gained acceptance worldwide, such as Al-Hijama, also known as cupping therapy. Despite the growing popularity of therapeutic cupping among athletes, little is known about the impact of cupping therapy on sports fields. The current study was designed to explore the effect of wet cupping therapy on the haematological and inflammatory parameters in Jordanian national team players. Methods The procedure was carried out at a specialized centre for cupping in Amman on the morning of the 19th Rajab. The data were obtained from 14 healthy male participants aged between 21 and 22 years. The haematological and inflammatory parameters were assessed by comparing venous blood components before and after four weeks of wet cupping. Results Complete blood count (CBC) analysis of venous blood samples four weeks after wet cupping showed a significant increase in the values of total white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, lymphocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), haematocrit, and haemoglobin as compared with venous blood samples before cupping. Blood film examination of venous blood samples post-cupping revealed normocytic normochromic RBCs; WBCs and platelets were unremarkable. Analysis of inflammatory markers post cupping showed a significant decrease in the monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) but no differences in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that wet cupping has an indispensable influence on haematological and immunological parameters in athletes, where it reinforces cellular immunity, generates younger blood cells, and reduces inflammation markers. It is probable, therefore, that cupping improves sports performance and achievement. The evidence from this research adds to a growing body of literature on cupping therapy in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdelfattah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Ayed Zureigat
- School of Sports Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alhomidi Almotiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences—Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, 17464, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Li Y, Mo PC, Peng F, Guo J, Sheng Z, Lyu S, Jan YK. Using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy to assess the effect of cupping therapy on the spatial hemodynamic response of the biceps muscle: A preliminary study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024; 37:459-471. [PMID: 37899055 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-230158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The local hemodynamic response after cupping therapy has been considered as a contributing factor for improving muscle tissue health; however, the effects of cupping pressure and duration on the spatial hemodynamic response have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic response inside and outside the cupping cup under various pressures and durations of cupping therapy. METHODS A 3-way factorial design with repeated measures was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of the location (areas inside and outside the cup), pressure (-225 and -300 mmHg) and duration (5 and 10 min) on the hemodynamic response of the biceps muscle. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess hemodynamic changes in 18 participants. RESULTS A significant three-way interaction of the location, pressure, and duration factors was observed in oxyhemoglobin (p= 0.023), deoxy-hemoglobin (p= 0.013), and blood volume (p= 0.013). A significant increase was observed in oxyhemoglobin, blood volume, and oxygenation compared to pre-cupping (p< 0.05) in the area outside the cup. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that an appropriate combination of cupping pressure and duration can effectively affect the spatial hemodynamic response of the biceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu-Chun Mo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhongzhen Sheng
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Shaojun Lyu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Alkhamaiseh SI, Bazzari AH, Al Jafari AH, Bazzari FH. The Public Perceptions on Wet Cupping Therapy (Hijama) in Saudi Arabia. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2023; 16:176-182. [PMID: 37885252 DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2023.16.5.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background : Wet cupping (Hijama), a form of alternative medicine, is widely practiced in Middle Eastern countries, especially Saudi Arabia. Although considerable effort has been put into increasing public awareness about the safe and proper practice of wet cupping, studies on the attitudes, knowledge, and awareness levels of the Saudi Arabian public are lacking. Objectives : This study evaluated public attitudes toward the effectiveness, safety, and expected standards of practicing wet cupping. Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire and involved 909 complete responses. The respondents were Saudi adults with a mean age of 30.43 ± 11.4 years (males: 42.1%, females: 57.9%). Results : The study revealed that most participants believed that although wet cupping is a beneficial (84.6%), well-known form of alternative medicine (82.4%) without harmful side effects (63.9%), it is not suitable for treating all diseases (72.3%) or everyone (66.8%). Most participants prefer wet cupping to be done at specialized centers (84.6%) by practitioners with confirmed qualifications (88.6%) using valid and sterile instruments (88.9%). The main demographic factor influencing participant responses was age, which was associated with more positive perceptions. Female, single, college-educated, and middle-aged respondents had more cautious attitudes. Conclusion : Our results indicate that Saudis support the use of wet cupping as an alternative medicine for select diseases and that individuals have adequate awareness of the practice's safety standards to avoid potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaib Ibrahim Alkhamaiseh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Al-Urdon St., Jerash, Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad H Bazzari
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Firas H Bazzari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Al-Urdon St., Jerash, Jordan
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Liau BY, Lung CW, Hernandez ME, Mo PC, Li Y, Guo J, Jan YK. Using cross-correlation analysis of multi-channel near infrared spectroscopy to assess the hemodynamic response to cupping therapy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4455-4467. [PMID: 37791272 PMCID: PMC10545202 DOI: 10.1364/boe.493897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Cupping therapy is a common intervention for the management of musculoskeletal impairment. Previous studies have demonstrated that cupping therapy can improve muscle hemodynamic responses using single-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). However, the effects of cupping therapy on spatial hemodynamic responses as well as the correlation between oxyhemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin are largely unknown. The cross-correlation function (CCF) algorithm was used to determine the correlation between time-series NIRS signals from inside and outside the cup as well as time-series oxyhemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin under 4 cupping intensities, including -225 and -300 mmHg for 5 and 10 min. The main finding was that the maximum CCF values of oxyhemoglobin was significantly higher than those in deoxy-hemoglobin (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it was found that there was a correlation between deoxy-hemoglobin with a longer duration and a larger magnitude of negative pressure. This is the first study investigating time-series hemodynamic responses after cupping therapy using cross-correlation function analysis of multi-channel NIRS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Yi Liau
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Lung
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Manuel E. Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pu-Chun Mo
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yameng Li
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Li Y, Mo PC, Lin CF, Pauly S, Kundal N, Hernandez ME, Jan YK. Using near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the effects of pressures and durations of cupping therapy on muscle blood volume and oxygenation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023:e202200342. [PMID: 37002817 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cupping therapy has been widely used to manage musculoskeletal impairment. However, the effects of pressure and duration of cupping therapy on the hemodynamic activity of the muscle have not been investigated. A 2 × 2 repeated measures factorial design was used to examine the main effect and interaction of pressure (-225 and -300 mmHg) and duration (5 and 10 min) on biceps muscle blood flow using near-infrared spectroscopy in 18 participants. The results showed that a significant interaction is between pressure and duration on deoxy-hemoglobin (p = 0.045). A significant main effect of pressure is on oxyhemoglobin (p = 0.005) and a significant main effect of duration is on oxyhemoglobin (p = 0.005). Cupping therapy at -300 mmHg for 10 min results in a higher oxyhemoglobin (6.75 ± 2.08 μM) and deoxy-hemoglobin (1.71 ± 0.78 μM) compared to other three combinations. Our study provides first evidence that the pressure and duration factors of cupping therapy can significantly affect muscle blood volume and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Li
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu-Chun Mo
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Serah Pauly
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nikeeta Kundal
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuel E Hernandez
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Li Y, Mo PC, Jain S, Elliott J, Bleakney A, Lyu S, Jan YK. Effect of durations and pressures of cupping therapy on muscle stiffness of triceps. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:996589. [PMID: 36466351 PMCID: PMC9712727 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.996589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cupping therapy has been used for the alleviation of muscle soreness in athletes. However, clinical studies of cupping therapy show conflicting results. Lack of standardized guidelines of the dose-response relationship of cupping therapy, such as appropriate cupping duration and negative pressure, limits the adoption of cupping therapy in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of various pressures and durations of cupping therapy on reducing muscle stiffness. The 2 × 2 factorial design with the repeated measures and counterbalanced design was used to test four cupping protocols, including two negative pressures at -225 and -300 mmHg and two durations at 5 and 10 min, in 12 healthy young people. B-mode and elastographic ultrasound was used to assess muscle stiffness of the triceps before and after cupping therapy. The region of interest of elastographic image was divided into the superficial and deep layers for assessing the effect of cupping therapy on stiffness of various depths of the triceps. Normalized stiffness was calculated as a ratio of pre-cupping stiffness divided by post-cupping stiffness of each participant. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the main effects of the pressure and duration factors and the interaction effect between the pressure and duration factors. The results showed that there were no interactions between the pressure and duration factors (overall layer p = 0.149, superficial layer p = 0.632, and deep layer p = 0.491). The main effects of duration of the overall, superficial and deep layers were p = 0.538, p = 0.097 and p = 0.018, respectively. The results showed that 10-min cupping at -300 mmHg is more effective on reducing stiffness of the deep layer of the triceps compared to 5-min cupping (p = 0.031). This study provides the first evidence that the dose of cupping therapy could significantly affect changes of triceps stiffness and the deep layer of the muscle is more sensitive to cupping therapy compared to the superficial and overall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu-Chun Mo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sanjiv Jain
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeannette Elliott
- Disability Resources and Educational Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Adam Bleakney
- Disability Resources and Educational Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Shaojun Lyu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Disability Resources and Educational Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Liu X, Wang Y, Wu Z. Infrared thermal imaging-based skin temperature response during cupping at two different negative pressures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15506. [PMID: 36109563 PMCID: PMC9477883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cupping therapy can relieve muscle fatigue and pain after exercise by increasing blood flow at the treatment site, which may lead to dynamic changes of the local skin temperature. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cupping on local skin temperature under two different negative pressures using infrared thermography (IRT). Cupping therapy was performed on the forearms of 22 healthy subjects using the negative pressures of − 0.03 and − 0.04 MPa. IRT was used to record the dynamic changes in skin temperature before, during, and after cupping. Both cupping pressures induced a non-linear skin temperature response: temperature decreased first and then increased during cupping, while it first increased and then decreased after cupping. A significant difference was noted between the two negative pressure groups in the maximum temperature increment after cupping (P < 0.001). Compared with the basal temperature before cupping, the maximum increase in skin temperature after cupping in the − 0.03 and − 0.04 MPa groups was 0.92 and 1.42 °C, respectively. The findings of this study can lay the foundation evaluating the curative effect of cupping based on IRT and provide an objective reference for selecting the cupping negative pressure.
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Effects of Muscle Fatigue and Recovery on Complexity of Surface Electromyography of Biceps Brachii. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23081036. [PMID: 34441176 PMCID: PMC8391607 DOI: 10.3390/e23081036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the degree of regularity of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals during muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions and muscle recovery after cupping therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing both muscle fatigue and muscle recovery using a nonlinear method. Twelve healthy participants were recruited to perform biceps curls at 75% of the 10 repetitions maximum under four conditions: immediately and 24 h after cupping therapy (-300 mmHg pressure), as well as after sham control (no negative pressure). Cupping therapy or sham control was assigned to each participant according to a pre-determined counter-balanced order and applied to the participant's biceps brachii for 5 min. The degree of regularity of the sEMG signal during the first, second, and last 10 repetitions (Reps) of biceps curls was quantified using a modified sample entropy (Ems) algorithm. When exercise was performed immediately or 24 h after sham control, Ems of the sEMG signal showed a significant decrease from the first to second 10 Reps; when exercise was performed immediately after cupping therapy, Ems also showed a significant decrease from the first to second 10 Reps but its relative change was significantly smaller compared to the condition of exercise immediately after sham control. When exercise was performed 24 h after cupping therapy, Ems did not show a significant decrease, while its relative change was significantly smaller compared to the condition of exercise 24 h after sham control. These results indicated that the degree of regularity of sEMG signals quantified by Ems is capable of assessing muscle fatigue and the effect of cupping therapy. Moreover, this measure seems to be more sensitive to muscle fatigue and could yield more consistent results compared to the traditional linear measures.
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Hou X, Wang X, Griffin L, Liao F, Peters J, Jan YK. Immediate and Delayed Effects of Cupping Therapy on Reducing Neuromuscular Fatigue. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:678153. [PMID: 34277583 PMCID: PMC8280458 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.678153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cupping therapy has been popular in elite athletes in recent years. However, the effect of cupping therapy on reducing muscle fatigue has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate and delayed effects of cupping therapy on reducing biceps brachii fatigue during biceps curls. Twelve healthy untrained participants were recruited for this repeated-measures study. Cupping therapy (–300 mmHg pressure for 5 min) and sham control (no negative pressure for 5 min) were applied after biceps fatigue induced by performing repeated biceps curls at 75% of the 10 repetitions of maximum of the non-dominant hand. Surface electromyography (EMG) with spectral analyses [mean frequency (MNF), median frequency (MDF), and spectral moments ratio (SMR)] were used to assess muscle fatigue during the fatigue task. EMG signals during the first 10 repetitions and the last 10 repetitions of biceps curls were used to assess neuromuscular fatigue. There were significant decreases in MNF and MDF and a significant increase in SMR immediately and 24 h after the sham control (no intervention). When comparing the MNF, MDF, and SMR after cupping therapy to the sham control, there was no significant immediate effect on reducing muscle fatigue. However, there was a significant delayed effect on improving recovery following fatigue for the cupping therapy compared to the sham control (MNF changes: sham 0.87 ± 0.02 vs. cupping 0.91 ± 0.02, p < 0.05; MDF changes sham: 0.85 ± 0.03 vs. cupping: 0.91 ± 0.02, p < 0.05; SMR changes: sham 1.89 ± 0.15 vs. cupping 1.58 ± 0.13, p < 0.05). The findings of this study demonstrate that there is a time effect of cupping therapy for reducing muscle fatigue. Cupping therapy is effective on reducing biceps brachii muscle fatigue after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hou
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lisa Griffin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Fuyuan Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, China
| | - Joseph Peters
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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