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Zou M, Lei C, Huang D, Liu L, Han Y. Application of plant-derived products as adjuvants for immune activation and vaccine development. Vaccine 2024; 42:126115. [PMID: 38987109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important means to prevent and control the epidemic of infectious diseases. Commercial vaccines not only include corresponding antigens, but also need vaccine adjuvants. Immune adjuvants play an increasingly important role in the research, development and manufacture of vaccines. Adjuvants combined with antigens can improve the stability, safety and immune efficiency of vaccines. Some substances that can enhance the immune response have been found in nature(mainly plants) and used as adjuvants in vaccines to improve the immune effect of vaccines. These plant-derived immune adjuvants often have the advantages of low toxicity, high stability, low price, etc., providing more possibilities for vaccine development. We summarized and analyzed the advantages, application research, particulate delivery systems, existing problems and future research focus of botanical adjuvant. It is hoped to provide new ideas for the research and development of immune adjuvants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Zou
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chang Lei
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yuanshan Han
- The First Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, China.
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2
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Hlushko R, Pozharski E, Prabhu VM, Andrianov AK. Directly visualizing individual polyorganophosphazenes and their single-chain complexes with proteins. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:36. [PMID: 38817739 PMCID: PMC11139433 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Polyorganophosphazenes are water-soluble macromolecules with immunoadjuvant activity that self-assemble with proteins to enable biological functionality. Direct imaging by cryogenic electron microscopy uncovers the coil structure of those highly charged macromolecules. The successful visualization of individual polymer chains within the vitrified state is achieved in the absence of additives for contrast enhancement and is attributed to the high mass contrast of the inorganic backbone. Upon assembly with proteins, multiple protein copies bind at the single polymer chain level resulting in structures reminiscent of compact spherical complexes or stiffened coils. The outcome depends on protein characteristics and cannot be deduced by commonly used characterization techniques, such as light scattering, thus revealing direct morphological insights crucial for understanding biological activity. Atomic force microscopy supports the morphology outcomes while advanced analytical techniques confirm protein-polymer binding. The chain visualization methodology provides tools for gaining insights into the processes of supramolecular assembly and mechanistic aspects of polymer enabled vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Hlushko
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology‡, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States of America
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3
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Su H, Chen Y, Jing X, Zhao X, Sun H, Liu Z, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Guan H, Meng L. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Nanoplatform for Effective Management of Infected Wounds. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302868. [PMID: 37925607 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Burn wound healing continues to pose significant challenges due to excessive inflammation, the risk of infection, and impaired tissue regeneration. In this regard, an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory nanocomposite (called HPA) that combines a nanosystem using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and the natural polyphenol of Phloretin with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is developed. HPA effectively disperses AgNPs to mitigate any toxicity caused by aggregation while also showing the pharmacological activities of Phloretin. During the initial stage of wound healing, HPA rapidly releases silver ions from its surface to suppress bacterial activity. Moreover, these nanoparticles are pH-sensitive and degrade efficiently in the acidic infection microenvironment, gradually releasing Phloretin. This sustained release of Phloretin helps scavenge overexpressed reactive oxygen species in the infected microenvironment area, thus reducing the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The antibacterial activity, free radical clearance, and regulation of inflammatory factors of HPA through in vitro experiments are validated. Additionally, its effects using an infectious burn mouse model in vivo are evaluated. HPA is found to promote collagen deposition and epithelialization in the wound area. With its synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as favorable biocompatibilities, HPA shows great promise as a safe and effective multifunctional nanoplatform for burn injury wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xunan Jing
- Department of Talent Highland, Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Heng Sun
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yao Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zuoliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Talent Highland, Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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4
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Abdelaziz K, Helmy YA, Yitbarek A, Hodgins DC, Sharafeldin TA, Selim MSH. Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38400118 PMCID: PMC10893217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing demand for poultry products and the current challenges facing the poultry industry, the application of biotechnology to enhance poultry production has gained growing significance. Biotechnology encompasses all forms of technology that can be harnessed to improve poultry health and production efficiency. Notably, biotechnology-based approaches have fueled rapid advances in biological research, including (a) genetic manipulation in poultry breeding to improve the growth and egg production traits and disease resistance, (b) rapid identification of infectious agents using DNA-based approaches, (c) inclusion of natural and synthetic feed additives to poultry diets to enhance their nutritional value and maximize feed utilization by birds, and (d) production of biological products such as vaccines and various types of immunostimulants to increase the defensive activity of the immune system against pathogenic infection. Indeed, managing both existing and newly emerging infectious diseases presents a challenge for poultry production. However, recent strides in vaccine technology are demonstrating significant promise for disease prevention and control. This review focuses on the evolving applications of biotechnology aimed at enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, stability, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University Poole Agricultural Center, Jersey Ln #129, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson University School of Health Research (CUSHR), Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Tamer A. Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
| | - Mohamed S. H. Selim
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
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5
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Andrianov A, Hlushko R, Pozharski E, Prabhu V. Cryo-EM and AFM visualize linear polyorganophosphazene: individual chains and single-chain assemblies with proteins. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3411603. [PMID: 37961436 PMCID: PMC10635375 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3411603/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyorganophosphazenes are biodegradable macromolecules with potent immunoadjuvant activity that self-assemble with protein antigens to provide biological activity. Direct imaging by cryogenic electron microscopy reveals the coil structure of the highly-charged high molecular mass synthetic polyorganophosphazenes within the vitrified state without any additives for contrast enhancement for the first time. Upon mixing with protein antigens under a controlled stoichiometric ratio, multiple proteins bind at the single chain level revealing a structural change reminiscent of compact spherical complexes or stiffened coils depending on the bound protein antigen. The structural outcome depends on the protein charge density that cannot be deduced by methods, such as dynamic light scattering, thus revealing direct morphological insight necessary to understand in vivo biological activity. Complementary atomic force microscopy supports the binding morphology outcomes as well as additional analytical techniques that indicate binding. These observations open opportunities to understand supramolecular assembly of proteins and other biomacromolecules at the single chain level with highly charged polyelectrolytes for vaccines as well as important to developing fields such as polyelectrolyte complex coacervation.
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6
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Toth EA, Andrianov AK, Fuerst TR. Prospects for developing an Hepatitis C virus E1E2-based nanoparticle vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2474. [PMID: 37565536 PMCID: PMC10626635 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, more than 58 million people are chronically infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) with 1.5 million new infections occurring each year. An effective vaccine for HCV is therefore a major unmet medical and public health need. Since HCV rapidly accumulates mutations, vaccines must elicit the production of broadly neutralising antibodies (bnAbs) in a reproducible fashion. Decades of research have generated a number of HCV vaccine candidates. Based on the available data and research through clinical development, a vaccine antigen based on the E1E2 glycoprotein complex appears to be the best choice, but robust induction of humoral and cellular responses leading to virus neutralisation has not yet been achieved. One issue that has arisen in developing an HCV vaccine (and many other vaccines as well) is the platform used for antigen delivery. The majority of viral vaccine trials have employed subunit vaccines. However, subunit vaccines often have limited immunogenicity, as seen for HCV, and thus multiple formats must be examined in order to elicit a robust anti-HCV immune response. Nanoparticle vaccines are gaining prominence in the field due to their ability to facilitate a controlled multivalent presentation and trafficking to lymph nodes, where they can interact with both arms of the immune system. This review discusses the potential for development of a nanoparticle-based HCV E1E2 vaccine, with an emphasis on the potential benefits of such an approach along with the major challenges facing the incorporation of E1E2 into nanoparticulate delivery systems and how those challenges can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Toth
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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7
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Jin GW, Rejinold NS, Choy JH. Polyphosphazene-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15993. [PMID: 36555633 PMCID: PMC9781794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, synthetic polymers have attracted great interest in the field of biomedical science. Among these, polyphosphazenes (PPZs) are regarded as one of the most promising materials, due to their structural flexibility and biodegradability compared to other materials. PPZs have been developed through numerous studies. In particular, multi-functionalized PPZs have been proven to be potential biomaterials in various forms, such as nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrogels, through the introduction of various functional groups. Thus, PPZs have been applied for the delivery of therapeutic molecules (low molecular weight drugs, genes and proteins), bioimaging, phototherapy, bone regeneration, dental liners, modifiers and medical devices. The main goal of the present review is to highlight the recent and the most notable existing PPZ-based biomaterials for aforementioned applications, with future perspectives in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Woo Jin
- Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML), Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, CnPharm Co., Ltd., Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - N. Sanoj Rejinold
- Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML), Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choy
- Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML), Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pre-Medical Course, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- International Research Frontier Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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8
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Ahmad M, Nawaz T, Hussain I, Chen X, Imran M, Hussain R, Assiri MA, Ali S, Wu Z. Phosphazene Cyclomatrix Network-Based Polymer: Chemistry, Synthesis, and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28694-28707. [PMID: 36033672 PMCID: PMC9404196 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are an inorganic molecular hybrid family with multifunctional properties due to their wide range of organic substitutes. This review intends to propose the basics of the synthetic chemistry of polyphosphazene, describing for researchers outside the field the basic knowledge required to design and prepare polyphosphazenes with desired properties. A special emphasis is placed on recent advances in chemical synthesis, which allow not only the synthesis of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and polydispersities but also the synthesis of novel branched designs and block copolymers. We also investigated the synthesis of polyphosphazenes using various functional materials. This review aims to assist researchers in synthesizing their specific polyphosphazene material with unique property combinations, with the hope of stimulating further research and even more innovative applications for these highly interesting multifaceted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tehseen Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research
Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Division
of Science and Technology, University of
Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research
Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafqat Ali
- Department
of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan
University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- State
Key
Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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9
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Lin M, Marin A, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Andrianov AK, Janda KD. Polyphosphazene: A New Adjuvant Platform for Cocaine Vaccine Development. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3358-3366. [PMID: 35984034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that has seen a steady uptrend causing severe health problems worldwide. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for treating cocaine use disorder; hence, there is an urgent need to identify new medications. Immunopharmacotherapeutics is a promising approach utilizing endogenous antibodies generated through active vaccination, and if properly programmed, can blunt a drug's psychoactive and addictive effects. However, drug vaccine efficacy has largely been limited by the modest levels of antibodies induced. Herein, we explored an adjuvant system consisting of a polyphosphazene macromolecule, specifically poly[di(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCEP), a biocompatible synthetic polymer that was solicited for improved cocaine conjugate vaccine delivery performance. Our results demonstrated PCEP's superior assembling efficiency with a cocaine hapten as well as with the combined adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Importantly, this combination led to a higher titer response, balanced immunity, successful sequestering of cocaine in the blood, and a reduction in the drug in the brain. Moreover, a PCEP-cocaine conjugate vaccine was also found to function well via intranasal administration, where its efficacy was demonstrated through the antibody titer, affinity, mucosal IgA production, and a reduction in cocaine's locomotor activity. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of PCEP integrated within a cocaine vaccine established an advance in the use of synthetic adjuvants in the drugs of abuse vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Awate S, Scruten E, Mutwiri G, Napper S. Kinome Analysis to Define Mechanisms of Adjuvant Action: PCEP Induces Unique Signaling at the Injection Site and Lymph Nodes. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060927. [PMID: 35746541 PMCID: PMC9228728 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of action of adjuvants through systems biology enables rationale criteria for their selection, optimization, and application. As kinome analysis has proven valuable for defining responses to infectious agents and providing biomarkers of vaccine responsiveness, it is a logical candidate to define molecular responses to adjuvants. Signaling responses to the adjuvant poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) were defined at the site of injection and draining lymph node at 24 h post-vaccination. Kinome analysis indicates that PCEP induces a proinflammatory environment at the injection site, including activation of interferon and IL-6 signaling events. This is supported by the elevated expression of proinflammatory genes (IFNγ, IL-6 and TNFα) and the recruitment of myeloid (neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells) and lymphoid (CD4+, CD8+ and B) cells. Kinome analysis also indicates that PCEP’s mechanism of action is not limited to the injection site. Strong signaling responses to PCEP, but not alum, are observed at the draining lymph node where, in addition to proinflammatory signaling, PCEP activates responses associated with growth factor and erythropoietin stimulation. Coupled with the significant (p < 0.0001) recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells to the lymph node by PCEP (but not alum) supports the systemic consequences of the adjuvant. Collectively, these results indicate that PCEP utilizes a complex, multi-faceted MOA and support the utility of kinome analysis to define cellular responses to adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Awate
- UVAXX Pte. Ltd., 203 Henderson Industrial Road, Singapore 159546, Singapore
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (E.S.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (E.S.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (E.S.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
- School of Public Health, 107 Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (E.S.); (G.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, 107 Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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11
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Subash A, Basanth A, Kandasubramanian B. Biodegradable polyphosphazene – hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2082426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alsha Subash
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abina Basanth
- Biopolymer Science, CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), Kochi, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Nanodispersions of Polyelectrolytes Based on Humic Substances: Isolation, Physico-Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111954. [PMID: 34834368 PMCID: PMC8623726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polyelectrolytes, including in the form of complexes with colloidal particles, are increasingly used in pharmacy due to the possibility of regulated attachment of medicinal substances and their targeted delivery to the target organ. However, the formation, stability, and molecular-mass characteristics of polyelectrolyte nanodispersions (ND) vary depending on the nature and composition of the medium of their origin. This is due to the lack of standardized approaches to quality control and regulatory documentation for most natural ND. In this paper, we first introduced the isolation, followed by investigations into their physico-chemical properties and bioactivity. Using the dried droplet method, we were able to detect the “coffee ring effect”. Fractographic studies of the surface structure of EHA and FA dried samples using SEM showed its heterogeneity and the presence of submicron particles encapsulated in the internal molecular cavities of polyelectrolyte. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the ND chemical structure of benzo-α-pyron and benzo-γ-pyron, consisting of nanoparticles and a branched frame part. The main elements detected by X-ray fluorescence in humic substance extract and fulvic acid include Si, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, whereas Fe is in high concentrations. The UV-spectra and fluorescent radiation demonstrated the possibility of studying the effect of the fulvate chromone structure on its optical properties. It is shown that dilution of the initial solutions of polyelectrolytes 1:10 contributes to the detection of smaller nanoparticles and an increase in the absolute value of the negative ζ-potential as a factor of ND stability. A study of the EHS effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus infectious titer in the Vero E6 cell showed the effective against virus both in the virucidal scheme (the SI is 11.90–22.43) and treatment/prevention scheme (the SI is 34.85–57.33). We assume that polyelectrolyte ND prevent the binding of the coronavirus spike glycoprotein to the receptor. Taking into account the results obtained, we expect that the developed approach can become unified for the standardization of the ND natural polyelectrolytes complex, which has great prospects for use in pharmacy and medicine as a drug with antiviral activity.
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