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Zhuan S, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Lei S, Wang X, Li J. Enhancing lower limb and core muscle activation with blood flow restriction training: a randomized crossover study on high-intensity squat exercises. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1436441. [PMID: 39161700 PMCID: PMC11330822 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1436441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of high-intensity deep squat training integrated with various blood flow restriction (BFR) modalities on the activation of lower limb and core muscles. Methods A randomized, self-controlled crossover experimental design was employed with 12 participants. The exercise protocol consisted of squat training at 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), performed in 3 sets of 8 repetitions with a 2-min inter-set rest period. This was conducted under four distinct BFR conditions: continuous low BFR (T1), intermittent medium BFR (T2), intermittent high BFR (T3), and a non-restricted control (C). Surface electromyography (EMG) was utilized to collect EMG signals from the target muscles during the BFR and squat training sessions. The root mean square (RMS) amplitude standard values were calculated for each squat set to quantify muscle activation levels, with these values expressed as a percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC). Rating of Perceived Exertion was evaluated after each squat set, and leg circumference measurements were taken. Results 1) During the first two sets of deep squats, the %MVC of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis in all compression groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the first set, the %MVC of the vastus lateralis in Group T3 was significantly higher than in Group T2 (p < 0.05). In the third set, the %MVC of the vastus medialis in Groups T1 and T3 was significantly lower than in the first two sets (p < 0.05). 2) Group T1 showed an increased activation of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles in the second and third sets, with %MVC values significantly greater than in the first set (p < 0.05). Group T2 only showed an increase in biceps femoris activation in the third set (p < 0.05). Group T3 significantly increased the activation of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles only in the first set (p < 0.05). 3) No significant differences were observed in the changes of rectus abdominis %MVC among the groups (p > 0.05). In the first set, Group T3's erector spinae %MVC was significantly higher than the control group's; in the second set, it was significantly higher than both Group T2 and the control group's (p < 0.05). 4) After training, a significant increase in thigh circumference was observed in all groups compared to before training (p < 0.05). 5) For RPE values, Group T2's post-squat values were significantly higher than the control group's after all three sets (p < 0.05). Group T1's RPE values were also significantly higher than the control group's after the third set (p < 0.05). Groups T1, T2, and C all had significantly higher RPE values in the second and third sets compared to the first set (p < 0.05). Conclusion All BFR modalities significantly enhanced the activation level of the anterior thigh muscles, with the continuous low BFR mode demonstrating a more stable effect. No significant differences were found in the activation level of the rectus abdominis among the groups. However, the intermittent high BFR mode was the most effective in increasing the activation level of the erector spinae muscles. While BFR did not further augment leg circumference changes, it did elevate subjective fatigue levels. The RPE was lowest during squatting under the intermittent high BFR condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoumeng Zhuan
- Linyi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Hebei Oriental University, School of Humanities, Langfang, Hebei, China
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Senlin Lei
- School of Art, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
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Yang K, Chee CS, Abdul Kahar J, Tengku Kamalden TF, Li R, Qian S. Effects of blood flow restriction training on physical fitness among athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16615. [PMID: 39025894 PMCID: PMC11258269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective, scientific and safe training method, but its effect on the overall quality of athletes remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to clarify the effects of BFRT on the physical fitness among athletes. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and SCOUPS, the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to assess methodological quality, and RevMan 5.4 and STATA 15.0 software were used to analyze the data. A meta-analysis of 28 studies with a total sample size of 542 athletes aged 14-26 years and assessed as low risk for quality was performed. Our results revealed that the BFRT intervention had small to large improvements in the athletes' strength (ES = 0.74-1.03), power (ES = 0.46), speed (ES = 0.54), endurance (ES = 1.39-1.40), body composition (ES = 0.28-1.23), while there was no significant effect on body mass (p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed that moderator variables (training duration, frequency, load, cuff pressure, and pressurization time) also had varying degrees of effect on athletes' physical fitness parameters. In conclusion, BFRT had a positive effect on the physical fitness parameters of the athletes, with significantly improved strength, power, speed, endurance and body composition, but not body mass parameters. When the training frequency ≥ 3 times/week, cuff pressure ≥ 160 mmHg, and pressurization time ≥ 10 min, the BFRT group was more favorable for the improvement of physical fitness parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Soon Chee
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Johan Abdul Kahar
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rui Li
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shaowen Qian
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Yang J, O'Keeffe R, Shirazi SY, Mehrdad S, Atashzar SF, Rao S. Muscle activity and hypoalgesia in blood flow restricted versus unrestricted effort-matched resistance exercise in healthy adults. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16037. [PMID: 39034596 PMCID: PMC11260880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed muscle activity (root mean square, RMS, and median frequency, MDF) to evaluate the acute response to blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise (RE) and conventional moderate intensity (MI) RE. We also performed exploratory analyses of differences based on sex and exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fourteen asymptomatic individuals performed four sets of unilateral leg press with their dominant leg to volitional fatigue under two exercise conditions: BFR RE and MI RE. Dominant side rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) through exercise. RMS and MDF were calculated and compared between conditions and timepoints using a linear mixed model. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were tested before and immediately after exercise and used to quantify EIH. Participants were then divided into EIH responders and nonresponders, and the differences on RMS and MDF were compared between the two groups using Hedges' g. RMS significantly increased over time (RF: p = 0.0039; VL: p = 0.001) but not between conditions (RF: p = 0.4; VL: p = 0.67). MDF decreased over time (RF: p = 0.042; VL: p < 0.001) but not between conditions (RF: p = 0.74; VL: p = 0.77). Consistently lower muscle activation was found in females compared with males (BRF, RF: g = 0.63; VL, g = 0.5. MI, RF: g = 0.72; VL: g = 1.56), with more heterogeneous findings in MDF changes. For BFR, EIH responders showed greater RMS changes (Δ RMS) (RF: g = 0.90; VL: g = 1.21) but similar MDF changes (Δ MDF) (RF: g = 0.45; VL: g = 0.28) compared to nonresponders. For MI, EIH responders demonstrated greater increase on Δ RMS (g = 0.61) and decrease on Δ MDF (g = 0.68) in RF but similar changes in VL (Δ RMS: g = 0.40; Δ MDF: g = 0.39). These results indicate that when exercising to fatigue, no statistically significant difference was observed between BFR RE and conventional MI RE in Δ RMS and Δ MDF. Lower muscle activity was noticed in females. While exercising to volitional fatigue, muscle activity may contribute to EIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Physical TherapyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Rory O'Keeffe
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Seyed Yahya Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarmad Mehrdad
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - S. Farokh Atashzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Smita Rao
- Department of Physical TherapyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Wolman A, Çatal Y, Klar P, Steffener J, Northoff G. Repertoire of timescales in uni - and transmodal regions mediate working memory capacity. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120602. [PMID: 38579900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) describes the dynamic process of maintenance and manipulation of information over a certain time delay. Neuronally, WM recruits a distributed network of cortical regions like the visual and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the subcortical hippocampus. How the input dynamics and subsequent neural dynamics impact WM remains unclear though. To answer this question, we combined the analysis of behavioral WM capacity with measuring neural dynamics through task-related power spectrum changes, e.g., median frequency (MF) in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We show that the processing of the input dynamics, e.g., the task structure's specific timescale, leads to changes in the unimodal visual cortex's corresponding timescale which also relates to working memory capacity. While the more transmodal hippocampus relates to working memory capacity through its balance across multiple timescales or frequencies. In conclusion, we here show the relevance of both input dynamics and different neural timescales for WM capacity in uni - and transmodal regions like visual cortex and hippocampus for the subject's WM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wolman
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada.
| | - Yasir Çatal
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Philipp Klar
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jason Steffener
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees Ave, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
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Glovsky TE, Iwasaki LR, Wu Y, Liu H, Liu Y, Sousa Melo SL, Nickel JC. Orthognathic surgery effects on temporomandibular joint compressive stresses. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023; 26 Suppl 1:142-150. [PMID: 37000157 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study tested orthognathic surgery effects on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) compressive stresses. METHODS Pre- (T1) and post-surgery (T2) cone-beam computed tomography images were collected from consenting subjects aged ≥15 years. Anatomical data were used to measure surgical changes in anteroposterior mandibular position and occlusal plane angle (FH-OP), estimate condylar loading areas (mm2 ) and calculate T1 and T2 TMJ and jaw muscle forces (N) during canine biting via numerical modelling. Analysis of covariance tested for sex and biting angle differences in T2 - T1 TMJ compressive stresses (TMJ force/loading area, MPa). Principal component analyses identified jaw muscle forces that accounted for changes in T2 - T1 TMJ loads. Regression analyses tested the correlations between surgical changes in mandibular position, FH-OP, TMJ loads and muscle forces. RESULTS Of 148 cases screened, 28 females and 16 males provided complete records. Condylar loading areas were significantly smaller (P = .024) for females vs males (124 ± 5 vs 144 ± 7 mm2 ). T2 - T1 differences in TMJ compressive stresses varied by surgical change, biting angle and sex. Overall, the largest increases in TMJ compressive stresses post-surgery were for females with mandibular setbacks where FH-OP angle decreased. T2 - T1 changes in jaw muscle forces had moderate (ipsilateral, λ = 4.59; η2 = 0.071) to large (contralateral, λ = 1.49; η2 = 0.31) effects on TMJ loads. CONCLUSIONS T2 - T1 differences in TMJ compressive stresses during canine biting were affected by surgical changes in mandibular position and occlusal plane angle, biting angle and sex. Surgical changes altered jaw muscle forces for the same biting conditions and, thus, affected TMJ loads and compressive stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Glovsky
- School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
| | - Laura R Iwasaki
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
| | - Hongzeng Liu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614, USA
| | - Saulo L Sousa Melo
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nickel
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 97201, Oregon, Portland, 2730 S Moody Ave., USA
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