1
|
Wang S, Sun Y, Shao D, Pan Y, Gao X, Zhao P, Liu Q, Shang G, Shang W, Fu Z, Sun Y. High expression of serine protease inhibitor kazal type 1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes the progression and invasion of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:106003. [PMID: 38781741 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of serine protease inhibitor kazal type 1 (SPINK1) and its carcinogenic effect in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). DESIGN Initially, bioinformatics analysis was conducted using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus to compare SPINK1 mRNA expression between malignant and adjacent tissues. Subsequently, the impact of differential expression on survival and other clinical variables was examined. Additionally, histology microarray analysis was performed to assess SPINK1 protein expression in 35 cases of malignant and adjacent tissues. Finally, alterations in SPINK1 expression were evaluated to determine its biological phenotypes in OTSCC, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. RESULTS OTSCC tissues exhibit higher levels of SPINK1 compared to surrounding cancerous tissues. Notably, increased SPINK1 expression correlates with the pathological N stage and independently predicts overall survival among patients with OTSCC. CONCLUSION Suppression of SPINK1 inhibited OTSCC cell proliferation, invasion, and motility while promoting apoptosis. These findings suggest that SPINK1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker as well as a potential therapeutic target for managing OTSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Department of Stomatology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Yunjie Pan
- Department of Stomatology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Huangdao District, Qingdao 266499,China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Department of Oncology, Huangdao District Central Hospital, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Gaishuang Shang
- Department of Scientific Research, Qingdao East Sea Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266431, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhiguang Fu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barresi V, Di Bella V, Lo Nigro L, Privitera AP, Bonaccorso P, Scuderi C, Condorelli DF. Temporary serine protease inhibition and the role of SPINK2 in human bone marrow. iScience 2023; 26:106949. [PMID: 37378330 PMCID: PMC10291479 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease temporary inhibitors are true substrates that bind the catalytic site with high affinity but are slowly degraded, thus acting as inhibitor for a defined time window. Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK) family is endowed with such functional property whose physiological meaning is poorly explored. High expression of SPINK2 in some hematopoietic malignancies prompted us to investigate its role in adult human bone marrow. We report here the physiological expression of SPINK2 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and mobilized cluster differentiation 34 (CD34)+ cells. We determined the SPINK2 degradation constant and derived a mathematical relationship predicting the zone of inhibited target protease activity surrounding the SPINK2-secreting HSPCs. Analysis of putative target proteases for SPINK2 revealed the expression of PRSS2 and PRSS57 in HSPCs. Our combined results suggest that SPINK2 and its target serine proteases might play a role in the intercellular communication within the hematopoietic stem cell niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Lo Nigro
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico – San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Provvidenza Privitera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Bonaccorso
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico – San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Scuderi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pitts HA, Cheng CK, Cheung JS, Sun MKH, Yung YL, Chan HY, Wong RSM, Yip SF, Lau KN, Wong WS, Raghupathy R, Chan NPH, Ng MHL. SPINK2 Protein Expression Is an Independent Adverse Prognostic Marker in AML and Is Potentially Implicated in the Regulation of Ferroptosis and Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119696. [PMID: 37298647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the identification as well as clinicopathological and functional characterization of potent prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing, we investigated the protein expression as well as clinicopathological and prognostic associations of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 2 (SPINK2) in AML and examined its potential biological functions. High SPINK2 protein expression was an independent adverse biomarker for survival and an indicator of elevated therapy resistance and relapse risk. SPINK2 expression was associated with AML with an NPM1 mutation and an intermediate risk by cytogenetics and European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 criteria. Furthermore, SPINK2 expression could refine the ELN2022prognostic stratification. Functionally, an RNA sequencing analysis uncovered a potential link of SPINK2 with ferroptosis and immune response. SPINK2 regulated the expression of certain P53 targets and ferroptosis-related genes, including SLC7A11 and STEAP3, and affected cystine uptake, intracellular iron levels and sensitivity to erastin, a specific ferroptosis inducer. Furthermore, SPINK2 inhibition consistently increased the expression of ALCAM, an immune response enhancer and promoter of T-cell activity. Additionally, we identified a potential small-molecule inhibitor of SPINK2, which requires further characterization. In summary, high SPINK2 protein expression was a potent adverse prognostic marker in AML and might represent a druggable target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Augustus Pitts
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Keung Cheng
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Sin Cheung
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Murphy Ka-Hei Sun
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuk-Lin Yung
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi-Yun Chan
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond S M Wong
- Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze-Fai Yip
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Ngai Lau
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Shan Wong
- Pathology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Radha Raghupathy
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Natalie P H Chan
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margaret H L Ng
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morales Granda NC, Toldi V, Miczi M, Lassoued M, Szabó A. Inhibition of mouse trypsin isoforms by SPINK1 and effect of human pancreatitis-associated mutations. Pancreatology 2023:S1424-3903(23)00137-0. [PMID: 37149461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a trypsin-selective inhibitor protein secreted by the exocrine pancreas. Loss-of-function SPINK1 mutations predispose to chronic pancreatitis through either reduced expression, secretion, or impaired trypsin inhibition. In this study, we aimed to characterize the inhibitory activity of mouse SPINK1 against cationic (T7) and anionic (T8, T9, T20) mouse trypsin isoforms. Kinetic measurements with a peptide substrate, and digestion experiments with β-casein indicated that the catalytic activity of all mouse trypsins is comparable. Human SPINK1 and its mouse ortholog inhibited mouse trypsins with comparable efficiency (KD range 0.7-2.2 pM), with the sole exception of T7 trypsin, which was inhibited less effectively by the human inhibitor (KD 21.9 pM). Characterization of four chronic pancreatitis-associated human SPINK1 mutations in the context of the mouse inhibitor revealed that the reactive-loop mutations R42N (human K41N) and I43M (human I42M) impaired SPINK1 binding to trypsin (KD 60 nM and 47.5 pM, respectively), whereas mutations D35S (human N34S) and A56S (human P55S) had no impact on trypsin inhibition. Our results confirmed that high-affinity trypsin inhibition by SPINK1 is conserved in the mouse, and the functional consequences of human pancreatitis-associated SPINK1 mutations can be replicated in the mouse inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly C Morales Granda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vanda Toldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márió Miczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Meriam Lassoued
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagel F, Palm GJ, Geist N, McDonnell TCR, Susemihl A, Girbardt B, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Lammers M, Delcea M. Structural and Biophysical Insights into SPINK1 Bound to Human Cationic Trypsin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073468. [PMID: 35408828 PMCID: PMC8998336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) inhibits trypsin activity in zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells. Several mutations in the SPINK1 gene are associated with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). The most common variant is SPINK1 p.N34S. Although this mutation was identified two decades ago, the mechanism of action has remained elusive. (2) SPINK1 and human cationic trypsin (TRY1) were expressed in E. coli, and inhibitory activities were determined. Crystals of SPINK1-TRY1 complexes were grown by using the hanging-drop method, and phases were solved by molecular replacement. (3) Both SPINK1 variants show similar inhibitory behavior toward TRY1. The crystal structures are almost identical, with minor differences in the mutated loop. Both complexes show an unexpected rotamer conformation of the His63 residue in TRY1, which is a member of the catalytic triad. (4) The SPINK1 p.N34S mutation does not affect the inhibitory behavior or the overall structure of the protein. Therefore, the pathophysiological mechanism of action of the p.N34S variant cannot be explained mechanistically or structurally at the protein level. The observed histidine conformation is part of a mechanism for SPINK1 that can explain the exceptional proteolytic stability of this inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nagel
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Norman Geist
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas C. R. McDonnell
- Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Anne Susemihl
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Britta Girbardt
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximillian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Michael Lammers
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao C, Wang Q, An J, Zhang M, Chen J, Li X, Xiao L, Wang J, Long Q, Liu J, Guan X. SPINKs in Tumors: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:833741. [PMID: 35223512 PMCID: PMC8873584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK) family includes SPINK1-14 and is the largest branch in the serine protease inhibitor family. SPINKs play an important role in pancreatic physiology and disease, sperm maturation and capacitation, Nager syndrome, inflammation and the skin barrier. Evidence shows that the unregulated expression of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 is closely related to human tumors. Different SPINKs exhibit various regulatory modes in different tumors and can be used as tumor prognostic markers. This article reviews the role of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 in different human cancer processes and helps to identify new cancer treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minglin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Linlin Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu R, Dollinger E, Nie Q. Machine Learning of Single Cell Transcriptomic Data From anti-PD-1 Responders and Non-responders Reveals Distinct Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Cancers and PDAC. Front Genet 2022; 12:806457. [PMID: 35178072 PMCID: PMC8844526 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapies such as PD-1 blockade have vastly improved the treatment of numerous cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, patients afflicted with pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC), one of the deadliest malignancies, overwhelmingly exhibit negative responses to checkpoint therapy. We sought to combine data analysis and machine learning to differentiate the putative mechanisms of BCC and PDAC non-response. We discover that increased MHC-I expression in malignant cells and suppression of MHC and PD-1/PD-L expression in CD8+ T cells is associated with nonresponse to treatment. Furthermore, we leverage machine learning to predict response to PD-1 blockade on a cellular level. We confirm divergent resistance mechanisms between BCC, PDAC, and melanoma and highlight the potential for rapid and affordable testing of gene expression in BCC patients to accurately predict response to checkpoint therapies. Our findings present an optimistic outlook for the use of quantitative cross-cancer analyses in characterizing immune responses and predicting immunotherapy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Liu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Dollinger
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Emmanuel Dollinger, ; Qing Nie,
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Emmanuel Dollinger, ; Qing Nie,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ibrahim MMA, Nelson JR, Archer GS, Athrey G. Effects of Monochromatic Lighting During Incubation and Vaccination on the Splenic Transcriptome Profiles of Chicken. Front Genet 2021; 12:628041. [PMID: 34093639 PMCID: PMC8173116 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.628041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lighting is a crucial environmental variable in poultry operations, but illumination during incubation is relatively understudied. The ability to stimulate development or immune performance using in ovo lighting is a promising approach for improving poultry health and welfare. This study investigated how monochromatic green light during incubation and vaccination method and timing affected chicken splenic gene expression patterns. We performed this study with 1,728 Hy-Line white layer eggs incubated under two light treatments during incubation: continuous dark and continuous green monochromatic light, over the entire incubation period. Half the eggs in each light treatment received in ovo vaccination, applied on embryonic day 18 (ED18). The remaining half were vaccinated by spraying on hatch day. After hatching, the light treatments followed the industry-standard lighting regimens. The study had six treatment groups with light-dark pairs for non-vaccinated, in ovo vaccinated, and post-hatch vaccinated. We assessed splenic gene expression at ED18 and at 7 days post-hatch (PH) in all the treatments. We isolated and sequenced 24 mRNA libraries on the Illumina platform, followed by bioinformatics and differential gene expression analyses. RNAseq analysis showed between 62 and 6,755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between comparisons, with the most prominent differences observed between ED and PH samples, followed by comparisons between vaccination methods. In contrast, light vs. dark treatments at ED showed limited effects on transcriptomic profiles. However, we observed a synergistic effect of lighting during incubation on post-hatch vaccination responses, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to the light treatment showing stimulation of cell proliferation with significance for immune activity (inferred from gene ontology terms). Gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated biological processes like cellular component organization or biogenesis, rhythmic process, developmental process, response to stimulus, and immune system processes were explained by the DEGs. While lighting is an important source of circadian stimulation, other controlled studies are required to clarify whether in ovo circadian entrainment plays a role in modulating immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. A. Ibrahim
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jill R. Nelson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gregory S. Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Giridhar Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Faculty of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin TC. Functional Roles of SPINK1 in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083814. [PMID: 33916984 PMCID: PMC8067593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) is a secreted protein known as a protease inhibitor of trypsin in the pancreas. However, emerging evidence shows its function in promoting cancer progression in various types of cancer. SPINK1 modulated tumor malignancies and induced the activation of the downstream signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells, due to the structural similarity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The discoverable SPINK1 somatic mutations, expressional signatures, and prognostic significances in various types of cancer have attracted attention as a cancer biomarker in clinical applications. Emerging findings further clarify the direct and indirect biological effects of SPINK1 in regulating cancer proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, transdifferentiation, and cancer stemness, warranting the exploration of the SPINK1-mediated molecular mechanism to identify a therapeutic strategy. In this review article, we first integrate the transcriptomic data of different types of cancer with clinical information and recent findings of SPINK1-mediated malignant phenotypes. In addition, a comprehensive summary of SPINK1 expression in a pan-cancer panel and individual cell types of specific organs at the single-cell level is presented to indicate the potential sites of tumorigenesis, which has not yet been reported. This review aims to shed light on the roles of SPINK1 in cancer and provide guidance and potential directions for scientists in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sagini MN, Klika KD, Orry A, Zepp M, Mutiso J, Berger MR. Riproximin Exhibits Diversity in Sugar Binding, and Modulates some Metastasis-Related Proteins with Lectin like Properties in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:549804. [PMID: 33328982 PMCID: PMC7734336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.549804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Riproximin (Rpx) is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein with specific anti-proliferative activity. It was purified from Ximenia americana by affinity chromatography using a resin coupled with lactosyl residues. The same technique facilitated isolation of proteins with lectin-like properties from human Suit2-007 and rat ASML pancreatic cancer cells, which were termed lactosyl-sepharose binding proteins (LSBPs). The role of these proteins in cancer progression was investigated at mRNA level using chip array data of Suit2-007 and ASML cells re-isolated from nude rats. These data compared significant mRNA expression changes when relating primary (pancreas) and metastatic (liver) sites following orthotopic and intraportal implantation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, respectively. The affinity of Rpx to 13 simple sugar structures was modeled by docking experiments, the ranking of which was principally confirmed by NMR-spectroscopy. In addition, Rpx and LSBPs were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity and their cellular uptake was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. From 13 monosaccharides evaluated, open-chain rhamnose, β-d-galactose, and α-l-galactopyranose showed the highest affinities for site 1 of Rpx’s B-chain. NMR evaluation yielded a similar ranking, as galactose was among the best binders. Both, Rpx and LSBPs reduced cell proliferation in vitro, but their anti-proliferative effects were decreased by 15–20% in the presence of galactose. The program “Ingenuity Pathway Analysis” identified 2,415 genes showing significantly modulated mRNA expression following exposure of Suit2-007 cells to Rpx in vitro. These genes were then matched to those 1,639 genes, which were significantly modulated in the rat model when comparing primary and metastatic growth of Suit2-007 cells. In this overlap analysis, LSBP genes were considered separately. The potential suitability of Rpx for treating metastatic Suit2-007 PDAC cells was reflected by those genes, which were modulated by Rpx in a way opposite to that observed in cancer progression. Remarkably, these were 14% of all genes modulated during cancer progression, but 71% of the respective LSBP gene subgroup. Based on these findings, we predict that Rpx has the potential to treat PDAC metastasis by modulating genes involved in metastatic progression, especially by targeting LSBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah N Sagini
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Zepp
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua Mutiso
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sahni S, Nahm C, Krisp C, Molloy MP, Mehta S, Maloney S, Itchins M, Pavlakis N, Clarke S, Chan D, Gill AJ, Howell VM, Samra J, Mittal A. Identification of Novel Biomarkers in Pancreatic Tumor Tissue to Predict Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:237. [PMID: 32195182 PMCID: PMC7064619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been of recent interest as an alternative to upfront surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, a subset of patients does not respond to NAC and may have been better managed by upfront surgery. Hence, there is an unmet need for accurate biomarkers for predicting NAC response in PDAC. We aimed to identify upregulated proteins in tumor tissue from poor- and good-NAC responders. Methods: Tumor and adjacent pancreas tissue samples were obtained following surgical resection from NAC-treated PDAC patients. SWATH-MS proteomic analysis was performed to identify and quantify proteins in tissue samples. Statistical analysis was performed to identify biomarkers for NAC response. Pathway analysis was performed to characterize affected canonical pathways in good- and poor-NAC responders. Results: A total of 3,156 proteins were identified, with 19 being were significantly upregulated in poor-responders compared to good-responders (log2 ratio > 2, p < 0.05). Those with the greatest ability to predict poor-NAC response were GRP78, CADM1, PGES2, and RUXF. Notably, canonical pathways that were significantly upregulated in good-responders included acute phase signaling and macrophage activation, indicating a heightened immune response in these patients. Conclusion: A novel biomarker signature for poor-NAC response in PDAC was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sahni
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Australian Pancreatic Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Nahm
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Australian Pancreatic Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Center for Diagnostics, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shreya Mehta
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Australian Pancreatic Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Maloney
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Malinda Itchins
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Center, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Cancer Institute, St Leonards and Frenchs Forest, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Center, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Cancer Institute, St Leonards and Frenchs Forest, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Clarke
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Center, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Cancer Institute, St Leonards and Frenchs Forest, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - David Chan
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Center, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Cancer Institute, St Leonards and Frenchs Forest, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Samra
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Australian Pancreatic Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Australian Pancreatic Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaluzhny Y, Kinuthia MW, Lapointe AM, Truong T, Klausner M, Hayden P. Oxidative stress in corneal injuries of different origin: Utilization of 3D human corneal epithelial tissue model. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107867. [PMID: 31705899 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current work was to utilize a three dimensional (3D) corneal epithelial tissue model to study dry eye disease and oxidative stress-related corneal epithelial injuries for the advancement of ocular therapeutics. Air-liquid interface cultures of normal human corneal epithelial cells were used to produce 3D corneal epithelial tissues appropriate for physiologically relevant exposure to environmental factors. Oxidative stress was generated by exposing the tissues to non-toxic doses of ultraviolet radiation (UV), hydrogen peroxide, vesicating agent nitrogen mustard, or desiccating conditions that stimulated morphological, cellular, and molecular changes relevant to dry eye disease. Corneal specific responses, including barrier function, tissue viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, lipid peroxidation, cytokine release, histology, and gene expression were evaluated. 3D corneal epithelial tissue model structurally and functionally reproduced key features of molecular responses of various types of oxidative stress-induced ocular damage. The most pronounced effects for different treatments were: UV irradiation - intracellular ROS accumulation; hydrogen peroxide exposure - barrier impairment and IL-8 release; nitrogen mustard exposure - lipid peroxidation and IL-8 release; desiccating conditions - tissue thinning, a decline in mucin expression, increased lipid peroxidation and IL-8 release. Utilizing a PCR gene array, we compared the effects of corneal epithelial damage on the expression of 84 oxidative stress-responsive genes and found specific molecular responses for each type of damage. The topical application of lubricant eye drops improved tissue morphology while decreasing lipid peroxidation and IL-8 release from tissues incubated at desiccating conditions. This model is anticipated to be a valuable tool to study molecular mechanisms of corneal epithelial damage and aid in the development of therapies against dry eye disease, oxidative stress- and vesicant-induced ocular injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kaluzhny
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, MA, 01721, USA.
| | | | | | - Thoa Truong
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, MA, 01721, USA.
| | | | - Patrick Hayden
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, MA, 01721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|