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Leconte A, Jacquin J, Duban M, Deweer C, Trapet P, Laruelle F, Farce A, Compère P, Sahmer K, Fiévet V, Hoste A, Siah A, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A, Jacques P, Coutte F, Deleu M, Muchembled J. Deciphering the mechanisms involved in reduced sensitivity to azoles and fengycin lipopeptide in Venturia inaequalis. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127816. [PMID: 38964072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is currently the most common and damaging disease in apple orchards. Two strains of V. inaequalis (S755 and Rs552) with different sensitivities to azole fungicides and the bacterial metabolite fengycin were compared to determine the mechanisms responsible for these differences. Antifungal activity tests showed that Rs552 had reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and tetraconazole, as well as to fengycin alone or in a binary mixture with other lipopeptides (iturin A, pumilacidin, lichenysin). S755 was highly sensitive to fengycin, whose activity was close to that of tebuconazole. Unlike fengycin, lipopeptides from the iturin family (mycosubtilin, iturin A) had similar activity on both strains, while those from the surfactin family (lichenysin, pumilacidin) were not active, except in binary mixtures with fengycin. The activity of lipopeptides varies according to their family and structure. Analyses to determine the difference in sensitivity to azoles (which target the CYP51 enzyme involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway) showed that the reduced sensitivity in Rs552 is linked to (i) a constitutive increased expression of the Cyp51A gene caused by insertions in the upstream region and (ii) greater efflux by membrane pumps with the involvement of ABC transporters. Microscopic observations revealed that fengycin, known to interact with plasma membranes, induced morphological and cytological changes in cells from both strains. Sterol and phospholipid analyses showed a higher level of ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol and a lower level of PI(C16:0/C18:1) in Rs552 compared with S755. These differences could therefore influence the composition of the plasma membrane and explain the differential sensitivity of the strains to fengycin. However, the similar antifungal activities of mycosubtilin and iturin A in the two strains indirectly indicate that sterols are probably not involved in the fengycin resistance mechanism. This leads to the conclusion that different mechanisms are responsible for the difference in susceptibility to azoles or fengycin in the strains studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Leconte
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France; University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France; University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Justine Jacquin
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Matthieu Duban
- University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Caroline Deweer
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Pauline Trapet
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Frédéric Laruelle
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, Calais 62228, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institut de recherche translationnelle sur l'inflammation, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratoire de morphologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, UR FOCUS, and Centre de recherche appliquée et d'enseignement en microscopie (CAREM), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Karin Sahmer
- Université Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et geo-Environnement, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Valentin Fiévet
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Alexis Hoste
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Ali Siah
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, Calais 62228, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - François Coutte
- University of Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- University of Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Microbial Secondary Metabolites team, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Muchembled
- JUNIA, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Plant Secondary Metabolites Team, Charles Viollette Institute, Lille F-59000, France.
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Yousfi S, Krier F, Deracinois B, Steels S, Coutte F, Frikha-Gargouri O. Characterization of Bacillus velezensis 32a metabolites and their synergistic bioactivity against crown gall disease. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127569. [PMID: 38103466 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is considered to be the main bacterial threat of stone fruit plants in Mediterranean countries. In a previous study, Bacillus velezensis strain 32a was isolated from Tunisian rhizosphere soil and revealed high antagonistic potential against A. tumefaciens strains. In order to better characterize the antagonistic activity of this strain against this important plant pathogen, the production of secondary metabolites was analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results revealed the production of different compounds identified as surfactins, fengycins, iturins and bacillibactin belonging to the lipopeptide group, three polyketides (macrolactins, oxydifficidin and bacillaenes), bacilysin and its chlorinated derivative; chlorotetaine. The involvement of lipopeptides in this antagonistic activity was ruled out by performing agar and broth dilution tests with pure molecules. Thus, the construction of B. velezensis 32a mutants defective in polyketides and bacilysin biosynthesis and their antagonistic activity was performed and compared to a set of derivative mutants of a comparable strain, B. velezensis GA1. The defective difficidin mutants (△dfnA and △dfnD) were unable to inhibit the growth of A. tumefaciens, indicating the high-level contribution of difficidin in the antagonism process. While the macrolactin deficient mutant (∆mlnA) slightly decreased the activity, suggesting a synergetic effect with difficidin. Remarkably, the mutant △dhbC only deficient in bacillibactin production showed significant reduction in its capacity to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium.Taken collectively, our results showed the strong synergetic effect of difficidin and macrolactins and the significant implication of siderophore to manage crown gall disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Yousfi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Equipe Métabolites Secondaires d'Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Krier
- Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Equipe Métabolites Secondaires d'Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Barbara Deracinois
- Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Equipe Métabolites Secondaires d'Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Steels
- Université de Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, équipe Métabolites Secondaires d'Origine Microbienne, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - François Coutte
- Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Equipe Métabolites Secondaires d'Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Olfa Frikha-Gargouri
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Krucoń T, Ruszkowska Z, Pilecka W, Szych A, Drewniak Ł. Bioprospecting of the Antarctic Bacillus subtilis strain for potential application in leaching hydrocarbons and trace elements from contaminated environments based on functional and genomic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115785. [PMID: 36997039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites including biosurfactants by the Bacillus subtilis ANT_WA51 and the evaluation of its ability to leach metals and petroleum derivatives from the soil, using post-culture medium was investigated. The ANT_WA51 strain isolated from a pristine, harsh Antarctic environment produces the biosurfactants surfactin and fengycin, which reduce the surface tension of molasses-based post-culture medium to 26.6 mN m-1 at a critical micellization concentration (CMC) of 50 mg L-1 and a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 1:19. The presence of biosurfactants and other secondary metabolites in the post-culture medium contributed to significant removal of xenobiotics from contaminated soils in the batch washing experiment - 70% hydrocarbons and 10-23% metals (Zn, Ni and Cu). The isolate's tolerance to different abiotic stresses, including freezing, freeze-thaw cycles, salinity (up to 10%), the presence of metals - Cr(VI), Pb(II), Mn(II), As(V) (up to 10 mM) and Mo(VI) (above 500 mM) and petroleum hydrocarbons (up to 20.000 mg kg-1) as well as the confirmed metabolic activity of these bacteria in toxic environments in the OxiTop® system indicate that they can be used directly in bioremediation. Comparative genomic analysis of this bacteria revealed a high similarity of its genome to the associated plant strains from America and Europe indicating the wide applicability of plant growth-promoting Bacillus subtilis and that the data can be extrapolated to a wide range of environmental strains. An important aspect of the study was to present the absence of inherent features which would indicate its clear pathogenicity enables its safe use in the environment. Based on the obtained results, we also conclude that the use of post-culture medium, obtained on low-cost byproducts like molasses, for leaching contaminants, especially hydrocarbons, is a promising bioremediation method that can be a replacement for the use of synthetic surfactants and provides a base for further large-scale research but the selection of an appropriate leaching may be dependent on the concentration of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krucoń
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ruszkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Pilecka
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szych
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Drewniak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Botcazon C, Bergia T, Lecouturier D, Dupuis C, Rochex A, Acket S, Nicot P, Leclère V, Sarazin C, Rippa S. Rhamnolipids and fengycins, very promising amphiphilic antifungal compounds from bacteria secretomes, act on Sclerotiniaceae fungi through different mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977633. [PMID: 36246282 PMCID: PMC9557291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) and fengycins (FGs) are amphiphilic lipid compounds from bacteria secretomes proposed to replace synthetic pesticides for crop protection. They both display plant defense triggering properties and direct antimicrobial activities. In particular, they have well reported antifungal effects against phytopathogenic fungi. RLs and FGs are considered to act through a direct interaction with membrane lipids and a destabilization of microorganism plasma membrane, thereby limiting the risk of resistance emergence. The main objective of this work was to gain insights in the antimycelial mode of action of these metabolites to promote them as environment and human health friendly biocontrol solutions. Their biocidal effects were studied on two Sclerotiniaceae fungi responsible for diseases in numerous plant species worldwide. We show here that different strains of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have opposite sensitivities to RLs and FGs on plate experiments. Overall, B. cinerea is more sensitive to FGs while S. sclerotiorum is more sensitive to RLs. Electron microscopy observations demonstrated that RLs induce mycelial destructuring by asperities emergence and hyphal fusions whereas FGs promote swelling and formation of vesicle-like structures due to vacuole fusions and autophagy. Permeability studies, phosphatidylserine externalization and reactive oxygen species production assessments showed a programmed cell death triggering by RLs at medium concentrations (until 50 μg mL−1) and necrosis characteristics at higher concentration. Programmed cell death was always observed on hyphae treated with FGs. Quantifications of mycelial ergosterol content indicated that a higher ergosterol rate in S. sclerotiorum correlates with increasing sensitivity to RLs. Oppositely, a lower ergosterol rate in B. cinerea correlates with increasing sensitivity to FGs, which was confirmed by ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition with tebuconazole. This gain of knowledge will help to better understand the mode of action of RLs and FGs to fight specific plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Botcazon
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Thomas Bergia
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Didier Lecouturier
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Dupuis
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Alice Rochex
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Philippe Nicot
- Centre de Recherche PACA, Domaine Saint Maurice, Unité de Pathologie Végétale, INRAe, Avignon, France
| | - Valérie Leclère
- Charles Viollette Institute, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAe, Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
- *Correspondence: Sonia Rippa,
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Assessment of Lipopeptide Mixtures Produced by Bacillus subtilis as Biocontrol Products against Apple Scab ( Venturia inaequalis). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091810. [PMID: 36144412 PMCID: PMC9501572 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab is an important disease conventionally controlled by chemical fungicides, which should be replaced by more environmentally friendly alternatives. One of these alternatives could be the use of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis. The objective of this work is to study the action of the three families of lipopeptides and different mixtures of them in vitro and in vivo against Venturia inaequalis. Firstly, the antifungal activity of mycosubtilin/surfactin and fengycin/surfactin mixtures was determined in vitro by measuring the median inhibitory concentration. Then, the best lipopeptide mixture ratio was produced using Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize the composition of the culture medium. Finally, the lipopeptides mixtures efficiency against V. inaequalis was assessed in orchards as well as the evaluation of the persistence of lipopeptides on apple. In vitro tests show that the use of fengycin or mycosubtilin alone is as effective as a mixture, with the 50–50% fengycin/surfactin mixture being the most effective. Optimization of culture medium for the production of fengycin/surfactin mixture shows that the best composition is glycerol coupled with glutamic acid. Finally, lipopeptides showed in vivo antifungal efficiency against V. inaequalis regardless of the mixture used with a 70% reduction in the incidence of scab for both mixtures (fengycin/surfactin or mycosubtilin/surfactin). The reproducibility of the results over the two trial campaigns was significantly better with the mycosubtilin/surfactin mixture. The use of B. subtilis lipopeptides to control this disease is very promising.
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Dussert E, Tourret M, Dupuis C, Noblecourt A, Behra-Miellet J, Flahaut C, Ravallec R, Coutte F. Evaluation of Antiradical and Antioxidant Activities of Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914713. [PMID: 35794911 PMCID: PMC9251515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antiradical and antioxidant potential of the three families of lipopeptides (i.e., surfactin, mycosubtilin, and plipastatin/fengycin) produced by Bacillus subtilis strains. The antiradical/antioxidant activities of highly purified lipopeptides were studied in acellular models using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion (O 2 . - ), hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO.). At a lipopeptide concentration of 500 mg.L-1, the maximum inhibition of DPPH reached 22.88% (obtained for plipastatin). Moreover, the scavenging effects ofO 2 . - , H2O2, and HO. at the highest concentration tested (250 mg.L-1) were found to be 6, 21, and 3% for surfactin, 19, 9, and 15% for mycosubtilin, 21, 18, and 59% for plipastatin, 21, 31, and 61% for the mixture of surfactin/plipastatin, and 13, 16, and 15% for the mixture of surfactin/mycosubtilin, respectively. These results showed that plipastatin was the best candidate due to its antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Dussert
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Bénéfice santé d'hydrolysats de protéines et coproduits agro-alimentaires, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Mélissa Tourret
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Bénéfice santé d'hydrolysats de protéines et coproduits agro-alimentaires, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Dupuis
- Univ. Lille, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Métabolites secondaires d'origine microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | | | - Josette Behra-Miellet
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Bénéfice santé d'hydrolysats de protéines et coproduits agro-alimentaires, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Bénéfice santé d'hydrolysats de protéines et coproduits agro-alimentaires, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Rozenn Ravallec
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Bénéfice santé d'hydrolysats de protéines et coproduits agro-alimentaires, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - François Coutte
- Univ. Lille, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro - Métabolites secondaires d'origine microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
- LIPOFABRIK, Lesquin, France
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