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Li B, Shu Y, Ma H, Cao K, Cheng YY, Jia Z, Ma X, Wang H, Song K. Three-dimensional printing and decellularized-extracellular-matrix based methods for advances in artificial blood vessel fabrication: A review. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102304. [PMID: 38219450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Blood vessels are the tubes through which blood flows and are divided into three types: millimeter-scale arteries, veins, and capillaries as well as micrometer-scale capillaries. Arteries and veins are the conduits that carry blood, while capillaries are where blood exchanges substances with tissues. Blood vessels are mainly composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, glycosaminoglycans and other macromolecular substances. There are about 19 feet of blood vessels per square inch of skin in the human body, which shows how important blood vessels are to the human body. Because cardiovascular disease and vascular trauma are common in the population, a great number of researches have been carried out in recent years by simulating the structures and functions of the person's own blood vessels to create different levels of tissue-engineered blood vessels that can replace damaged blood vessels in the human body. However, due to the lack of effective oxygen and nutrient delivery mechanisms, these tissue-engineered vessels have not been used clinically. Therefore, in order to achieve better vascularization of engineered vascular tissue, researchers have widely explored the design methods of vascular systems of various sizes. In the near future, these carefully designed and constructed tissue engineered blood vessels are expected to have practical clinical applications. Exploring how to form multi-scale vascular networks and improve their compatibility with the host vascular system will be very beneficial in achieving this goal. Among them, 3D printing has the advantages of high precision and design flexibility, and the decellularized matrix retains active ingredients such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan, while removing the immunogenic substance DNA. In this review, technologies and advances in 3D printing and decellularization-based artificial blood vessel manufacturing methods are systematically discussed. Recent examples of vascular systems designed are introduced in details, the main problems and challenges in the clinical application of vascular tissue restriction are discussed and pointed out, and the future development trends in the field of tissue engineered blood vessels are also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hailin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhilin Jia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Kedong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Lian L, Xie M, Luo Z, Zhang Z, Maharjan S, Mu X, Garciamendez-Mijares CE, Kuang X, Sahoo JK, Tang G, Li G, Wang D, Guo J, González FZ, Abril Manjarrez Rivera V, Cai L, Mei X, Kaplan DL, Zhang YS. Rapid Volumetric Bioprinting of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioinks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2304846. [PMID: 38252896 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogels are widely applied to additive biomanufacturing strategies for relevant applications. The extracellular matrix components and growth factors of dECM play crucial roles in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. However, the generally poor mechanical properties and printability have remained as major limitations for dECM-based materials. In this study, heart-derived dECM (h-dECM) and meniscus-derived dECM (Ms-dECM) bioinks in their pristine, unmodified state supplemented with the photoinitiator system of tris(2,2-bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate and sodium persulfate, demonstrate cytocompatibility with volumetric bioprinting processes. This recently developed bioprinting modality illuminates a dynamically evolving light pattern into a rotating volume of the bioink, and thus decouples the requirement of mechanical strengths of bioprinted hydrogel constructs with printability, allowing for the fabrication of sophisticated shapes and architectures with low-concentration dECM materials that set within tens of seconds. As exemplary applications, cardiac tissues are volumetrically bioprinted using the cardiomyocyte-laden h-dECM bioink showing favorable cell proliferation, expansion, spreading, biomarker expressions, and synchronized contractions; whereas the volumetrically bioprinted Ms-dECM meniscus structures embedded with human mesenchymal stem cells present appropriate chondrogenic differentiation outcomes. This study supplies expanded bioink libraries for volumetric bioprinting and broadens utilities of dECM toward tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Lian
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maobin Xie
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zeyu Luo
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhenrui Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuan Mu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Carlos Ezio Garciamendez-Mijares
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiao Kuang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Guosheng Tang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jie Guo
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Federico Zertuche González
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Victoria Abril Manjarrez Rivera
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuan Mei
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Di Gravina GM, Bari E, Croce S, Scocozza F, Pisani S, Conti B, Avanzini MA, Auricchio F, Cobianchi L, Torre ML, Conti M. Design and development of a hepatic lyo-dECM powder as a biomimetic component for 3D-printable hybrid hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2023; 19:015005. [PMID: 37992318 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad0ee2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting offers new opportunities to obtain reliable 3Din vitromodels of the liver for testing new drugs and studying pathophysiological mechanisms, thanks to its main feature in controlling the spatial deposition of cell-laden hydrogels. In this context, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based hydrogels have caught more and more attention over the last years because of their characteristic to closely mimic the tissue-specific microenvironment from a biological point of view. In this work, we describe a new concept of designing dECM-based hydrogels; in particular, we set up an alternative and more practical protocol to develop a hepatic lyophilized dECM (lyo-dECM) powder as an 'off-the-shelf' and free soluble product to be incorporated as a biomimetic component in the design of 3D-printable hybrid hydrogels. To this aim, the powder was first characterized in terms of cytocompatibility on human and porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the optimal powder concentration (i.e. 3.75 mg ml-1) to use in the hydrogel formulation was identified. Moreover, its non-immunogenicity and capacity to reactivate the elastase enzyme potency was proved. Afterward, as a proof-of-concept, the powder was added to a sodium alginate/gelatin blend, and the so-defined multi-component hydrogel was studied from a rheological point of view, demonstrating that adding the lyo-dECM powder at the selected concentration did not alter the viscoelastic properties of the original material. Then, a printing assessment was performed with the support of computational simulations, which were useful to definea priorithe hydrogel printing parameters as window of printability and its post-printing mechanical collapse. Finally, the proposed multi-component hydrogel was bioprinted with cells inside, and its post-printing cell viability for up to 7 d was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Di Gravina
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Croce
- Department of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franca Scocozza
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria A Avanzini
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cobianchi
- Department of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- PharmaExceed s.r.l., Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Conti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Aizarna-Lopetegui U, García-Astrain C, Renero-Lecuna C, González-Callejo P, Villaluenga I, Del Pozo MA, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Henriksen-Lacey M, Jimenez de Aberasturi D. Remodeling arteries: studying the mechanical properties of 3D-bioprinted hybrid photoresponsive materials. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9431-9442. [PMID: 37655486 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed cell models are currently in the spotlight of medical research. Whilst significant advances have been made, there are still aspects that require attention to achieve more realistic models which faithfully represent the in vivo environment. In this work we describe the production of an artery model with cyclic expansive properties, capable of mimicking the different physical forces and stress factors that cells experience in physiological conditions. The artery wall components are reproduced using 3D printing of thermoresponsive polymers with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) representing the outer tunica adventitia, smooth muscle cells embedded in extracellular matrix representing the tunica media, and finally a monolayer of endothelial cells as the tunica intima. Cyclic expansion can be induced thanks to the inclusion of photo-responsive plasmonic NPs embedded within the thermoresponsive ink composition, resulting in changes in the thermoresponsive polymer hydration state and hence volume, in a stimulated on-off manner. By changing the thermoresponsive polymer composition, the transition temperature and pulsatility can be efficiently tuned. We show the direct effect of cyclic expansion and contraction on the overlying cell layers by analyzing transcriptional changes in mechanoresponsive mesenchymal genes associated with such microenvironmental physical cues. The technique described herein involving stimuli-responsive 3D printed tissue constructs, also described as four- dimensional (4D) printing, offers a novel approach for the production of dynamic biomodels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxue Aizarna-Lopetegui
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Clara García-Astrain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Carlos Renero-Lecuna
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Callejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolar Biology Laboratory, Novel Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immunity Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Malou Henriksen-Lacey
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Miramon Pasealekua, 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Choi J, Lee EJ, Jang WB, Kwon SM. Development of Biocompatible 3D-Printed Artificial Blood Vessels through Multidimensional Approaches. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:497. [PMID: 37888162 PMCID: PMC10607080 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the human body, the intricate network of blood vessels plays a pivotal role in transporting nutrients and oxygen and maintaining homeostasis. Bioprinting is an innovative technology with the potential to revolutionize this field by constructing complex multicellular structures. This technique offers the advantage of depositing individual cells, growth factors, and biochemical signals, thereby facilitating the growth of functional blood vessels. Despite the challenges in fabricating vascularized constructs, bioprinting has emerged as an advance in organ engineering. The continuous evolution of bioprinting technology and biomaterial knowledge provides an avenue to overcome the hurdles associated with vascularized tissue fabrication. This article provides an overview of the biofabrication process used to create vascular and vascularized constructs. It delves into the various techniques used in vascular engineering, including extrusion-, droplet-, and laser-based bioprinting methods. Integrating these techniques offers the prospect of crafting artificial blood vessels with remarkable precision and functionality. Therefore, the potential impact of bioprinting in vascular engineering is significant. With technological advances, it holds promise in revolutionizing organ transplantation, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. By mimicking the natural complexity of blood vessels, bioprinting brings us one step closer to engineering organs with functional vasculature, ushering in a new era of medical advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Bi Jang
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (E.J.L.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Bertsch C, Maréchal H, Gribova V, Lévy B, Debry C, Lavalle P, Fath L. Biomimetic Bilayered Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: From Current Design Strategies to Medical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2203115. [PMID: 36807830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage due to cancer, congenital anomalies, and injuries needs new efficient treatments that allow tissue regeneration. In this context, tissue engineering shows a great potential to restore the native architecture and function of damaged tissues, by combining cells with specific scaffolds. Scaffolds made of natural and/or synthetic polymers and sometimes ceramics play a key role in guiding cell growth and formation of the new tissues. Monolayered scaffolds, which consist of uniform material structure, are reported as not being sufficient to mimic complex biological environment of the tissues. Osteochondral, cutaneous, vascular, and many other tissues all have multilayered structures, therefore multilayered scaffolds seem more advantageous to regenerate these tissues. In this review, recent advances in bilayered scaffolds design applied to regeneration of vascular, bone, cartilage, skin, periodontal, urinary bladder, and tracheal tissues are focused on. After a short introduction on tissue anatomy, composition and fabrication techniques of bilayered scaffolds are explained. Then, experimental results obtained in vitro and in vivo are described, and their limitations are given. Finally, difficulties in scaling up production of bilayer scaffolds and reaching the stage of clinical studies are discussed when multiple scaffold components are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bertsch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Hélène Maréchal
- Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Varvara Gribova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Benjamin Lévy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Christian Debry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Léa Fath
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, Strasbourg, 67200, France
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