1
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Vitale S, Calapà F, Colonna F, Luongo F, Biffoni M, De Maria R, Fiori ME. Advancements in 3D In Vitro Models for Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405084. [PMID: 38962943 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The process of drug discovery and pre-clinical testing is currently inefficient, expensive, and time-consuming. Most importantly, the success rate is unsatisfactory, as only a small percentage of tested drugs are made available to oncological patients. This is largely due to the lack of reliable models that accurately predict drug efficacy and safety. Even animal models often fail to replicate human-specific pathologies and human body's complexity. These factors, along with ethical concerns regarding animal use, urge the development of suitable human-relevant, translational in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vitale
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Federica Calapà
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colonna
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Francesca Luongo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" - IRCCS, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Micol E Fiori
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
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2
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Lorenzo-Martín LF, Broguiere N, Langer J, Tillard L, Nikolaev M, Coukos G, Homicsko K, Lutolf MP. Patient-derived mini-colons enable long-term modeling of tumor-microenvironment complexity. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02301-4. [PMID: 38956326 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Existing organoid models fall short of fully capturing the complexity of cancer because they lack sufficient multicellular diversity, tissue-level organization, biological durability and experimental flexibility. Thus, many multifactorial cancer processes, especially those involving the tumor microenvironment, are difficult to study ex vivo. To overcome these limitations, we herein implemented tissue-engineering and microfabrication technologies to develop topobiologically complex, patient-specific cancer avatars. Focusing on colorectal cancer, we generated miniature tissues consisting of long-lived gut-shaped human colon epithelia ('mini-colons') that stably integrate cancer cells and their native tumor microenvironment in a format optimized for real-time, high-resolution evaluation of cellular dynamics. We demonstrate the potential of this system through several applications: a comprehensive evaluation of drug effectivity, toxicity and resistance in anticancer therapies; the discovery of a mechanism triggered by cancer-associated fibroblasts that drives cancer invasion; and the identification of immunomodulatory interactions among different components of the tumor microenvironment. Similar approaches should be feasible for diverse tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Langer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Tillard
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Nikolaev
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute Branch at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Translational Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krisztian Homicsko
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute Branch at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Translational Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Liu Y, Wang D, Luan Y, Tao B, Li Q, Feng Q, Zhou H, Mu J, Yu J. The application of organoids in colorectal diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1412489. [PMID: 38983913 PMCID: PMC11231380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1412489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids are a three-dimensional cell culture model derived from colon or pluripotent stem cells. Intestinal organoids constructed in vitro strongly mimic the colon epithelium in cell composition, tissue architecture, and specific functions, replicating the colon epithelium in an in vitro culture environment. As an emerging biomedical technology, organoid technology has unique advantages over traditional two-dimensional culture in preserving parental gene expression and mutation, cell function, and biological characteristics. It has shown great potential in the research and treatment of colorectal diseases. Organoid technology has been widely applied in research on colorectal topics, including intestinal tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, infectious diarrhea, and intestinal injury regeneration. This review focuses on the application of organoid technology in colorectal diseases, including the basic principles and preparation methods of organoids, and explores the pathogenesis of and personalized treatment plans for various colorectal diseases to provide a valuable reference for organoid technology development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Liu
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Luan
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boqiang Tao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Mu
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinhai Yu
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Sun H, Sun L, Ke X, Liu L, Li C, Jin B, Wang P, Jiang Z, Zhao H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun M, Pang M, Wang Y, Wu B, Zhao H, Sang X, Xing B, Yang H, Huang P, Mao Y. Prediction of Clinical Precision Chemotherapy by Patient-Derived 3D Bioprinting Models of Colorectal Cancer and Its Liver Metastases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304460. [PMID: 37973557 PMCID: PMC10787059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods accurately predicting the responses of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) to personalized chemotherapy remain limited due to tumor heterogeneity. This study introduces an innovative patient-derived CRC and CRLM tumor model for preclinical investigation, utilizing 3d-bioprinting (3DP) technology. Efficient construction of homogeneous in vitro 3D models of CRC/CRLM is achieved through the application of patient-derived primary tumor cells and 3D bioprinting with bioink. Genomic and histological analyses affirm that the CRC/CRLM 3DP tumor models effectively retain parental tumor biomarkers and mutation profiles. In vitro tests evaluating chemotherapeutic drug sensitivities reveal substantial tumor heterogeneity in chemotherapy responses within the 3DP CRC/CRLM models. Furthermore, a robust correlation is evident between the drug response in the CRLM 3DP model and the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings imply a significant potential for the application of patient-derived 3DP cancer models in precision chemotherapy prediction and preclinical research for CRC/CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xindi Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Changcan Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bao Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongliang Sun
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingchang Pang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Baocai Xing
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Engineering Research Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Technology and Device (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
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5
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Li Y, Liu J, Xu S, Wang J. 3D Bioprinting: An Important Tool for Tumor Microenvironment Research. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8039-8057. [PMID: 38164264 PMCID: PMC10758183 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s435845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development and treatment. Traditional 2D cell cultures fail to fully replicate the complete tumor microenvironment, while mouse tumor models suffer from time-consuming procedures and complex operations. However, in recent years, 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a vital tool in studying the tumor microenvironment. 3D bioprinting is a revolutionary biomanufacturing technique that involves layer-by-layer stacking of biological materials, such as cells and biomaterial scaffolds, to create highly precise 3D biostructures. This technology enables the construction of intricate tissue and organ models in the laboratory, which are utilized for biomedical research, drug development, and personalized medicine. The application of 3D bioprinting has brought unprecedented opportunities to fields such as cancer research, tissue engineering, and organ transplantation. It has opened new possibilities for addressing real-world biological challenges and improving medical treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the applications of 3D bioprinting technology in the context of the tumor microenvironment, aiming to explore its potential impact on cancer research and treatment. The use of this cutting-edge technology promises significant advancements in understanding cancer biology and enhancing medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Wu BX, Wu Z, Hou YY, Fang ZX, Deng Y, Wu HT, Liu J. Application of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in anti-cancer therapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20475. [PMID: 37800075 PMCID: PMC10550518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a novel technology that enables the creation of 3D structures with bioinks, the biomaterials containing living cells. 3D bioprinted structures can mimic human tissue at different levels of complexity from cells to organs. Currently, 3D bioprinting is a promising method in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications, as well as in anti-cancer therapy research. Cancer, a type of complex and multifaceted disease, presents significant challenges regarding diagnosis, treatment, and drug development. 3D bioprinted models of cancer have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, the development of cancers, and the responses to treatment. Conventional 2D cancer models have limitations in predicting human clinical outcomes and drug responses, while 3D bioprinting offers an innovative technique for creating 3D tissue structures that closely mimic the natural characteristics of cancers in terms of morphology, composition, structure, and function. By precise manipulation of the spatial arrangement of different cell types, extracellular matrix components, and vascular networks, 3D bioprinting facilitates the development of cancer models that are more accurate and representative, emulating intricate interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Moreover, the technology of 3D bioprinting enables the creation of personalized cancer models using patient-derived cells and biomarkers, thereby advancing the fields of precision medicine and immunotherapy. The integration of 3D cell models with 3D bioprinting technology holds the potential to revolutionize cancer research, offering extensive flexibility, precision, and adaptability in crafting customized 3D structures with desired attributes and functionalities. In conclusion, 3D bioprinting exhibits significant potential in cancer research, providing opportunities for identifying therapeutic targets, reducing reliance on animal experiments, and potentially lowering the overall cost of cancer treatment. Further investigation and development are necessary to address challenges such as cell viability, printing resolution, material characteristics, and cost-effectiveness. With ongoing progress, 3D bioprinting can significantly impact the field of cancer research and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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7
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McGuckin C, Forraz N, Milet C, Lacroix M, Sbirkov Y, Sarafian V, Ebel C, Spindler A, Koerper V, Balloul JM, Quéméneur E, Zaupa C. World's First Long-Term Colorectal Cancer Model by 3D Bioprinting as a Mechanism for Screening Oncolytic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4724. [PMID: 37835418 PMCID: PMC10571882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term modelization of cancer as it changes in the human body is a difficult goal, particularly when designing and testing new therapeutic strategies. This becomes even more difficult with metastasis modeling to show chemotherapeutic molecule delivery directly to tumoral cells. Advanced therapeutics, including oncolytic viruses, antibody-based and cell-based therapies are increasing. The question is, are screening tests also evolving? Next-generation therapeutics need equally advanced screening tests, which whilst difficult to achieve, are the goal of our work here, creating models of micro- and macrotumors using 3D bioprinting. We developed advanced colorectal cancer tumor processing techniques to provide options for cellular expansion, microtumor printing, and long-term models, which allow for the evaluation of the kinetics of penetration testing, therapeutic success, targeted therapies, and personalized medicine. We describe how we tested tumors from a primary colorectal patient and, applying 3D bioprinting, matured long-term models for oncolytic metastatic screening. Three-dimensional microtumors were kept alive for the longest time ever recorded in vitro, allowing longitudinal studies, screening of oncolytic viruses and realistic modelization of colorectal cancer. These 3D bioprinted models were maintained for around 6 months and were able to demonstrate the effective delivery of a product to the tumoral environment and represent a step forward in therapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McGuckin
- CTIPharma Department, Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBIOTECH, Bat A16, 5 Avenue Lionel Terray, Meyzieu, 69330 Lyon, France; (N.F.); (C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Nico Forraz
- CTIPharma Department, Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBIOTECH, Bat A16, 5 Avenue Lionel Terray, Meyzieu, 69330 Lyon, France; (N.F.); (C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Clément Milet
- CTIPharma Department, Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBIOTECH, Bat A16, 5 Avenue Lionel Terray, Meyzieu, 69330 Lyon, France; (N.F.); (C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Mathieu Lacroix
- CTIPharma Department, Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBIOTECH, Bat A16, 5 Avenue Lionel Terray, Meyzieu, 69330 Lyon, France; (N.F.); (C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Department of Medical Biology and Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (Y.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology and Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (Y.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Caroline Ebel
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
| | - Anita Spindler
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
| | - Véronique Koerper
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jean-Marc Balloul
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
| | - Eric Quéméneur
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cécile Zaupa
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67400 Strasbourg, France; (C.E.); (A.S.); (V.K.); (J.-M.B.); (E.Q.); (C.Z.)
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8
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Parodi I, Di Lisa D, Pastorino L, Scaglione S, Fato MM. 3D Bioprinting as a Powerful Technique for Recreating the Tumor Microenvironment. Gels 2023; 9:482. [PMID: 37367152 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro three-dimensional models aim to reduce and replace animal testing and establish new tools for oncology research and the development and testing of new anticancer therapies. Among the various techniques to produce more complex and realistic cancer models is bioprinting, which allows the realization of spatially controlled hydrogel-based scaffolds, easily incorporating different types of cells in order to recreate the crosstalk between cancer and stromal components. Bioprinting exhibits other advantages, such as the production of large constructs, the repeatability and high resolution of the process, as well as the possibility of vascularization of the models through different approaches. Moreover, bioprinting allows the incorporation of multiple biomaterials and the creation of gradient structures to mimic the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to report the main strategies and biomaterials used in cancer bioprinting. Moreover, the review discusses several bioprinted models of the most diffused and/or malignant tumors, highlighting the importance of this technique in establishing reliable biomimetic tissues aimed at improving disease biology understanding and high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Parodi
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronic, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Donatella Di Lisa
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Pastorino
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglione
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronic, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy
- React4life S.p.A., 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Massimo Fato
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronic, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy
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9
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Sun H, Yang H, Mao Y. Personalized treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of targeted medicine and bioengineering. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1150151. [PMID: 37214451 PMCID: PMC10198383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1150151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health burden, causing approximately 8.3 million deaths each year, and it is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a relative 5-year survival rate of around 18%. Due to the advanced stage of diagnosis in most patients, systemic treatment based on targeted therapy has become the only feasible option. Genomic studies have established a profile of molecular alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma with potentially actionable mutations, but these mutations have yet to be translated into clinical practice. The first targeted drug approved for systemic treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma was Sorafenib, which was a milestone. Subsequent clinical trials have identified multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Lenvatinib, Cabozantinib, and Regorafenib, for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, with survival benefits for the patient. Ongoing systemic therapy studies and trials include various immune-based combination therapies, with some early results showing promise and potential for new therapy plans. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is complicated by the significant heterogeneity of the disease and its propensity for developing drug resistance. Therefore, it is essential to choose a better, individualized treatment plan to benefit patients. Preclinical models capable of preserving in vivo tumor characteristics are urgently needed to circumvent heterogeneity and overcome drug resistance. In this review, we summarize current approaches to targeted therapy for HCC patients and the establishment of several patient-derived preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and how to achieve personalized treatment with the continuous development of targeted therapies and bioengineering technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huayu Yang
- *Correspondence: Huayu Yang, ; Yilei Mao,
| | - Yilei Mao
- *Correspondence: Huayu Yang, ; Yilei Mao,
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10
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Prashantha K, Krishnappa A, Muthappa M. 3D bioprinting of gastrointestinal cancer models: A comprehensive review on processing, properties, and therapeutic implications. Biointerphases 2023; 18:020801. [PMID: 36963961 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) malignancies are an important public health problem considering the increased incidence in recent years and the high morbidity and mortality associated with it. GIT malignancies constitute 26% of the global cancer incidence burden and 35% of all cancer-related deaths. Gastrointestinal cancers are complex and heterogenous diseases caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of gastrointestinal tract carcinomas is dynamic and complex; it cannot be recapitulated in the basic two-dimensional cell culture systems. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models can mimic the TME more closely, enabling an improved understanding of the microenvironmental cues involved in the various stages of cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. However, the heterogeneity of the TME is incompletely reproduced in these 3D culture models, as they fail to regulate the orientation and interaction of various cell types in a complex architecture. To emulate the TME, 3D bioprinting has emerged as a useful technique to engineer cancer tissue models. Bioprinted cancer tissue models can potentially recapitulate cancer pathology and increase drug resistance in an organ-mimicking 3D environment. In this review, we describe the 3D bioprinting methods, bioinks, characterization of 3D bioprinted constructs, and their application in developing gastrointestinal tumor models that integrate their microenvironment with different cell types and substrates, as well as bioprinting modalities and their application in therapy and drug screening. We review prominent studies on the 3D bioprinted esophageal, hepatobiliary, and colorectal cancer models. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the cancer microenvironment in printed tumor models, highlights current challenges with respect to their clinical translation, and summarizes future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalappa Prashantha
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Adichunchanagiri School of Natural Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Amita Krishnappa
- Department of Pathology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medicinal Sciences Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Malini Muthappa
- Department of Physiology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medicinal Sciences Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District 571448, Karnataka, India
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11
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Cadamuro F, Marongiu L, Marino M, Tamini N, Nespoli L, Zucchini N, Terzi A, Altamura D, Gao Z, Giannini C, Bindi G, Smith A, Magni F, Bertini S, Granucci F, Nicotra F, Russo L. 3D bioprinted colorectal cancer models based on hyaluronic acid and signalling glycans. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120395. [PMID: 36604073 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In cancer microenvironment, aberrant glycosylation events of ECM proteins and cell surface receptors occur. We developed a protocol to generate 3D bioprinted models of colorectal cancer (CRC) crosslinking hyaluronic acid and gelatin functionalized with three signalling glycans characterized in CRC, 3'-Sialylgalactose, 6'-Sialylgalactose and 2'-Fucosylgalactose. The crosslinking, performed exploiting azide functionalized gelatin and hyaluronic acid and 4arm-PEG-dibenzocyclooctyne, resulted in biocompatible hydrogels that were 3D bioprinted with commercial CRC cells HT-29 and patient derived CRC tumoroids. The glycosylated hydrogels showed good 3D printability, biocompatibility and stability over the time. SEM and synchrotron radiation SAXS/WAXS analysis revealed the influence of glycosylation in the construct morphology, whereas MALDI-MS imaging showed that protein profiles of tumoroid cells vary with glycosylation, indicating that sialylation and fucosylation of ECM proteins induce diverse alterations to the proteome of the tumoroid and surrounding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cadamuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Michele Marino
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Tamini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; ASST San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Nespoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; ASST San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Alberta Terzi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Davide Altamura
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Greta Bindi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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12
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Flores-Torres S, Jiang T, Kort-Mascort J, Yang Y, Peza-Chavez O, Pal S, Mainolfi A, Pardo LA, Ferri L, Bertos N, Sangwan V, Kinsella JM. Constructing 3D In Vitro Models of Heterocellular Solid Tumors and Stromal Tissues Using Extrusion-Based Bioprinting. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:542-561. [PMID: 36598339 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumor tissues exhibit inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities, aberrant development, dynamic stromal composition, diverse tissue phenotypes, and cell populations growing within localized mechanical stresses in hypoxic conditions. Experimental tumor models employing engineered systems that isolate and study these complex variables using in vitro techniques are under development as complementary methods to preclinical in vivo models. Here, advances in extrusion bioprinting as an enabling technology to recreate the three-dimensional tumor milieu and its complex heterogeneous characteristics are reviewed. Extrusion bioprinting allows for the deposition of multiple materials, or selected cell types and concentrations, into models based upon physiological features of the tumor. This affords the creation of complex samples with representative extracellular or stromal compositions that replicate the biology of patient tissue. Biomaterial engineering of printable materials that replicate specific features of the tumor microenvironment offer experimental reproducibility, throughput, and physiological relevance compared to animal models. In this review, we describe the potential of extrusion-based bioprinting to recreate the tumor microenvironment within in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Intelligent Machinery and Instrument, College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | | | - Yun Yang
- Department of Intelligent Machinery and Instrument, College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Omar Peza-Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sanjima Pal
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Alisia Mainolfi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Lucas Antonio Pardo
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Joseph M Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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13
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Reflections on the Biology of Cell Culture Models: Living on the Edge of Oxidative Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032717. [PMID: 36769044 PMCID: PMC9916950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the study of cell metabolism is a hot topic in cancer research. Many studies have used 2D conventional cell cultures for their simplicity and the facility to infer mechanisms. However, the limitations of bidimensional cell cultures to recreate architecture, mechanics, and cell communication between tumor cells and their environment, have forced the development of other more realistic in vitro methodologies. Therefore, the explosion of 3D culture techniques and the necessity to reduce animal experimentation to a minimum has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of cancer metabolism. Here, we revise the limitations of actual culture models and discuss the utility of several 3D culture techniques to resolve those limitations.
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14
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Zhuang X, Deng G, Wu X, Xie J, Li D, Peng S, Tang D, Zhou G. Recent advances of three-dimensional bioprinting technology in hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer models. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1143600. [PMID: 37188191 PMCID: PMC10175665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1143600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) cancer is a serious category of cancer including tumors originating in the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary ducts. It is limited by two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models for studying its complicated tumor microenvironment including diverse contents and dynamic nature. Recently developed three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a state-of-the-art technology for fabrication of biological constructs through layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks in a spatially defined manner, which is computer-aided and designed to generate viable 3D constructs. 3D bioprinting has the potential to more closely recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, dynamic and complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions compared to the current methods, which benefits from its precise definition of positioning of various cell types and perfusing network in a high-throughput manner. In this review, we introduce and compare multiple types of 3D bioprinting methodologies for HPB cancer and other digestive tumors. We discuss the progress and application of 3D bioprinting in HPB and gastrointestinal cancers, focusing on tumor model manufacturing. We also highlight the current challenges regarding clinical translation of 3D bioprinting and bioinks in the field of digestive tumor research. Finally, we suggest valuable perspectives for this advanced technology, including combination of 3D bioprinting with microfluidics and application of 3D bioprinting in the field of tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhuang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juping Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Zhou, ;
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15
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Deng CL, Wu B. The potential role of the three-dimensional-bioprinting model in screening and developing drugs. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6788-6790. [PMID: 36620341 PMCID: PMC9813933 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i47.6788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have read with great interest the original article used different spatial configuration models of colorectal cancer (CRC) for validating the anti-tumor efficacy with Diiminoquinone. We feel obliged to provide new insight into the drug screening models by integrating and analyzing the original method and result. These comments may provide comprehensive insights into three-dimensional drug screening models and the difference between pathologic subtypes in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lin Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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16
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Dankó T, Petővári G, Raffay R, Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Vetlényi E, Krencz I, Rókusz A, Sipos K, Visnovitz T, Pápay J, Sebestyén A. Characterisation of 3D Bioprinted Human Breast Cancer Model for In Vitro Drug and Metabolic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137444. [PMID: 35806452 PMCID: PMC9267600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer cultures, the less standard three-dimensional (3D) culturing systems, and xenografts are the main tools used in current basic and drug development studies of cancer research. The aim of biofabrication is to design and construct a more representative in vivo 3D environment, replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Here, we aim to provide a complex comparative analysis of 2D and 3D spheroid culturing, and 3D bioprinted and xenografted breast cancer models. We established a protocol to produce alginate-based hydrogel bioink for 3D bioprinting and the long-term culturing of tumour cells in vitro. Cell proliferation and tumourigenicity were assessed with various tests. Additionally, the results of rapamycin, doxycycline and doxorubicin monotreatments and combinations were also compared. The sensitivity and protein expression profile of 3D bioprinted tissue-mimetic scaffolds showed the highest similarity to the less drug-sensitive xenograft models. Several metabolic protein expressions were examined, and the in situ tissue heterogeneity representing the characteristics of human breast cancers was also verified in 3D bioprinted and cultured tissue-mimetic structures. Our results provide additional steps in the direction of representing in vivo 3D situations in in vitro studies. Future use of these models could help to reduce the number of animal experiments and increase the success rate of clinical phase trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titanilla Dankó
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Gábor Petővári
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Regina Raffay
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Dániel Sztankovics
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Dorottya Moldvai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Enikő Vetlényi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Ildikó Krencz
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - András Rókusz
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Krisztina Sipos
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Pápay
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (T.D.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (I.K.); (A.R.); (K.S.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: or
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