1
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Kawasaki T, Takeda Y, Kumanogoh A. Proteomics of blood extracellular vesicles in inflammatory respiratory diseases for biomarker discovery and new insights into pathophysiology. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:38. [PMID: 39294831 PMCID: PMC11409490 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchial asthma (BA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections, remain significant global health concerns owing to their chronic and severe nature. Emerging as a valuable resource, blood extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer insights into disease pathophysiology and biomarker discovery in these conditions. MAIN BODY This review explores the advancements in blood EV proteomics for inflammatory respiratory diseases, highlighting their potential as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. Blood EVs offer advantages over traditional serum or plasma samples. Proteomic analyses of blood EVs have revealed numerous biomarkers that can be used to stratify patients, predict disease progression, and identify candidate therapeutic targets. Blood EV proteomics has identified proteins associated with progressive fibrosis in ILD, offering new avenues of treatment. In BA, eosinophil-derived EVs harbor biomarkers crucial for managing eosinophilic inflammation. Research on COPD has also identified proteins that correlate with lung function. Moreover, EVs play a critical role in respiratory infections such as COVID-19, and disease-associated proteins are encapsulated. Thus, proteomic studies have identified key molecules involved in disease severity and immune responses, underscoring their role in monitoring and guiding therapy. CONCLUSION This review highlights the potential of blood EV proteomics as a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tool for inflammatory respiratory diseases, providing a promising avenue for improved patient management and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Weihrauch T, Melo RCN, Gray N, Voehringer D, Weller PF, Raap U. Eosinophil extracellular vesicles and DNA traps in allergic inflammation. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1448007. [PMID: 39148911 PMCID: PMC11324581 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1448007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil granulocytes, a specialized subset of white blood cells, have traditionally been associated with allergic responses and parasitic infections. However, recent research has unveiled their versatile roles in immune regulation beyond these classical functions. This review highlights the emerging field of eosinophil biology, with a particular focus on their release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and extracellular DNA traps (EETs). It further explores potential implications of eosinophil-derived EVs and EETs for immune responses during inflammatory diseases. The release of EVs/EETs from eosinophils, which also affects the eosinophils themselves, may influence both local and systemic immune reactions, affecting the pathophysiology of conditions such as airway inflammation, chronic rhinosinusitis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weihrauch
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Natalie Gray
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergy, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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3
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Gambardella AR, Antonucci C, Zanetti C, Noto F, Andreone S, Vacca D, Pellerito V, Sicignano C, Parrottino G, Tirelli V, Tinari A, Falchi M, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Loffredo S, Varricchi G, Tripodo C, Afferni C, Parolini I, Mattei F, Schiavoni G. IL-33 stimulates the anticancer activities of eosinophils through extracellular vesicle-driven reprogramming of tumor cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:209. [PMID: 39061080 PMCID: PMC11282757 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) affect tumor progression and hold promise for therapeutic applications. Eosinophils are major effectors in Th2-related pathologies recently implied in cancer. Here, we evaluated the anti-tumor activities of eosinophil-derived EV following activation with the alarmin IL-33. We demonstrate that IL-33-activated mouse and human eosinophils produce higher quantities of EV with respect to eosinophils stimulated with IL-5. Following incorporation of EV from IL-33-activated eosinophils (Eo33-EV), but not EV from IL-5-treated eosinophils (Eo5-EV), mouse and human tumor cells increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI)-related genes resulting in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, reduced proliferation and inhibited tumor spheroid formation. Moreover, tumor cells incorporating Eo33-EV acquired an epithelial-like phenotype characterized by E-Cadherin up-regulation, N-Cadherin downregulation, reduced cell elongation and migratory extent in vitro, and impaired capacity to metastasize to lungs when injected in syngeneic mice. RNA sequencing revealed distinct mRNA signatures in Eo33-EV and Eo5-EV with increased presence of tumor suppressor genes and enrichment in pathways related to epithelial phenotypes and negative regulation of cellular processes in Eo33-EV compared to Eo5-EV. Our studies underscore novel IL-33-stimulated anticancer activities of eosinophils through EV-mediated reprogramming of tumor cells opening perspectives on the use of eosinophil-derived EV in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Noto
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Vacca
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy
| | - Valentina Pellerito
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy
| | - Chiara Sicignano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Parrottino
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Tinari
- National Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele De Ninno
- CNR-IFN Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Businaro
- CNR-IFN Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, 80131, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, 80131, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Melo RCN, Silva TP. Eosinophil activation during immune responses: an ultrastructural view with an emphasis on viral diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:321-334. [PMID: 38466831 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are cells of the innate immune system that orchestrate complex inflammatory responses. The study of the cell biology of eosinophils, particularly associated with cell activation, is of great interest to understand their immune responses. From a morphological perspective, activated eosinophils show ultrastructural signatures that have provided critical insights into the comprehension of their functional capabilities. Application of conventional transmission electron microscopy in combination with quantitative assessments (quantitative transmission electron microscopy), molecular imaging (immunoEM), and 3-dimensional electron tomography have generated important insights into mechanisms of eosinophil activation. This review explores a multitude of ultrastructural events taking place in eosinophils activated in vitro and in vivo as key players in allergic and inflammatory diseases, with an emphasis on viral infections. Recent progress in our understanding of biological processes underlying eosinophil activation, including in vivo mitochondrial remodeling, is discussed, and it can bring new thinking to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, campus, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, campus, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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5
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Naharro-González S, Del Pozo V. Eosinophil-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation and classification techniques and implications for disease pathophysiology. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:260-270. [PMID: 38836652 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes characterized by their ability to release granule content that is highly rich in enzymes and proteins. Besides the antihelminthic, bactericidal, and antiviral properties of eosinophils and their secretory granules, these also play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and other hypereosinophilic conditions by causing tissue damage and airway hyperresponsiveness. Although this cell was first recognized mainly for its capacity to release granule content, nowadays other capabilities such as cytokine secretion have been linked to its physiology, and research has found that eosinophils are not only involved in innate immunity, but also as orchestrators of immune responses. Nearly 10 yr ago, eosinophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were first described; since then, the EV field has grown exponentially, revealing their vital roles in intracellular communication. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on eosinophil-derived EVs, beginning with a description of what they are and what makes them important regulators of disease, followed by an account of the methodologies used to isolate and characterize EVs. We also summarize current understanding of eosinophil-derived vesicles functionality, especially in asthma, the disease in which eosinophil-derived EVs have been most widely studied, describing how they modulate the role of eosinophils themselves (through autocrine signaling) and the way they affect airway structural cells and airway remodeling. Deeper understanding of this cell type could lead to novel research in eosinophil biology, its role in other diseases, and possible use of eosinophil-derived EVs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Naharro-González
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos, 228040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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El-Maradny YA, Rubio-Casillas A, Mohamed KI, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Intrinsic factors behind long-COVID: II. SARS-CoV-2, extracellular vesicles, and neurological disorders. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1466-1485. [PMID: 37801299 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
With the decline in the number of new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, the World Health Organization announced the end of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the repercussions of this viral pandemic may remain with us for a longer period of time, as it has remodeled the lives of humankind in many ways, including social and economic. Of course, its most important repercussions remain on the human health level. Long-coronavirus disease (COVID) or post-COVID is a state for which we do not have a concrete definition, a specific international classification of diseases Code, clear diagnostic tools, or well-known effective cures as of yet. In this second article from the Intrinsic Factors behind long-COVID Series, we try to link long-COVID symptoms with their causes, starting from the nervous system. Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) play very complex and ramified roles in the bodies of both healthy and not-healthy individuals. ECVs may facilitate the entry of many bioactive molecules and pathogens into the tissues and cells of the nervous system across the blood-brain barrier. Based on the size, quantity, and quality of their cargo, ECVs are directly proportional to the pathological condition and its severity through intertwined mechanisms that evoke inflammatory immune responses typically accompanied by pathological symptoms over variable time periods according to the type of these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra A El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El-Alamein, Egypt
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Kareem I Mohamed
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El-Alamein, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Nielsen MH, Bæk R, Jorgensen MM, Mellergaard M, Handberg A. Increased extracellular vesicles (EVs) related to T cell-mediated inflammation and vascular function in familial hypercholesterolemia. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2023; 53:16-25. [PMID: 37637934 PMCID: PMC10457578 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims OxLDL modulates innate and adaptive immunity, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from both non-immune and immune cells are proposed key players in atherosclerosis development. In the present study, we aimed to investigate EVs expressing markers related to adaptive immunity-driven inflammation and endothelial activation/dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients. Methods EVs were phenotyped in thirty patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and twenty-three healthy controls using the Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Array with antibodies targeting proteins expressed on B and T cells, and endothelial cells. Results FH patients had a higher atherosclerotic burden, as determined by the mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) (0.64 ± 0.12 mm vs. 0.58 ± 0.07 mm; p = 0.033), higher oxLDL levels (p < 0.0001), and showed increased levels of EV-specific markers: CD9 (p = 0.017), CD63 (p = 0.045), CD81 (p = 0.003), Annexin V (p = 0.018), and EV markers related to adaptive/lymphocyte immunity: CD28 (p = 0.034), CD4 (p = 0.049), CD152 (p = 0.029), LFA-1 (p = 0.024), and endothelial function: CD62E (p = 0.032), CD144 (p = 0.018), tPA (p = 0.017), CD31 (p = 0.024). Linear regression revealed a positive relationship between carotid IMT and several of the increased markers observed within the FH group, including CD9 (β = 0.33; p = 0.022), CD63 (β = 0.35; p 225 = 0.026), CD28 (β = 0.37; p = 0.026), CD4 (β = 0.40; p = 0.025), CD152 (β = 0.41; p = 0.017), LFA-1 (β = 0.42; p = 0.014) and CD62E (β = 0.38; p = 0.024). Conclusion EVs associated with adaptive immunity and endothelial dysfunction are elevated in FH patients, and several markers related to a higher atherosclerotic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene Moller Jorgensen
- Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Brandsma J, Schofield JPR, Yang X, Strazzeri F, Barber C, Goss VM, Koster G, Bakke PS, Caruso M, Chanez P, Dahlén SE, Fowler SJ, Horváth I, Krug N, Montuschi P, Sanak M, Sandström T, Shaw DE, Chung KF, Singer F, Fleming LJ, Adcock IM, Pandis I, Bansal AT, Corfield J, Sousa AR, Sterk PJ, Sánchez-García RJ, Skipp PJ, Postle AD, Djukanović R. Stratification of asthma by lipidomic profiling of induced sputum supernatant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:117-125. [PMID: 36918039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with significant heterogeneity in its clinical presentation and pathobiology. There is need for improved understanding of respiratory lipid metabolism in asthma patients and its relation to observable clinical features. OBJECTIVE We performed a comprehensive, prospective, cross-sectional analysis of the lipid composition of induced sputum supernatant obtained from asthma patients with a range of disease severities, as well as from healthy controls. METHODS Induced sputum supernatant was collected from 211 adults with asthma and 41 healthy individuals enrolled onto the U-BIOPRED (Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes) study. Sputum lipidomes were characterized by semiquantitative shotgun mass spectrometry and clustered using topologic data analysis to identify lipid phenotypes. RESULTS Shotgun lipidomics of induced sputum supernatant revealed a spectrum of 9 molecular phenotypes, highlighting not just significant differences between the sputum lipidomes of asthma patients and healthy controls, but also within the asthma patient population. Matching clinical, pathobiologic, proteomic, and transcriptomic data helped inform the underlying disease processes. Sputum lipid phenotypes with higher levels of nonendogenous, cell-derived lipids were associated with significantly worse asthma severity, worse lung function, and elevated granulocyte counts. CONCLUSION We propose a novel mechanism of increased lipid loading in the epithelial lining fluid of asthma patients resulting from the secretion of extracellular vesicles by granulocytic inflammatory cells, which could reduce the ability of pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension in asthmatic small airways, as well as compromise its role as an immune regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brandsma
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - James P R Schofield
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Xian Yang
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Strazzeri
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Barber
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M Goss
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Grielof Koster
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Per S Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Singer
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise J Fleming
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Pandis
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aruna T Bansal
- Acclarogen Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana R Sousa
- Respiratory Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
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9
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Tinè M, Padrin Y, Bonato M, Semenzato U, Bazzan E, Conti M, Saetta M, Turato G, Baraldo S. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054645. [PMID: 36902079 PMCID: PMC10003413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disorder worldwide and accounts for a huge health and economic burden. Its incidence is rapidly increasing but, in parallel, novel personalized approaches have emerged. Indeed, the improved knowledge of cells and molecules mediating asthma pathogenesis has led to the development of targeted therapies that significantly increased our ability to treat asthma patients, especially in severe stages of disease. In such complex scenarios, extracellular vesicles (EVs i.e., anucleated particles transporting nucleic acids, cytokines, and lipids) have gained the spotlight, being considered key sensors and mediators of the mechanisms controlling cell-to-cell interplay. We will herein first revise the existing evidence, mainly by mechanistic studies in vitro and in animal models, that EV content and release is strongly influenced by the specific triggers of asthma. Current studies indicate that EVs are released by potentially all cell subtypes in the asthmatic airways, particularly by bronchial epithelial cells (with different cargoes in the apical and basolateral side) and inflammatory cells. Such studies largely suggest a pro-inflammatory and pro-remodelling role of EVs, whereas a minority of reports indicate protective effects, particularly by mesenchymal cells. The co-existence of several confounding factors-including technical pitfalls and host and environmental confounders-is still a major challenge in human studies. Technical standardization in isolating EVs from different body fluids and careful selection of patients will provide the basis for obtaining reliable results and extend their application as effective biomarkers in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaenrica Tinè
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Ylenia Padrin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pulmonology Unit, Ospedale Cà Foncello, Azienda Unità Locale Socio-Sanitaria 2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Umberto Semenzato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Conti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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10
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Grueso-Navarro E, Navarro P, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Lucendo AJ, Arias-González L. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Concomitant Atopic Diseases: A Look into the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043669. [PMID: 36835081 PMCID: PMC9967575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, Th2-inflammatory disease of the esophagus that can severely affect food intake. Currently, diagnosis and assessing response to treatment of EoE is highly invasive and requires endoscopy with esophageal biopsies. Finding non-invasive and accurate biomarkers is important for improving patient well-being. Unfortunately, EoE is usually accompanied by other atopies, which make it difficult to identify specific biomarkers. Providing an update of circulating EoE biomarkers and concomitant atopies is therefore timely. This review summarizes the current knowledge in EoE blood biomarkers and two of its most common comorbidities, bronchial asthma (BA) and atopic dermatitis (AD), focusing on dysregulated proteins, metabolites, and RNAs. It also revises the current knowledge on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as non-invasive biomarkers for BA and AD, and concludes with the potential use of EVs as biomarkers in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grueso-Navarro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Emilio J. Laserna-Mendieta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo J. Lucendo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Laura Arias-González
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Jin Y, Ma L, Zhang W, Yang W, Feng Q, Wang H. Extracellular signals regulate the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. Biol Res 2022; 55:35. [PMID: 36435789 PMCID: PMC9701380 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released membrane vesicles that act as carriers of proteins and RNAs for intercellular communication. With various biomolecules and specific ligands, EV has represented a novel form of information transfer, which possesses extremely outstanding efficiency and specificity compared to the classical signal transduction. In addition, EV has extended the concept of signal transduction to intercellular aspect by working as the collection of extracellular information. Therefore, the functions of EVs have been extensively characterized and EVs exhibit an exciting prospect for clinical applications. However, the biogenesis of EVs and, in particular, the regulation of this process by extracellular signals, which are essential to conduct further studies and support optimal utility, remain unclear. Here, we review the current understanding of the biogenesis of EVs, focus on the regulation of this process by extracellular signals and discuss their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Ma
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China. .,National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 20815, China.
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12
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Dow R, Ridger V. Neutrophil microvesicles and their role in disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106097. [PMID: 34655813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are formed through shedding from the plasma membrane, a process shared by almost all human cells. Microvesicles are highly abundant and have been detected in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. They contain a library of cargo derived from their parental cell during formation, including proteases, micro-RNAs and lipids and delivery of this parental cell-derived cargo to other cells can alter target cell function and drive disease. Cell specific molecules on the surface of microvesicles, obtained during microvesicle formation, allows their parental cell to be identified and populations of microvesicles to be investigated for roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases. For instance, recent work by our group has identified a role for neutrophil microvesicles in atherosclerosis. Microvesicle profiles could in future be associated with certain diseases and act as a biomarker to allow for earlier diagnosis. This short review will discuss some of the processes central to all microvesicles before focusing on neutrophil microvesicles, their potential role in cardiovascular disease and the mechanisms that may underpin this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Dow
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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13
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Emerging Evidence for Pleiotropism of Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137075. [PMID: 34209213 PMCID: PMC8269185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are complex granulocytes with the capacity to react upon diverse stimuli due to their numerous and variable surface receptors, which allows them to respond in very different manners. Traditionally believed to be only part of parasitic and allergic/asthmatic immune responses, as scientific studies arise, the paradigm about these cells is continuously changing, adding layers of complexity to their roles in homeostasis and disease. Developing principally in the bone marrow by the action of IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, eosinophils migrate from the blood to very different organs, performing multiple functions in tissue homeostasis as in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, uterus, mammary glands, liver, and skeletal muscle. In organs such as the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils are able to act as immune regulatory cells and also to perform direct actions against parasites, and bacteria, where novel mechanisms of immune defense as extracellular DNA traps are key factors. Besides, eosinophils, are of importance in an effective response against viral pathogens by their nuclease enzymatic activity and have been lately described as involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 immunity. The pleiotropic role of eosinophils is sustained because eosinophils can be also detrimental to human physiology, for example, in diseases like allergies, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, where exosomes can be significant pathophysiologic units. These eosinophilic pathologies, require specific treatments by eosinophils control, such as new monoclonal antibodies like mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this review, we describe the roles of eosinophils as effectors and regulatory cells and their involvement in pathological disorders and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
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14
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Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Exosomes: A Key Piece in Asthmatic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:963. [PMID: 33478047 PMCID: PMC7835850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has an important inflammatory component. Multiple cells are implicated in asthma pathogenesis (lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils), releasing a wide variety of cytokines. These cells can exert their inflammatory functions throughout extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small vesicles released by donor cells into the extracellular microenvironment that can be taken up by recipient cells. Depending on their size, EVs can be classified as microvesicles, exosomes, or apoptotic bodies. EVs are heterogeneous spherical structures secreted by almost all cell types. One of their main functions is to act as transporters of a wide range of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length. Therefore, exosomes could influence several physiological and pathological processes, including those involved in asthma. They can be detected in multiple cell types and biofluids, providing a wealth of information about the processes that take account in a pathological scenario. This review thus summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of exosomes from different sources (several cell populations and biofluids) in one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases, asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Cañas
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.C.); (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Choi Y, Sim S, Park HS. Distinct functions of eosinophils in severe asthma with type 2 phenotype: clinical implications. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:823-833. [PMID: 32460456 PMCID: PMC7373972 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is commonly recognized as a heterogeneous condition with a complex pathophysiology. With advances in the development of multiple medications for patients with asthma, most asthma symptoms are well managed. Nevertheless, 5% to 10% of adult asthmatic patients (called severe asthma) are in uncontrolled or partially controlled status despite intensive treatment. Especially, severe eosinophilic asthma is one of the severe asthma phenotypes characterized by eosinophilia in sputum/blood driven by type 2 immune responses. Eosinophils have been widely accepted as a central effector cell in the lungs. Some evidence has demonstrated that persistent eosinophilia in upper and lower airway mucosa contributes to asthma severity by producing various mediators including cytokines, chemokines and granule proteins. Moreover, extracellular traps released from eosinophils have been revealed to enhance type 2 inflammation in patients with severe asthma. These novel molecules have the ability to induce airway inf lammation and hyperresponsiveness through enhancing innate and type 2 immune responses. In this review, we highlight recent insight into the function of eosinophil extracellular traps in patients with severe asthma. In addition, the role of eosinophil extracellular vesicles in severe asthma is also proposed. Finally, current biologics are suggested as a potential strategy for effective management of severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soyoon Sim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Correspondence to Hae-Sim Park, M.D. Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtonggu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-5196, Fax: +82-31-219-5154, E-mail:
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16
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Wang M, Yu F, Li P, Wang K. Emerging Function and Clinical Significance of Exosomal circRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:367-383. [PMID: 32650235 PMCID: PMC7340966 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by almost all cells, with a diameter range of 30-150 nm and a lipid bilayer membrane. Exosomes are now considered as vital mediators of intercellular communication and participate in multiple cellular processes, such as signal transduction and antigen presentation. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been found to be abundant and stable in exosomes. Increasing evidence indicates that exosome-derived circRNAs act as signaling molecules to regulate cancer growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Moreover, circulating exosomal circRNAs can reflect the progression and malignant characteristics of cancer, implying their great potential as promising, non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the functional roles of exosomal circRNAs in cancer progression, discussing their potential as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Comprehensive elucidation of molecular mechanisms relevant to the implications of exosomal circRNAs in cancer progression will be conducive to the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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17
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Sangaphunchai P, Todd I, Fairclough LC. Extracellular vesicles and asthma: A review of the literature. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:291-307. [PMID: 31925972 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, recurrent and incurable allergy-related respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and narrowing of the airways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a universal feature of cellular function and can be detected in different bodily fluids. Recent evidence has shown the possibility of using EVs in understanding the pathogenesis of asthma, including their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Studies have reported that EVs released from key cells involved in asthma can induce priming and activation of other asthma-associated cells. A literature review was conducted on all current research regarding the role and function of EVs in the pathogenesis of asthma via the PRISMA statement method. An electronic search was performed using EMBASE and PubMed through to November 2018. The EMBASE search returned 76 papers, while the PubMed search returned 211 papers. Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility with a total of 34 studies included in the final qualitative analysis. The review found evidence of association between the presence of EVs and physiological changes characteristic of asthma, suggesting that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis, with the weight of evidence presently favouring deleterious effects of EVs in asthma. Numerous studies highlighted differences in exosomal contents between EVs of healthy and asthmatic individuals, which could be employed as potential diagnostic markers. In some circumstances, EVs were also found to be suppressive to disease, but more often promote inflammation and airway remodelling. In conclusion, EVs hold immense potential in understanding the pathophysiology of asthma, and as diagnostic and therapeutic markers. While more research is needed for definitive conclusions and their application in medical practice, the literature presented in this review should encourage further research and discovery within the field of EVs and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Quaglia M, Dellepiane S, Guglielmetti G, Merlotti G, Castellano G, Cantaluppi V. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cellular Crosstalk Between Immune System and Kidney Graft. Front Immunol 2020; 11:74. [PMID: 32180768 PMCID: PMC7057849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known immune-modulators exerting a critical role in kidney transplantation (KT). EV bioactive cargo includes graft antigens, costimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and functional microRNAs (miRNAs) that may modulate expression of recipient cell genes. As paracrine factors, neutrophil- and macrophage-derived EVs exert immunosuppressive and immune-stimulating effects on dendritic cells, respectively. Dendritic cell-derived EVs mediate alloantigen spreading and modulate antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. At systemic level, EVs exert pleiotropic effects on complement and coagulation. Depending on their biogenesis, they can amplify complement activation or shed complement inhibitors and prevent cell lysis. Likewise, endothelial- and platelet-derived EVs can exert procoagulant/prothrombotic effects and also promote endothelial survival and angiogenesis after ischemic injury. Kidney endothelial- and tubular-derived EVs play a key role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and during the healing process; additionally, they can trigger rejection by inducing both alloimmune and autoimmune responses. Endothelial EVs have procoagulant/pro-inflammatory effects and can release sequestered self-antigens, generating a tissue-specific autoimmunity. Renal tubule-derived EVs shuttle pro-fibrotic mediators (TGF-β and miR-21) to interstitial fibroblasts and modulate neutrophil and T-lymphocyte influx. These processes can lead to peritubular capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis-tubular atrophy. Different EVs, including those from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), have been employed as a therapeutic tool in experimental models of rejection and IRI. These particles protect tubular and endothelial cells (by inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation-fibrogenesis or by inducing autophagy) and stimulate tissue regeneration (by triggering angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration). Finally, urinary and serum EVs represent potential biomarkers for delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection. In conclusion, EVs sustain an intricate crosstalk between graft tissue and innate/adaptive immune systems. EVs play a major role in allorecognition, IRI, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity and are promising as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quaglia
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriele Guglielmetti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Guido Merlotti
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Cantaluppi
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19
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Lu YB, Chen CX, Huang J, Tian YX, Xie X, Yang P, Wu M, Tang C, Zhang WP. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase secreted from microglia via exosome during ischemic injury. J Neurochem 2019; 150:723-737. [PMID: 31269239 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the key enzyme of the salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. NAMPT can also be secreted and functions as a cytokine. We have previously shown that in the brain, NAMPT expression and secretion can be induced in microglia upon neuroinflammation and injury. Yet the mechanism for NAMPT secretion remains unclear. Here we show that NAMPT can be actively secreted from microglia upon the treatment of ischemia-like injury - oxygen-glucose deprivation and recovery (OGD/R). We confirmed that classical ER-Golgi pathway is not involved in NAMPT secretion. NAMPT secretion was further enhanced by ATP, and the secretion was mediated by P2X7 receptor and by intracellular Ca2+ . Importantly, we found that phospholipase D inhibitor, n-butanol, phospholipase D siRNA, and wortmannin significantly decreased OGD/R-induced and ATP-enhanced release of NAMPT in microglia. After excluding the mechanisms of involving secretory autophagy, endosomes, and secretory lysosome, we have concluded that microglial NAMPT is secreted mainly via exosome. Immune-electron microscopy identifies NAMPT in extracellular vesicles with the size and morphology characteristic of exosome. With the vesicles harvested by ultra-centrifugation, exosomal NAMPT is further confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Intriguingly, the amount of NAMPT relative to exosomal protein markers remains unchanged upon the treatment of OGD/R, suggesting a constant load of exosomal NAMPT in microglia. Taken together, we have identified NAMPT is actively secreted via exosome from microglia during neuroinflammation of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Xiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Core Medical Imaging Facility, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Ueki S, Miyabe Y, Yamamoto Y, Fukuchi M, Hirokawa M, Spencer LA, Weller PF. Charcot-Leyden Crystals in Eosinophilic Inflammation: Active Cytolysis Leads to Crystal Formation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 31203469 PMCID: PMC6952074 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), slender bipyramidal hexagonal crystals, were first described by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1853, predating Paul Ehrlich's "discovery" of eosinophils by 26 years. To date, CLCs are known as a classical hallmark of eosinophilic inflammation. CLC protein expresses palmitate cleaving lysophospholipase activity and is a member of the family of S-type lectins, galectin-10. We summarize current knowledge regarding the pathological observations of CLCs and their mechanism of generation focusing on eosinophil cell death. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of CLCs in vivo has been consistently associated with lytic eosinophils. Recent evidence revealed that cytolysis represents the occurrence of extracellular trap cell death (ETosis), an active non-apoptotic cell death process releasing filamentous chromatin structure. Galectin-10 is a predominant protein present within the cytoplasm of eosinophils but not stored in secretory granules. Activated eosinophils undergo ETosis and loss of galectin-10 cytoplasmic localization results in intracellular CLC formation. Free galectin-10 released following plasma membrane disintegration forms extracellular CLCs. Of interest, galectin-10-containing extracellular vesicles are also released during ETosis. Mice models indicated that CLCs could be a novel therapeutic target for Th2-type airway inflammation. The concept of ETosis, which represents a major fate of activated eosinophils, expands our current understanding by which cytoplasmic galectin-10 is crystalized/externalized. Besides CLCs and free galectin-10, cell-free granules, extracellular chromatin traps, extracellular vesicles, and other alarmins, all released through the process of ETosis, have novel implications in various eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter F. Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Bian X, Xiao YT, Wu T, Yao M, Du L, Ren S, Wang J. Microvesicles and chemokines in tumor microenvironment: mediators of intercellular communications in tumor progression. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:50. [PMID: 30925930 PMCID: PMC6441155 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the ability of cancer cells to convey biological information to recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for tumor progression. Microvesicles (MVs) are heterogenous vesicles formed by budding of the cellular membrane, which are secreted in larger amounts by cancer cells than normal cells. Recently, several reports have also disclosed that MVs function as important mediators of intercellular communication between cancerous and stromal cells within the TME, orchestrating complex pathophysiological processes. Chemokines are a family of small inflammatory cytokines that are able to induce chemotaxis in responsive cells. MVs which selective incorporate chemokines as their molecular cargos may play important regulatory roles in oncogenic processes including tumor proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and immunomodulation, et al. Therefore, it is important to explore the association of MVs and chemokines in TME, identify the potential prognostic marker of tumor, and develop more effective treatment strategies. Here we review the relevant literature regarding the role of MVs and chemokines in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Bian
- Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Tian Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Wu
- Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfei Yao
- Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Du
- Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
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22
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Choi Y, Lee Y, Park HS. Which Factors Associated With Activated Eosinophils Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease? ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:320-329. [PMID: 30912322 PMCID: PMC6439191 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils have long been recognized as a central effector cell in the lungs of asthmatic patients. They contribute to airway inflammation and remodeling through releasing several molecules such as cytokines, granule proteins, lipid mediators and extracellular traps/vesicles. Repeated evidence reveals that intense eosinophil infiltration in upper and lower airway mucosae contributes to the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Persistent eosinophilia is found to be associated with type 2 immune responses, cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction and eosinophil-epithelium interactions. This review highlights recent findings about key mechanisms of eosinophil activation in the airway inflammation of AERD. In addition, current biologics (targeting type 2 immune responses) were suggested to control eosinophilic inflammation for AERD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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23
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Carmo LAS, Bonjour K, Spencer LA, Weller PF, Melo RCN. Single-Cell Analyses of Human Eosinophils at High Resolution to Understand Compartmentalization and Vesicular Trafficking of Interferon-Gamma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1542. [PMID: 30038615 PMCID: PMC6046373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophils release numerous cytokines that are pre-synthesized and stored within their cytoplasmic-specific (secretory) granules. For example, high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are constitutively expressed in these cells, but the intracellular compartments involved in the transport and release of this cytokine remain to be established. In this work, we used a single-cell approach to investigate the subcellular localization of IFN-γ in human eosinophils stimulated or not with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or CC-chemokine ligand 11 CCL11 (eotaxin-1), inflammatory mediators that induce eosinophil activation and secretion. A pre-embedding immunonanogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique that combines optimal epitope preservation and access to membrane microdomains was applied to detect precise localization of IFN-γ in combination with computational quantitative analyses. In parallel, degranulation processes and formation of eosinophil sombrero vesicles (EoSVs), large transport carriers involved in the transport of granule-derived cytokines, were investigated. Quantitative TEM revealed that both CCL11 and TNF-α-activated eosinophils significantly increased the total number of EoSVs compared to the unstimulated group, indicating that this vesicular system is actively formed in response to cell activation. Ultrastructural immunolabeling identified a robust pool of IFN-γ on secretory granules in both unstimulated and stimulated cells. Moreover, EoSVs carrying IFN-γ were seen around or/and in contact with secretory granules and also distributed in the cytoplasm. Labeling was clearly associated with EoSV membranes. The total number of IFN-γ-positive EoSVs was significantly higher in stimulated compared to unstimulated cells, and these labeled vesicles had a differential distribution in the cytoplasm of activated cells, being significantly higher in the cell periphery compared with the inner cell, thus revealing intracellular IFN-γ mobilization for release. IFN-γ extracellular labeling was found at the cell surface, including on extracellular vesicles. Our results provide direct evidence that human eosinophils compartmentalize IFN-γ within secretory granules and identify, for the first time, a vesicular trafficking of IFN-γ associated with large transport carriers. This is important to understand how IFN-γ is trafficked and secreted during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A S Carmo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Bonjour
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Melo RCN, Weller PF. Contemporary understanding of the secretory granules in human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:85-93. [PMID: 29749658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1217-476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil secretory (specific) granules have a unique morphology and are both a morphologic hallmark of eosinophils and fundamental to eosinophil-mediated responses. Eosinophil mediators with multiple functional activities are presynthesized and stored within these granules, poised for very rapid, stimulus-induced secretion. The structural organization and changes of eosinophil specific granules are revealing in demonstrating the complex and diverse secretory activities of this cell. Here, we review our current knowledge on the architecture, composition, and function of eosinophil specific granules as highly elaborated organelles able to produce vesiculotubular carriers and to interplay with the intracellular vesicular trafficking. We reconsider prior identifications of eosinophil cytoplasmic granules, including "primary," "secondary," "microgranules," and "small granules"; and consonant with advances, we provide a contemporary recognition that human eosinophils contain a single population of specific granules and their developmental precursors and derived secretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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25
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Cappariello A, Loftus A, Muraca M, Maurizi A, Rucci N, Teti A. Osteoblast-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Biological Tools for the Delivery of Active Molecules to Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:517-533. [PMID: 29091316 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly appreciated regulators of tissue homeostasis and a means of intercellular communication. Reports have investigated the role of EVs and their cargoes in cellular regulation and have tried to fine-tune their biotechnological use, but to date very little is known on their function in bone biology. To investigate the relevance of EV-mediated communication between bone cells, we isolated EVs from primary mouse osteoblasts and assessed membrane integrity, size, and structure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). EVs actively shuttled loaded fluorochromes to osteoblasts, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, osteoblast EVs contained mRNAs shared with donor cells. Osteoblasts are known to regulate osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast survival, and osteoclast function by the pro-osteoclastic cytokine, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (Rankl). Osteoblast EVs were enriched in Rankl, which increased after PTH treatment. These EVs were biologically active, supporting osteoclast survival. EVs isolated from rankl-/- osteoblasts lost this pro-osteoclastic function, indicating its Rankl-dependence. They integrated ex vivo into murine calvariae, and EV-shuttled fluorochromes were quickly taken up by the bone upon in vivo EV systemic administration. Rankl-/- mice lack the osteoclast lineage and are negative for its specific marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP). Treatment of rankl-/- mice with wild-type osteoblast EVs induced the appearance of TRAcP-positive cells in an EV density-dependent manner. Finally, osteoblast EVs internalized and shuttled anti-osteoclast drugs (zoledronate and dasatinib), inhibiting osteoclast activity in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that osteoblast EVs are involved in intercellular communication between bone cells, contribute to the Rankl pro-osteoclastic effect, and shuttle anti-osteoclast drugs, representing a potential means of targeted therapeutic delivery. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cappariello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alexander Loftus
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Maurizi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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26
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Zarantonello V, Silva TP, Noyma NP, Gamalier JP, Mello MM, Marinho MM, Melo RCN. The Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYRF-01) Responds to Environmental Stresses with Increased Vesiculation Detected at Single-Cell Resolution. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515552 PMCID: PMC5826386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of membrane-limited vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), is an important biological process of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This process has been observed in bacteria, but remains to be better characterized at high resolution in cyanobacteria. In the present work, we address the release of EVs by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYRF-01), a filamentous bloom-forming cyanobacterium, exposed to environmental stressors. First, non-axenic cultures of C. raciborskii (CYRF-01) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVA + UVB) over a 6 h period, which is known to induce structural damage to this species. Second, C. raciborskii was co-cultured in interaction with another cyanobacterium species, Microcystis aeruginosa (MIRF-01), over a 24 h period. After the incubation times, cell density and viability were analyzed, and samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our ultrastructural analyses revealed that C. raciborskii constitutively releases EVs from the outer membrane during its normal growth and amplifies such ability in response to environmental stressors. Both situations induced significant formation of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) by C. raciborskii compared to control cells. Quantitative TEM revealed an increase of 48% (UV) and 60% (interaction) in the OMV numbers compared to control groups. Considering all groups, the OMVs ranged in size from 20 to 300 nm in diameter, with most OMVs showing diameters between 20 and 140 nm. Additionally, we detected that OMV formation is accompanied by phosphatidylserine exposure, a molecular event also observed in EV-secreting eukaryotic cells. Altogether, we identified for the first time that C. raciborskii has the competence to secrete OMVs and that under different stress situations the genesis of these vesicles is increased. The amplified ability of cyanobacteria to release OMVs may be associated with adaptive responses to changes in environmental conditions and interspecies cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zarantonello
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Natália P Noyma
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Gamalier
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Mello
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Marinho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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27
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Abstract
With the advent of novel therapies targeting eosinophils, there has been renewed interest in understanding the basic biology of this unique cell. In this context, murine models and human studies have continued to highlight the role of the eosinophil in homeostatic functions and immunoregulation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of eosinophil biology that are likely to have important consequences on the development and consequences of eosinophil-targeted therapies. Given the breadth of the topic, the discussion will be limited to three areas of interest: the eosinophil life cycle, eosinophil heterogeneity, and mechanisms of cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Han L, Xu J, Xu Q, Zhang B, Lam EWF, Sun Y. Extracellular vesicles in the tumor microenvironment: Therapeutic resistance, clinical biomarkers, and targeting strategies. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1318-1349. [PMID: 28586517 DOI: 10.1002/med.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have proved that cell-nonautonomous regulation of neoplastic cells is a distinctive and essential characteristic of tumorigenesis. Two way communications between the tumor and the stroma, or within the tumor significantly influence disease progression and modify treatment responses. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), malignant cells utilize paracrine signaling initiated by adjacent stromal cells to acquire resistance against multiple types of anticancer therapies, wherein extracellular vesicles (EVs) substantially promote such events. EVs are nanoscaled particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, and can mediate intercellular communications between cancerous cells and the adjacent microenvironment to accelerate pathological proceeding. Here we review the most recent studies of EV biology and focus on key cell lineages of the TME and their EV cargoes that are biologically active and responsible for cancer resistance, including proteins, RNAs, and other potentially essential components. Since EVs are emerging as novel but critical elements in establishing and maintaining hallmarks of human cancer, timely and insightful understanding of their molecular properties and functional mechanisms would pave the road for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and effective targeting in the global landscape of precision medicine. Further, we address the potential of EVs as promising biomarkers in cancer clinics and summarize the technical improvements in EV preparation, analysis, and imaging. We highlight the practical issues that should be exercised with caution to guide the development of targeting agents and therapeutic methodologies to minimize cancer resistance driven by EVs, thereby allowing to effectively control the early steps of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Han
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B Zhang
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - E W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Sun
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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