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Sun J, Shi Z, Tan Q, Zhong M, Wang N, Xin S, Liu X, Li R, Ma Y, Wu K, Cui Y, Hui W. An Integrated Micro-Heating System for On-Chip Isothermal Amplification of African Swine Fever Virus Genes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402446. [PMID: 39194585 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is widely used in the laboratory to facilitate rapid DNA or RNA detection with a streamlined operational process, whose properties are greatly dependent on the uniformity and rise rate of temperature in the reaction chambers and the design of the primers. This paper introduces a planar micro-heater equipped with an embedded micro-temperature sensor to realize temperature tunability at a low energy cost. Moreover, a control system, based on the Wheatstone bridge and proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control, is designed to measure and adjust the temperature of the micro-heater. The maximum temperature rise rate of the designed micro-heater is ≈8 °C s-1, and it only takes ≈60 s to reach the target temperature. Furthermore, a designed plasmid, containing the B646L gene of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), and a set of specific primers, are used to combine with the designed micro-heating system to implement the LAMP reaction. Finally, the lateral flow assay is used to interpret the amplification results visually. This method can achieve highly sensitive and efficient detection of ASFV within 40 min. The sensitivity of this on-chip gene detection method is 8.4 copies per reaction, holding great potential for applications in DNA and RNA amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Zongqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Qiongxiang Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mingjie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Shumin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Ruohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79401, USA
| | - Yali Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wenli Hui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Sultana A, Geethakumari AM, Islam Z, Kolatkar PR, Biswas KH. BRET-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 oligonucleotide detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353479. [PMID: 38887615 PMCID: PMC11181354 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for the early detection of emerging pathogenic viruses and their newer variants has driven the urgent demand for developing point-of-care diagnostic tools. Although nucleic acid-based methods such as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have been developed, a more facile and robust platform is still required. To address this need, as a proof-of-principle study, we engineered a prototype-the versatile, sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor for oligonucleotide detection (BioOD). Specifically, we designed BioODs against the SARS-CoV-2 parental (Wuhan strain) and B.1.617.2 Delta variant through the conjugation of specific, fluorescently modified molecular beacons (sensor module) through a complementary oligonucleotide handle DNA functionalized with the NanoLuc (NLuc) luciferase protein such that the dissolution of the molecular beacon loop upon the binding of the viral oligonucleotide will result in a decrease in BRET efficiency and, thus, a change in the bioluminescence spectra. Following the assembly of the BioODs, we determined their kinetics response, affinity for variant-specific oligonucleotides, and specificity, and found them to be rapid and highly specific. Furthermore, the decrease in BRET efficiency of the BioODs in the presence of viral oligonucleotides can be detected as a change in color in cell phone camera images. We envisage that the BioODs developed here will find application in detecting viral infections with variant specificity in a point-of-care-testing format, thus aiding in large-scale viral infection surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfia Sultana
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anupriya M. Geethakumari
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R. Kolatkar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Yang C, Zhen Y, Hou J, Mi T. Development of a Rapid Detection Method to Prorocentrum lima by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Hydroxy Naphthol Blue. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:475-487. [PMID: 38602600 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima, a widely distributed dinoflagellate known for its production of harmful biotoxins, poses a significant threat to humans, aquaculture, and marine ecosystems. As a result, the detection of this toxic alga in coastal waters has become an urgent research focus. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed to identify P. lima. In this method, cell extracts of P. lima were diluted and used directly as templates for amplification, eliminating the need for nucleic acid purification and simplifying the detection process. Hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) was incorporated into the reaction mix to facilitate result interpretation, enabling visual determination of the amplification outcome with the naked eye. The entire detection process, from DNA extraction to template amplification and product detection, could be completed within 80 min using a simple constant temperature-control device. This LAMP-based detection method demonstrated excellent reliability, specificity, and a low detection limit of 5.87 cells/mL for DNA crude extract. The assay offered an efficient alternative to PCR for rapid detection of P. lima. By streamlining the detection process and offering a visual readout, this technique holds promise for efficient and routine monitoring of harmful algal species, benefitting both research efforts and environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jialin Hou
- Weifang Bangmao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Xu C, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wu H, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Yu B, Fang L, Wu Z. A Portable, Integrated, Sample-In Result-Out Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Device for Rapid and Sensitive Chikungunya Virus Detection. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:663. [PMID: 38793236 PMCID: PMC11123350 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne virus that causes epidemics, is often misdiagnosed due to symptom similarities with other arboviruses. Here, a portable and integrated nucleic acid-based diagnostic device, which combines reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral-flow detection, was developed. The device is simple to use, precise, equipment-free, and highly sensitive, enabling rapid chikungunya virus identification. The result can be obtained by the naked eye within 40 min. The assay can effectively distinguish chikungunya virus from dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Zika virus, and yellow fever virus with high specificity and sensitivity as low as 598.46 copies mL-1. It has many benefits for the community screening and monitoring of chikungunya virus in resource-limited areas because of its effectiveness and simplicity. The platform has great potential for the rapid nucleic acid detection of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yalin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guiying Zhu
- Shanghai Sci-Tech InnoCenter for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Ustar Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Ustar Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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5
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Tian W, Zhang Y, Geng S, Wang J, Ji W, Xu Y, Gao X, Li X, Lin L, Liu Y, Song C, Chen Z, Zhang W. Evaluation of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in clinical laboratories: A single-center study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29258. [PMID: 38054542 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an acute infectious disease prevalent in East Asia with a high mortality rate (5%-30%). Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), a rapid nucleic acid-based diagnostic technique, is a useful alternative for the clinical diagnosis of SFTS, particularly in resource-limited hospitals or rural clinics in SFTS virus-endemic regions. However, the actual clinical sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP remain unclear. This study evaluated the field application of RT-LAMP. This prospective field study included 130 patients with laboratory-confirmed SFTS from Yantai, Shandong Province, China. Two sets of RT-LAMP primers were validated, and one set of RT-LAMP assays was optimized for field detection. Nucleic acids of serially collected serum/plasma samples were identified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RT-LAMP. In laboratory tests, we optimized the detection time of primer set 2 for the RT-LAMP to 60 min. Notably, the onsite testing of 279 plasma samples from patients with SFTS revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 81.9% and 96.3%, respectively. We also analyzed samples with different durations of the disease, and our study showed that the sensitivity of RT-LAMP detection at the beginning of admission was 89.92%. Univariate analysis showed that the detection rate of RT-LAMP was similar to that of RT-qPCR in the first 5 days of the disease course and was lower than that of RT-qPCR on Days 6 and 14-15 of the disease course. The positive detection rate in patients aged ≥ 65 years was significantly higher than that in younger age groups. RT-LAMP is a simple, suitable, and rapid clinical detection method of SFTS onsite screening. It is more suitable for screening patients in the early stages of the disease and analyzing samples obtained from patients aged ≥ 65 years before the 6th day of the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuying Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Yuanni Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Li M, Ge H, Sun Z, Fu J, Cao L, Feng X, Meng G, Peng Y, Liu Y, Zhao C. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification-enabled analytical assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068015. [PMID: 36619749 PMCID: PMC9816412 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of words: 4645, the number of figures: 4, the number of tables: 1The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 caused a global pandemic of acute respiratory disease, and with the increasing virulence of mutant strains and the number of confirmed cases, this has resulted in a tremendous threat to global public health. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is urgently needed for rapid control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As a new molecular biology technology, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has the advantages of convenient operation, speed, low cost and high sensitivity and specificity. In the past two years, rampant COVID-19 and the continuous variation in the virus strains have demanded higher requirements for the rapid detection of pathogens. Compared with conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR methods, genotyping RT-LAMP method and LAMP plus peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe detection methods have been developed to correctly identified SARS-CoV-2 variants, which is also why LAMP technology has attracted much attention. LAMP detection technology combined with lateral flow assay, microfluidic technology and other sensing technologies can effectively enhance signals by nucleic acid amplification and help to give the resulting output in a faster, more convenient and user-friendly way. At present, LAMP plays an important role in the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Li
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,College of medical technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongjuan Ge
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,College of medical technology, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jangshan Fu
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Lele Cao
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Xinrui Feng
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,Medical college, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guixian Meng
- College of medical laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yubo Peng
- Business School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yan Liu
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liu, ; Chen Zhao,
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of public health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liu, ; Chen Zhao,
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Cheng J, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Lu J, Wu J, Wang Y. Development and clinical application of a endonuclease restriction real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ERT-LAMP) assay for rapid detection of Haemophilus influenzae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037343. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is a main human pathogen that results in a series of diseases in children and adults, such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Although there are many detection methods, they cannot meet the requirements of an early diagnosis. For the prevention and control of H. influenzae infection, quick, sensitive, and particular diagnostics are crucial. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) coupled with restricted endonuclease digestion and real-time fluorescence (H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP) detection was employed to diagnose H. influenzae. H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP combines LAMP amplification, restriction endonuclease cleavage, and real-time fluorescence identification into a single-pot reaction, allowing for the rapid identification of H. influenzae in 40 min. The outer membrane protein (OMP) P6 gene of H. influenzae was employed to build a sequence of H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP primers. The limit of detection (LoD) of H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP test was 40 fg of genomic DNA per reaction, and the non-H. influenzae templates did not provide positive outcomes. To investigate the applicability of H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP method in clinical sample detection, 30 sputum specimens were obtained from individuals suspected of being infected with H. influenzae. H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP outcomes were in total agreement with LAMP-LFB and PCR. The H. influenzae-ERT-LAMP assay provides rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection making it a promising screening strategy in clinical and basic lab settings.
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Liang J, Zeng J, Huang X, Zhu T, Gong Y, Dong C, Wang X, Zhao L, Xie L, Liang K, Tan Q, Cui Y, Kong B, Hui W. Super-assembly of integrated gold magnetic assay with loop-mediated isothermal amplification for point-of-care testing. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:1242-1251. [PMID: 35966151 PMCID: PMC9362447 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED With the increasing global threat of various diseases and infections, it is essential to develop a fast, low-cost, and easy-to-use point-of-care testing (POCT) system for inspections at all levels of medical institutions and self-examination at home. In this work, gold magnetic nanoparticles (GMNPs) are used as the key material, and a rapid visual detection method is designed through integrating loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow assay (LFA) biosensor for detecting a variety of analytes which includes whole blood, buccal swabs, and DNA. It is worth to note that the proposed method does not need DNA extraction. Furthermore, uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) is employed to eliminate carrier contamination for preventing false positive results. The whole detection process can be finished within 25 min. The accuracy of detection is measured by assessing the polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T. The detection limit of the newly developed extraction-free detection system for MTHFR C677T is 0.16 ng/μL. A preliminary clinical study of the proposed method is carried out by analyzing 600 clinical samples (including 200 whole blood samples, 100 buccal swabs, and 300 genomic DNA samples). The results indicate that the proposed method is 100% consistent with the sequencing results which provides a new choice for POCT and shows a broad application prospect in all levels of medical clinics and at home. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (details for MTHFR C677T primer sequences, the cell count results of samples at different dilution ratios, genotyping results and frequency samples, a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, the sensitivity of the system, detection results of multiple samples, and optimization of the system) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4692-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liang
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Yonglong Gong
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Chen Dong
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Qiongxiang Tan
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Yali Cui
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Nano-Biomedical Detection, Xi’an, 710077 China
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wenli Hui
- The College of life science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
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