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Makinwa Y, Luo Y, Musich PR, Zou Y. Canonical and Noncanonical Functions of the BH3 Domain Protein Bid in Apoptosis, Oncogenesis, Cancer Therapeutics, and Aging. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2199. [PMID: 38927905 PMCID: PMC11202167 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer therapy with limited adverse effects is a major challenge in the medical field. This is especially complicated by the development of acquired chemoresistance. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie these processes remains a major effort in cancer research. In this review, we focus on the dual role that Bid protein plays in apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway, in oncogenesis and in cancer therapeutics. The BH3 domain in Bid and the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, mitochondrial ATR) it associates with at the outer mitochondrial membrane provides us with a viable target in cancer therapy. We will discuss the roles of Bid, mitochondrial ATR, and other anti-apoptotic proteins in intrinsic apoptosis, exploring how their interaction sustains cellular viability despite the initiation of upstream death signals. The unexpected upregulation of this Bid protein in cancer cells can also be instrumental in explaining the mechanisms behind acquired chemoresistance. The stable protein associations at the mitochondria between tBid and anti-apoptotic mitochondrial ATR play a crucial role in maintaining the viability of cancer cells, suggesting a novel mechanism to induce cancer cell apoptosis by freeing tBid from the ATR associations at mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (Y.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yibo Luo
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (Y.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Phillip R. Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (Y.M.); (Y.L.)
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2
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Biswas H, Makinwa Y, Zou Y. Novel Cellular Functions of ATR for Therapeutic Targeting: Embryogenesis to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11684. [PMID: 37511442 PMCID: PMC10380702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is recognized as having an important role in cancer growth and treatment. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has shown significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. ATR inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effectiveness, not just as monotherapies but also in enhancing the effects of standard chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The biological basis of ATR is examined in this review, as well as its functional significance in the development and therapy of cancer, and the justification for inhibiting this target as a therapeutic approach, including an assessment of the progress and status of previous decades' development of effective and selective ATR inhibitors. The current applications of these inhibitors in preclinical and clinical investigations as single medicines or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are also fully reviewed. This review concludes with some insights into the many concerns highlighted or identified with ATR inhibitors in both the preclinical and clinical contexts, as well as potential remedies proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.B.); (Y.M.)
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Gurung D, Danielson JA, Tasnim A, Zhang JT, Zou Y, Liu JY. Proline Isomerization: From the Chemistry and Biology to Therapeutic Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1008. [PMID: 37508437 PMCID: PMC10376262 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Proline isomerization, the process of interconversion between the cis- and trans-forms of proline, is an important and unique post-translational modification that can affect protein folding and conformations, and ultimately regulate protein functions and biological pathways. Although impactful, the importance and prevalence of proline isomerization as a regulation mechanism in biological systems have not been fully understood or recognized. Aiming to fill gaps and bring new awareness, we attempt to provide a wholistic review on proline isomerization that firstly covers what proline isomerization is and the basic chemistry behind it. In this section, we vividly show that the cause of the unique ability of proline to adopt both cis- and trans-conformations in significant abundance is rooted from the steric hindrance of these two forms being similar, which is different from that in linear residues. We then discuss how proline isomerization was discovered historically followed by an introduction to all three types of proline isomerases and how proline isomerization plays a role in various cellular responses, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, T-cell activation, and ion channel gating. We then explore various human diseases that have been linked to the dysregulation of proline isomerization. Finally, we wrap up with the current stage of various inhibitors developed to target proline isomerases as a strategy for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Gurung
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jacob A Danielson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Afsara Tasnim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Yang H, Huebner K, Hampel C, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Selvamani SB, Shukla V, Geppert CI, Hartmann A, Mahadevan V, Schneider-Stock R. ATF2 loss promotes 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells via activation of the ATR-Chk1 damage response pathway. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:480. [PMID: 37237279 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of ATF2 in colon cancer (CC) is controversial. Recently, we reported that low ATF2 expression is characteristic of highly invasive tumors, suggesting that ATF2 might also be involved in therapy resistance. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the best-known chemotherapeutic drug for CC, but drug resistance affects its curative effect. To date, the role of ATF2 in the 5-FU response remains elusive. METHODS/RESULTS For our study, we had available HCT116 cells (wild-type p53) and HT29 colon tumor cells (mutant p53) and their corresponding CRISPR‒Cas9-generated ATF2-KO clones. We observed that loss of ATF2 triggered dose- and time-dependent 5-FU resistance in HCT116 cells by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway with high p-ATRThr1989 and p-Chk1Ser317 levels accompanied by an increase in the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in vitro and in vivo using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Chk1 inhibitor studies causally displayed the link between DDR and drug resistance. There were contradictory findings in HT29 ATF2-KO cells upon 5-FU exposure with low p-Chk1Ser317 levels, strong apoptosis induction, but no effects on DNA damage. In ATF2-silenced HCT116 p53-/- cells, 5-FU did not activate the DDR pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays revealed that upon 5-FU treatment, ATF2 binds to ATR to prevent Chk1 phosphorylation. Indeed, in silico modelling showed reduced ATR-Chk1 binding when ATF2 was docked into the complex. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a novel ATF2 scaffold function involved in the DDR pathway. ATF2-negative cells are highly resistant due to effective ATR/Chk1 DNA damage repair. Mutant p53 seems to overwrite the tumor suppressor function of ATF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Kerstin Huebner
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Chuanpit Hampel
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wuensch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Selva Babu Selvamani
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Vikas Shukla
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Carol I Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‑EMN (CCC ER‑EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstr. 30, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | | | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‑EMN (CCC ER‑EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstr. 30, Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
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Gao S, Shan L, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhan X, Yin Y, Jiang Z, Tao X, Li X, Ye M, Liu Y. Inhibition of PP2A by LB100 sensitizes bladder cancer cells to chemotherapy by inducing p21 degradation. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1203-1215. [PMID: 36136269 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder carcinoma (BLCA) is the most common urinary tract malignancy and exhibits a poor response to chemotherapy. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase involved in a wide variety of regulatory cellular processes, including apoptosis and the DNA-damage response (DDR). LB100, a small molecule inhibitor of PP2A, has been shown to act as a chemo-sensitizer in multiple types of cancer. However, the anti-tumor effect and mode of action of LB100 in BLCA have yet to be identified. METHODS In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the anti-tumor effect of LB100 alone or in combination with gemcitabine. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics analysis was used to identify the downstream substrates of PP2A and to explore the mechanism underlying LB100-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition, we established a chemo-resistant BLCA cell line (RT-112-R) by prolonged drug exposure and determined the effect of LB100 in enhancing genotoxicity in BLCA cell lines and xenograft mouse models. RESULTS We found that LB100 is sufficient to induce an anti-tumor response in BLCA cells by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that PP2A potentially dephosphorylates p-p21-ser130 to stabilize p21. Inhibition of PP2A by LB100 increased the level of p-p21-ser130, subsequently leading to a reduction in p21 level in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we found that treatment of LB100 abrogated the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, resulting in increased phosphorylation of γH2AX in BLCA cells. Moreover, LB100 enhanced genotoxicity in chemo-resistant BLCA cells by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that PP2A may serve as a potential therapeutic target in BLCA through regulating p21 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liping Shan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- (CAS) Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xi Zhan
- (CAS) Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yalei Yin
- (CAS) Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhonghao Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.,Innovative Research Center for Integrated Cancer Omics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China. .,Innovative Research Center for Integrated Cancer Omics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Mingliang Ye
- (CAS) Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China. .,Innovative Research Center for Integrated Cancer Omics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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6
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An P, Lu D, Zhang L, Lan H, Yang H, Ge G, Liu W, Shen W, Ding X, Tang D, Zhang W, Luan X, Cheng H, Zhang H. Synergistic antitumor effects of compound-composed optimal formula from Aidi injection on hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154231. [PMID: 35691079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) possesses unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the unclear chemical composition and mechanism lead to its unstable efficacy and adverse reactions occurring frequently, especially injection. We previously proposed the research idea and strategy for compound-composed Chinese medicine formula (CCMF). PURPOSE A demonstration study was performed through screening of the compound-composed optimal formula (COF) from Aidi injection, confirmation of the synergistic effect, and exploration of the related mechanism in the treatment of HCC and CRC. METHOD The feedback system control (FSC) technique was applied to screening of COF. CCK-8 and calcein-AM/PI assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry and DAPI staining. JC-1 probe and mitochondrial staining were employed to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the release of cytochrome c into cytoplasm, respective. Quantitative proteomics, drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay, bioinformatics, and molecular docking were carried out to explore the targets of the compounds and the synergistic mechanism involved. RESULTS COF was obtained from Aidi injection, which comprises cantharidin (CAN): calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CAG): ginsenoside Rc: ginsenoside Rd = 1:12:12:8 (molar ratio). The monarch drug CAN in combination with minister medicines consisting of CAG, Rc and Rd (abbr. TD) displayed evidently synergistic effect, which inhibited cell viability, increased dead cell number, induced apoptosis, reduced MMP, promoted cytochrome c leakage of HCC and CRC cells, and suppressed the increases of tumor volume and weight in HCC and CRC bearing nude mice. TD probably antagonized CAN enhanced activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) to depress the degradation of cytotoxic proteins through binding to ubiquitin proteasome, thus exerting the synergistic effect with CAN activated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In addition, the CAN enhanced protein expression of UPS was also observed for the first time. CONCLUSION CAN and TD exert synergism through activation of PP2A and inhibition of UPS. It makes sense to elucidate the scientific nature of the compatibility theory of TCMF based on CCMF, which will be an important research direction of the modernization of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei An
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dong Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyue Lan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongxuan Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weixing Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Haibo Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Biswas H, Zhao SJ, Makinwa Y, Bassett JS, Musich PR, Liu JY, Zou Y. Prolyl Isomerization-Mediated Conformational Changes Define ATR Subcellular Compartment-Specific Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826576. [PMID: 35721505 PMCID: PMC9204103 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR is a PI3K-like kinase protein, regulating checkpoint responses to DNA damage and replication stress. Apart from its checkpoint function in the nucleus, ATR actively engages in an antiapoptotic role at mitochondria following DNA damage. The different functions of ATR in the nucleus and cytoplasm are carried out by two prolyl isomeric forms of ATR: trans- and cis-ATR, respectively. The isomerization occurs at the Pin1 Ser428-Pro429 motif of ATR. Here, we investigated the structural basis of the subcellular location-specific functions of human ATR. Using a mass spectrometry-based footprinting approach, the surface accessibility of ATR lysine residues to sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin modification was monitored and compared between the cis- and the trans-isomers. We have identified two biotin-modified lysine residues, K459 and K469, within the BH3-like domain of cis-ATR that were not accessible in trans-ATR, indicating a conformational change around the BH3 domain between cis- and trans-ATR. The conformational alteration also involved the N-terminal domain and the middle HEAT domain. Moreover, experimental results from an array of complementary assays show that cis-ATR with the accessible BH3 domain was able to bind to tBid while trans-ATR could not. In addition, both cis- and trans-ATR can directly form homodimers via their C-terminal domains without ATRIP, while nuclear (trans-ATR) in the presence of ATRIP forms dimer-dimer complexes involving both N- and C-termini of ATR and ATRIP after UV. Structural characteristics around the Ser428-Pro429 motif and the BH3 domain region are also analyzed by molecular modeling and dynamics simulation. In support, cis conformation was found to be significantly more energetically favorable than trans at the Ser428-Pro429 bond in a 20-aa wild-type ATR peptide. Taken together, our results suggest that the isomerization-induced structural changes of ATR define both its subcellular location and compartment-specific functions and play an essential role in promoting cell survival and DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Biswas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Shu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yetunde Makinwa
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - James S. Bassett
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Phillip R. Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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8
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Jangili P, Kong N, Kim JH, Zhou J, Liu H, Zhang X, Tao W, Kim JS. DNA-Damage-Response-Targeting Mitochondria-Activated Multifunctional Prodrug Strategy for Self-Defensive Tumor Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117075. [PMID: 35133703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel multifunctional construct, M1, designed explicitly to target the DNA damage response in cancer cells. M1 contains both a floxuridine (FUDR) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor combined with a GSH-sensitive linker. Further conjugation of the triphenylphosphonium moiety allows M1 to undergo specific activation in the mitochondria, where mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is observed. Moreover, M1 has enormous effects on genomic DNA ascribed to FUDR's primary function of impeding DNA/RNA synthesis combined with diminishing PP2A-activated DNA repair pathways. Importantly, mechanistic studies highlight the PP2A obtrusion in FUDR/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy and underscore the importance of its inhibition to harbor therapeutic potential. HCT116 cell xenograft-bearing mice that have a low response rate to 5-FU show a prominent effect with M1, emphasizing the importance of DNA damage response targeting strategies using tumor-specific microenvironment-activatable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Kong
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haijun Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
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9
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Jangili P, Kong N, Kim JH, Zhou J, Liu H, Zhang X, Tao W, Kim JS. DNA‐Damage‐Response‐Targeting Mitochondria‐Activated Multifunctional Prodrug Strategy for Self‐Defensive Tumor Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Kong
- Liangzhu Laboratory Zhejiang University Medical Center Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Haijun Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge MA 02134 USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Korea
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