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Sun X, Jia X, Tan Z, Fan D, Chen M, Cui N, Liu A, Liu D. Oral Nanoformulations in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advances in Atherosclerosis Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:919. [PMID: 39065770 PMCID: PMC11279631 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the arteries, causing them to narrow. If this occurs in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels may be completely blocked, resulting in myocardial infarction; if it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain, the blood vessels may be blocked, resulting in cerebral infarction, i.e., stroke. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves the processes of inflammation, lipid infiltration, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage, etc. SIRT, as a key factor regulating the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging, has an important impact on the pathogenesis of plaque formation, progression, and vulnerability. Statistics show that AS accounts for about 50 per cent of deaths in Western countries. Currently, oral medication is the mainstay of AS treatment, but its development is limited by side effects, low bioavailability and other unfavourable factors. In recent years, with the rapid development of nano-preparations, researchers have combined statins and natural product drugs within nanopreparations to improve their bioavailability. Based on this, this paper summarises the main pathogenesis of AS and also proposes new oral nanoformulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules to improve their application in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aidong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.S.); (X.J.); (Z.T.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (N.C.)
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Zhu Y, Fang Y, Wang Y, Han D, Liu J, Tian L, Xu M, Wang Y, Cao F. Cluster of Differentiation-44-Targeting Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Onloaded with Colchicine for Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression in a Mice Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1530-1543. [PMID: 38372216 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis management heavily relies on the suppression of the inflammatory response of macrophages. Colchicine's potent anti-inflammatory properties make it a promising candidate for secondary prevention against cardiovascular disease. However, its high toxicity and numerous adverse effects limit its clinical use. To address this, there is an urgent need for specific drug delivery systems to boost the level of accumulation of colchicine within atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, the cluster of differentiation-44 receptor was verified to be overexpressed in inflammatory macrophages within plaques both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, a Prussian blue-based nanomedical loading system with hyaluronic acid (HA) coating was constructed, and its effects were observed on the atherosclerosis regression. Colchicine and Cy5.5 were encapsulated within Prussian blue nanoparticles through self-assembly, followed by conjugation with hyaluronic acid to create col@PBNP@HA. The formulated col@PBNP@HA displayed a cubic shape and scattered distribution. Importantly, col@PBNP@HA demonstrated specific cellular uptake into lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. In vitro experiments showed that col@PBNP@HA more effectively inhibited expression of inflammatory factors and scavenged reactive oxygen species compared with the control group, which were treated with colchicine. Furthermore, col@PBNP@HA exhibited its specific and higher accumulation in aortic plaque analysis via fluorescence imaging of aortas. After 4 weeks, administration of col@PBNP@HA resulted in significant atherosclerosis regression in the mice model, with therapeutic effects superior to those of free colchicine. Similar to colchicine, col@PBNP@HA inhibited the secretion of inflammation factors and scavenged ROS through the regulation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. In summary, col@PBNP@HA demonstrated specific targeting ability to inflammatory plaques and exerted beneficial effects on atherosclerosis regression through TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB and PGC-1α modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Feng Cao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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