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Romanò S, Nele V, Campani V, De Rosa G, Cinti S. A comprehensive guide to extract information from extracellular vesicles: a tutorial review towards novel analytical developments. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342473. [PMID: 38580402 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In the medical field, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining importance as they act as cells mediators. These are phospholipid bilayer vesicles and contain crucial biochemical information about their mother cells being carrier of different biomolecules such as small molecules, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. After release into the extracellular matrix, they enter the systemic circulation and can be found in all human biofluids. Since EVs reflect the state of the cell of origin, there is exponential attention as potential source of new circulating biomarkers for liquid biopsy. The use of EVs in clinical practice faces several challenges that need to be addressed: these include the standardization of lysis protocols, the availability of low-cost reagents and the development of analytical tools capable of detecting biomarkers. The process of lysis is a crucial step that can impact all subsequent analyses, towards the development of novel analytical strategies. To aid researchers to support the evolution of measurement science technology, this tutorial review evaluates and discuss the most commonly protocols used to characterize the contents of EVs, including their advantages and disadvantages in terms of experimental procedures, time and equipment. The purpose of this tutorial review is to offer practical guide to researchers which are intended to develop novel analytical approaches. Some of the most significant applications are considered, highlighting their main characteristics divided per mechanism of action. Finally, comprehensive tables which provide an overview at a glance are provided to readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Romanò
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
| | - Valeria Nele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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Singh S, Raucci A, Cimmino W, Cinti S. Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Cancer Liquid Biopsy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3698-3706. [PMID: 38377543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Liquid biopsies have caused a significant revolution in cancer diagnosis, and the use of point of care (PoC) platforms has the potential to bring liquid biopsy-based cancer detection closer to patients. These platforms provide rapid and on-site analysis by reducing the time between sample collection and results output. The aim of this tutorial content is to provide readers an in-depth understanding regarding the choice of the ideal sensing platform suitable for specific cancer-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ada Raucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Wanda Cimmino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Bioelectronics Task Force at University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Sun Z, Zhang B, Tu H, Pan C, Chai Y, Chen W. Advances in colorimetric biosensors of exosomes: novel approaches based on natural enzymes and nanozymes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1005-1024. [PMID: 38117141 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150 nm vesicles derived from diverse cell types, serving as one of the most important biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. However, the conventional detection method for exosomes faces significant challenges, such as unsatisfactory sensitivity, complicated operation, and the requirement of complicated devices. In recent years, colorimetric exosome biosensors with a visual readout underwent rapid development due to the advances in natural enzyme-based assays and the integration of various types of nanozymes. These synthetic nanomaterials show unique physiochemical properties and catalytic abilities, enabling the construction of exosome colorimetric biosensors with novel principles. This review will illustrate the reaction mechanisms and properties of natural enzymes and nanozymes, followed by a detailed introduction of the recent advances in both types of enzyme-based colorimetric biosensors. A comparison between natural enzymes and nanozymes is made to provide insights into the research that improves the sensitivity and convenience of assays. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and future directions of enzymes as well as exosome colorimetric biosensors are highlighted, aiming at improving the overall performance from different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Binmao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hangjia Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Chuye Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yujuan Chai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Hu WP, Lai YF, Vu CA, Tsao CW, Pan SC, Cheng CM, Chen WY. Paper/PMMA hybrid device with a microvalve-controlled design for exosome isolation and analysis. Talanta 2023; 265:124851. [PMID: 37354627 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a paper/PMMA hybrid device designed to isolate exosomes and extract exosomal miRNA, followed by quantitative analysis. It aims to provide simplified and convenient sample preparation for potential point-of-care testing (POCT) processes. In contrast to previous work conducted by our research team, which focused on isolating exosomes and exosomal nucleic acids, this study introduces a novel approach by integrating paper and a PMMA mold with a microvalve controlled design. This innovative method enables the entire process to be performed on paper. The pressure on the paper could be adjusted by turning the screw upon the valve to change the pore size and permeability of the paper, which achieved the effect of controlling the flow rate of fluids. The paper was designed to have an immunoaffinity area for capturing exosomes and a sol-gel silica coating area for extracting miRNA. The paper-based ELISA (p-ELISA) exhibited a limit of detection and a limit of quantitation of 6 × 107 and 5.4 × 108 particles/mL, respectively, for exosome measurement. The reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that the Ct (threshold cycle) value for quantifying the miR-21 in the miRNAs extracted by the proposed paper/PMMA hybrid device was comparable to the Ct value of the commercial extraction kit. The developed paper/PMMA hybrid device with a microvalve-controlled design should be incorporated into the POCT system to extract exosomal miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cao-An Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chen Pan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001, Taiwan.
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Pan SC, Lai CH, Vu VT, Vu CA, Huang CJ, Cheng CM, Chen WY. Paper-Based Exosomal MicroRNA-21 Detection for Wound Monitoring: A Proof of Concept and Clinical Validation Trial Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9822. [PMID: 37372974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs play pivotal roles in wound healing. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) was previously found to upregulate in order to fulfill an anti-inflammation role for wounds. Exosomal miRNAs have been identified and explored as essential markers for diagnostic medicine. However, the role of exosomal miR-21 in wounds has yet to be well studied. In order to facilitate the early management of poorly healing wounds, we developed an easy-to-use, rapid, paper-based microfluidic-exosomal miR-21 extraction device to determine wound prognosis in a timely manner. We isolated and then quantitatively examined exosomal miR-21 in wound fluids from normal tissues and acute and chronic wounds. Eight improving wounds displayed lower levels of exosomal miR-21 expression after wound debridement. However, four instances of increased exosomal miR-21 expression levels were notably associated with patients with poor healing wounds despite aggressive wound debridement, indicating a predictive role of tissue exosomal miR-21 for wound outcome. Paper-based nucleic acid extraction device provides a rapid and user-friendly approach for evaluating exosomal miR-21 in wound fluids as a means of monitoring wounds. Our data suggest that tissue exosomal miR-21 is a reliable marker for determining current wound status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Chen Pan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Van-Truc Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cao-An Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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