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Ji S, Jung HW, Baek JY, Jang IY, Lee E. Sarcopenia as the Mobility Phenotype of Aging: Clinical Implications. J Bone Metab 2024; 31:1-12. [PMID: 38485236 PMCID: PMC10940105 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is characterized by an age-related decline in muscle mass and function, poses significant challenges to geriatric care. Its definition has evolved from muscle-specific criteria to include muscle mass, muscle function, and physical performance, recognizing sarcopenia as a physical frailty. Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality, falls, fractures, cognitive decline, and admission to long-term care facilities. Neuromechanical factors, protein-energy balance, and muscle protein synthesis-breakdown mechanisms contribute to its pathophysiology. The identification of sarcopenia involves screening tests and a comprehensive assessment of muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Clinical approaches aligned with the principles of comprehensive geriatric assessment prioritize patient-centered care. This assessment aids in identifying issues related to activities of daily living, cognition, mood, nutrition, and social support, alongside other aspects. The general approach to factors underlying muscle loss and functional decline in patients with sarcopenia includes managing chronic diseases and evaluating administered medications, with interventions including exercise and nutrition, as well as evolving pharmacological options. Ongoing research targeting pathways, such as myostatin-activin and exercise mimetics, holds promise for pharmacological interventions. In summary, sarcopenia requires a multifaceted approach, acknowledging its complex etiology and tailoring interventions to individual patient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Ji
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Baek
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Young Jang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Raevsky A, Kovalenko O, Bulgakov E, Sharifi M, Volochnyuk D, Tukalo M. Developing a comprehensive solution aimed to disrupt LARS1/RagD protein-protein interaction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:747-758. [PMID: 36995308 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2194996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are crucial enzymes involved in protein synthesis and various cellular physiological reactions. Aside from their standard role in linking amino acids to the corresponding tRNAs, they also impact protein homeostasis by controlling the level of soluble amino acids within the cell. For instance, leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS1) acts as a leucine sensor for the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and may also function as a probable GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the RagD subunit of the heteromeric activator of mTORC1. In turn, mTORC1 regulates cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, autophagy, and cell growth, and is implicated in various human diseases including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Hence, inhibitors of mTORC1 or a deregulated mTORC1 pathway may offer potential cancer therapies. In this study, we investigated the structural requirements for preventing the sensing and signal transmission from LARS to mTORC1. Building upon recent studies on mTORC1 regulation activation by leucine, we lay the foundation for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against mTORC1 that can overcome resistance to rapamycin. Using a combination of in-silico approaches to develop and validate an alternative interaction model, discussing its benefits and advancements. Finally, we identified a set of compounds ready for testing to prevent LARS1/RagD protein-protein interactions. We establish a basis for creating chemotherapeutic drugs targeting mTORC1, which can conquer resistance to rapamycin. We utilize in-silico methods to generate and confirm an alternative interaction model, outlining its advantages and improvements, and pinpoint a group of novel substances that can prevent LARS1/RagD interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Raevsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Kovalenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elijah Bulgakov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmityi Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michael Tukalo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Lee YH, Park S. Genetic and Lifestyle-Related Factors Influencing Serum Hyper-Propionylcarnitine Concentrations and Their Association with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15810. [PMID: 37958793 PMCID: PMC10647558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and environmental determinants of serum propionylcarnitine concentrations (PC) remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of genetic and environmental factors on serum propionylcarnitine levels in middle-aged and elderly participants from the Ansan/Ansung cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Our goal was to understand the role of PC on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) leading to cardiovascular disease, particularly concerning branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. We analyzed participants' demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical data with and without MetS. Serum metabolite concentrations, including carnitine, acylcarnitine, and amino acid concentrations, were measured, and the components of MetS were evaluated. Genetic variants associated with low and high PC were selected using genome-wide association studies after adjusting for MetS-related parameters. Further, genetic variants and lifestyle factors that interacted with the polygenic risk score (PRS) were analyzed. Participants with MetS were older and less educated, and their alcohol intake was higher than non-MetS participants. PC was significantly associated with the MetS risk and increased the serum levels of BCAAs and other amino acids. Higher PC positively correlated with MetS components, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk factors. Intake of calcium, sodium, and vitamin D were inversely associated with PC, but coffee consumption was positively linked to PC. Multiple C2 And Transmembrane Domain Containing-1 (MCTP1)_rs4290997, Kinesin Family Member-7 (KIF7)_rs2350480, Coagulation Factor-II (F2)_rs2070850, Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor-3 (PEX3)_rs223231, TBC1 Domain Family Member-22A (TBC1D22A)_rs910543, and Phospholipase A2 Group-IV-C (PLA2G4C)_rs7252136 interact with each other to have a threefold influence on PC. The PRS for the six-genetic variant model also interacted with age; the diet rich in beans, potato, and kimchi; and smoking status, influencing PC. In conclusion, elevated PC was associated with MetS and cardiovascular disease risk, suggesting their potential as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Basic Science, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
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Khoonin W, Shantavasinkul PC, Santivarangkna C, Praengam K, Trachootham D. Eicosapentaenoic acid and branched-chain amino acids fortified complete nutrition drink improved muscle strength in older individuals with inadequate protein intake. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1164469. [PMID: 37457975 PMCID: PMC10349202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1164469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated inflammation and negative nutritional balance contribute to sarcopenia, a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. This study investigated the effect of energy supplementation and the combination of anti-inflammatory factor (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA) and muscle-synthesis promotor (branched-chain amino acids; BCAA) on body composition, muscle, and inflammatory biomarkers in elderly with inadequate protein intake. Methods A randomized blinded placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 84 elderly with inadequate protein intake. The participants were randomly assigned into four groups receiving a complete nutrition drink; (1) control formula, (2) fortified with 2.2 g EPA, (3) with 2.2 g EPA and 5 g BCAA (2:1:1 of Leu: Ile: Val), and (4) with 2.2 g EPA plus 5g BCAA (4:1:1 of Leu: Ile: Val). Each subject consumed two sachets of the drink to gain 500 kcal/day and performed arm muscle exercises for 3 weeks. Body compositions and handgrip strength were measured using BIA and a dynamometer, respectively. Plasma EPA and BCAA levels were determined using LC-MS/MS to ensure compliance. Muscle protein biomarkers including histidine, β-alanine, and carnosine were measured using LC-MS/MS. Serum inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) were measured by using ELISA. Results No symptoms and signs of adverse events were observed. The right arm muscle mass and handgrip strength were significantly increased after consuming a complete nutrition drink fortified with EPA + BCAA 2:1:1 and 4:1:1 of Leu: Ile: Val (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively. Consistently, consuming such combinatory formula non-significantly elevated carnosine with reduced histidine, and increased IL-10 with decreased IL-6. All relevant intervention groups showed a significant increase in plasma levels of BCAA and EPA. Conclusion Consuming a complete nutrition drink fortified with 2.2g EPA and 5g BCAA 2:1:1 or 4:1:1 of Leu: Ile: Val for 3 weeks may increase right arm muscle mass and strength in elderly with inadequate protein intake. The tendency of increased dipeptide (carnosine)/decreased free amino acid (histidine) suggests a shift toward muscle protein synthesis. The trend of decreased inflammatory/increased anti-inflammatory cytokines suggests an anti-inflammatory effect. Future long-term studies are warranted to confirm the combinatory effect of BCAA and EPA in the prevention of sarcopenia. Clinical trial registration Thailand Clinical Trial Registry No. TCTR20230116005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharapol Khoonin
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Kemika Praengam
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Sung Y, Yu YC, Han JM. Nutrient sensors and their crosstalk. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1076-1089. [PMID: 37258576 PMCID: PMC10318010 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The macronutrients glucose, lipids, and amino acids are the major components that maintain life. The ability of cells to sense and respond to fluctuations in these nutrients is a crucial feature for survival. Nutrient-sensing pathways are thus developed to govern cellular energy and metabolic homeostasis and regulate diverse biological processes. Accordingly, perturbations in these sensing pathways are associated with a wide variety of pathologies, especially metabolic diseases. Molecular sensors are the core within these sensing pathways and have a certain degree of specificity and affinity to sense the intracellular fluctuation of each nutrient either by directly binding to that nutrient or indirectly binding to its surrogate molecules. Once the changes in nutrient levels are detected, sensors trigger signaling cascades to fine-tune cellular processes for energy and metabolic homeostasis, for example, by controlling uptake, de novo synthesis or catabolism of that nutrient. In this review, we summarize the major discoveries on nutrient-sensing pathways and explain how those sensors associated with each pathway respond to intracellular nutrient availability and how these mechanisms control metabolic processes. Later, we further discuss the crosstalk between these sensing pathways for each nutrient, which are intertwined to regulate overall intracellular nutrient/metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulseung Sung
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Ya Chun Yu
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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Yan X, Xu Y, Zhen Z, Li J, Zheng H, Li S, Hu Q, Ye P. Slaughter performance of the main goose breeds raised commercially in China and nutritional value of the meats of the goose breeds: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3748-3760. [PMID: 36178068 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of goose breeds are raised commercially in China. However, the data on the slaughter performance of the goose breeds and the nutritional value of their meats lack a thorough comparative analysis. In this systematic review, the slaughter performance of the goose breeds and nutritional value of their meats were comparatively analyzed to provide an overview of the characteristics of the goose breeds raised commercially in China. Fifteen goose breeds were selected from 27 research articles published up to January 2022 on the slaughter performance of the goose breeds raised commercially in China and their nutrient composition after literature searching, literature screening, variety selection, and data collation. The slaughter indexes of the goose breeds and the basic nutrient composition, amino acid composition, and fatty acid composition of the meats of the goose breeds were standardized using min-max normalization and compared. The results suggest that the slaughter indexes and nutritional indicators of the meats of Yangzhou white goose, Xupu goose, Landaise geese, and Sichuan white goose are more balanced than those of the meats of the other goose breeds. The results of this review can lay the foundation for optimizing the breeding methods of the commercially raised goose breeds and processing methods of the meats of the geese. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yan
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yaguang Xu
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Zongyuan Zhen
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Jingjun Li
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Haibo Zheng
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Ye
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
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Chaillou T, Montiel-Rojas D. Does the blunted stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by aging in response to mechanical load result from impaired ribosome biogenesis? FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1171850. [PMID: 37256189 PMCID: PMC10225510 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1171850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass leads to a reduction of strength. It is likely due to an inadequate stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to anabolic stimuli, such as mechanical load. Ribosome biogenesis is a major determinant of translational capacity and is essential for the control of muscle mass. This mini-review aims to put forth the hypothesis that ribosome biogenesis is impaired by aging in response to mechanical load, which could contribute to the age-related anabolic resistance and progressive muscle atrophy. Recent animal studies indicate that aging impedes muscle hypertrophic response to mechanical overload. This is associated with an impaired transcription of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), a limited increase in total RNA concentration, a blunted activation of AKT/mTOR pathway, and an increased phosphorylation of AMPK. In contrast, an age-mediated impairment of ribosome biogenesis is unlikely in response to electrical stimulations. In human, the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise training is diminished with age. This is accompanied by a deficit in long-term MPS and an absence of increased total RNA concentration. The results addressing the acute response to resistance exercise suggest an impaired Pol I-mediated rDNA transcription and attenuated activation/expression of several upstream regulators of ribosome biogenesis in muscles from aged individuals. Altogether, emerging evidence indicates that impaired ribosome biogenesis could partly explain age-related anabolic resistance to mechanical load, which may ultimately contribute to progressive muscle atrophy. Future research should develop more advanced molecular tools to provide in-depth analysis of muscle ribosome biogenesis.
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Hernández-Lepe MA, Miranda-Gil MI, Valbuena-Gregorio E, Olivas-Aguirre FJ. Exercise Programs Combined with Diet Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081998. [PMID: 37111217 PMCID: PMC10142564 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive and frequent syndrome among older adults highly related to physical inactivity and malnutrition. Nowadays, it is considered a pathology that triggers multiple health complications associated with the loss of muscle mass, strength, autonomy, and quality of life. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise programs combined with dietary supplementation on body composition as the primary outcome. This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the elements considered for planning a systematic review by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and the search was performed in the Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed databases for the last 10 years. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Regular resistance exercise together with daily essential amino acids or whey protein and vitamin D supplementation improve the maintenance or gains in appendiceal/skeletal muscle mass and total lean mass in sarcopenic older adults. The data suggest a synergistic effect not only on the primary outcome, but also on other variables such as strength, speed, stability, and other indicators of quality of life. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, ID: CRD42022344284.
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Adverse Human Health Effects of Chromium by Exposure Route: A Comprehensive Review Based on Toxicogenomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043410. [PMID: 36834821 PMCID: PMC9963995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are defined as metals with relatively high density and atomic weight, and their various applications have raised serious concerns about the environmental impacts and potential human health effects. Chromium is an important heavy metal that is involved in biological metabolism, but Cr exposure can induce a severe impact on occupational workers or public health. In this study, we explore the toxic effects of Cr exposure through three exposure routes: dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion. We propose the underlying toxicity mechanisms of Cr exposure based on transcriptomic data and various bioinformatic tools. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity mechanisms of different Cr exposure routes by diverse bioinformatics analyses.
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Xing J, Qi X, Liu G, Li X, Gao X, Bou G, Bai D, Zhao Y, Du M, Dugarjaviin M, Zhang X. A Transcriptomic Regulatory Network among miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs Associated with L-leucine-induced Proliferation of Equine Satellite Cells. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020208. [PMID: 36670748 PMCID: PMC9854542 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to muscle injury, muscle stem cells are stimulated by environmental signals to integrate into damaged tissue to mediate regeneration. L-leucine (L-leu), a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that belongs to the essential amino acids (AAs) of the animal, has gained global interest on account of its muscle-building and regenerating effects. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of L-leu exposure to promote the proliferation of equine skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) on the regulation of RNA networks, including mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), covalently closed circular RNA (circRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) in skeletal muscles. Equine SCs were used as a cell model and cultured in different concentrations of L-leu medium. The cell proliferation assay found that the optimal concentration of L-leu was 2 mM, so we selected cells cultured with L-leu concentrations of 0 mM and 2 mM for whole-transcriptiome sequencing, respectively. By high-throughput sequencing analysis, 2470 differentially expressed mRNAs (dif-mRNAs), 363 differentially expressed lncRNAs (dif-lncRNAs), 634 differentially expressed circRNAs (dif-circRNAs), and 49 differentially expressed miRNAs (dif-miRNAs) were significantly altered in equine SCs treated with L-leu. To identify the function of autoimmunity and anti-inflammatory responses after L-leu exposure, enrichment analysis was conducted on those differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to lncRNA, circRNA, and miRNA. The hub genes were selected from PPI Network, including ACACB, HMGCR, IDI1, HAO1, SHMT2, PSPH, PSAT1, ASS1, PHGDH, MTHFD2, and DPYD, and were further identified as candidate biomarkers to regulate the L-leu-induced proliferation of equine SCs. The up-regulated novel 699_star, down-regulated novel 170_star, and novel 360_mature were significantly involved in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) complex network. The hub genes involved in cell metabolism and dif-miRNAs may play fundamental roles in the L-leu-induced proliferation of equine SCs. Our findings suggested that the potential network regulation of miRNAs, circ-RNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs plays an important role in the proliferation of equine SCs, so as to build up new perspectives on improving equine performance and treatment strategies for the muscle injuries of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xing
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xingzhen Qi
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Ming Du
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Equine Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Alcohol, Resistance Exercise, and mTOR Pathway Signaling: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010002. [PMID: 36671386 PMCID: PMC9855961 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is determined by the balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and degradation. Several intracellular signaling pathways control this balance, including mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (C1). Activation of this pathway in skeletal muscle is controlled, in part, by nutrition (e.g., amino acids and alcohol) and exercise (e.g., resistance exercise (RE)). Acute and chronic alcohol use can result in myopathy, and evidence points to altered mTORC1 signaling as a contributing factor. Moreover, individuals who regularly perform RE or vigorous aerobic exercise are more likely to use alcohol frequently and in larger quantities. Therefore, alcohol may antagonize beneficial exercise-induced increases in mTORC1 pathway signaling. The purpose of this review is to synthesize up-to-date evidence regarding mTORC1 pathway signaling and the independent and combined effects of acute alcohol and RE on activation of the mTORC1 pathway. Overall, acute alcohol impairs and RE activates mTORC1 pathway signaling; however, effects vary by model, sex, feeding, training status, quantity, etc., such that anabolic stimuli may partially rescue the alcohol-mediated pathway inhibition. Likewise, the impact of alcohol on RE-induced mTORC1 pathway signaling appears dependent on several factors including nutrition and sex, although many questions remain unanswered. Accordingly, we identify gaps in the literature that remain to be elucidated to fully understand the independent and combined impacts of alcohol and RE on mTORC1 pathway signaling.
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D'Hulst G, Masschelein E, De Bock K. Resistance exercise enhances long-term mTORC1 sensitivity to leucine. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101615. [PMID: 36252815 PMCID: PMC9626937 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise enhances the sensitivity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to amino acids, in particular leucine. How long this enhanced sensitivity lasts, and which mechanisms control enhanced leucine-mediated mTORC1 activation following exercise is currently unknown. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exercised for one night in a resistance-braked running wheel after a 12-day acclimatization period. Mice were gavaged with a submaximal dose of l-leucine or saline acutely or 48 h after exercise cessation, following 3 h food withdrawal. Muscles were excised 30 min after leucine administration. To study the contribution of mTORC1, we repeated those experiments but blocked mTORC1 activation using rapamycin immediately before the overnight running bout and one hour before the first dose of leucine. mTORC1 signaling, muscle protein synthesis and amino acid sensing machinery were assessed using immunoblot and qPCR. Leucine uptake was measured using L-[14C(U)]-leucine tracer labeling. RESULTS When compared to sedentary conditions, leucine supplementation more potently activated mTORC1 and protein synthesis in acutely exercised muscle. This effect was observed in m. soleus but not in m. tibialis anterior nor m. plantaris. The synergistic effect in m. soleus was long-lasting as key downstream markers of mTORC1 as well as protein synthesis remained higher when leucine was administered 48 h after exercise. We found that exercise enhanced the expression of amino acid transporters and promoted uptake of leucine into the muscle, leading to higher free intramuscular leucine levels. This coincided with increased expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a main transcriptional regulator of amino acid uptake and metabolism, and downstream activation of amino acid genes as well as leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS), a putative leucine sensor. Finally, blocking mTORC1 using rapamycin did not reduce expression and activation of ATF4, suggesting that the latter does not act downstream of mTORC1. Rather, we found a robust increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, suggesting that the integrated stress response pathway, rather than exercise-induced mTORC1 activation, drives long-term ATF4 expression in skeletal muscle after exercise. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced sensitivity of mTORC1 to leucine is maintained at least 48 h after exercise. This shows that the anabolic window of opportunity for protein ingestion is not restricted to the first hours immediately following exercise. Increased mTORC1 sensitivity to leucine coincided with enhanced leucine influx into muscle and higher expression of genes involved in leucine sensing and amino acid metabolism. Also, exercise induced an increase in ATF4 protein expression. Altogether, these data suggest that muscular contractions switch on a coordinated program to enhance amino acid uptake as well as intramuscular sensing of key amino acids involved in mTORC1 activation and the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gommaar D'Hulst
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Evi Masschelein
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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The Genetic Variability of Members of the SLC38 Family of Amino Acid Transporters ( SLC38A3, SLC38A7 and SLC38A9) Affects Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes and Vascular Complications. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214440. [PMID: 36364703 PMCID: PMC9654215 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease associated with long-term complications, with a multifactorial pathogenesis related to the interplay between genetic and modifiable risk factors, of which nutrition is the most relevant. In particular, the importance of proteins and constitutive amino acids (AAs) in disease susceptibility is emerging. The ability to sense and respond to changes in AA supplies is mediated by complex networks, of which AA transporters (AATs) are crucial components acting also as sensors of AA availability. This study explored the associations between polymorphisms in selected AATs genes and T2D and vascular complications in 433 patients and 506 healthy controls. Analyses revealed significant association of SLC38A3-rs1858828 with disease risk. Stratification of patients based on presence/absence of vascular complications highlighted significant associations of SLC7A8-rs3783436 and SLC38A7-rs9806843 with diabetic retinopathy. Additionally, the SLC38A9-rs4865615 resulted associated with chronic kidney disease. Notably, these genes function as AAs sensors, specifically glutamine, leucine, and arginine, linked to the main nutrient signaling pathway mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Thus, their genetic variability may contribute to T2D by influencing the ability to properly transduce a signal activating mTORC1 in response to AA availability. In this scenario, the contribution of dietary AAs supply to disease risk may be relevant.
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14
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Nutrient-Response Pathways in Healthspan and Lifespan Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091568. [PMID: 35563873 PMCID: PMC9102925 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular, small invertebrate and vertebrate models are a driving force in biogerontology studies. Using various models, such as yeasts, appropriate tissue culture cells, Drosophila, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse, has tremendously increased our knowledge around the relationship between diet, nutrient-response signaling pathways and lifespan regulation. In recent years, combinatorial drug treatments combined with mutagenesis, high-throughput screens, as well as multi-omics approaches, have provided unprecedented insights in cellular metabolism, development, differentiation, and aging. Scientists are, therefore, moving towards characterizing the fine architecture and cross-talks of growth and stress pathways towards identifying possible interventions that could lead to healthy aging and the amelioration of age-related diseases in humans. In this short review, we briefly examine recently uncovered knowledge around nutrient-response pathways, such as the Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) and the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin signaling pathways, as well as specific GWAS and some EWAS studies on lifespan and age-related disease that have enhanced our current understanding within the aging and biogerontology fields. We discuss what is learned from the rich and diverse generated data, as well as challenges and next frontiers in these scientific disciplines.
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15
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Gonzalez P, Lozano P, Solano F. Unraveling the Metabolic Hallmarks for the Optimization of Protein Intake in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061182. [PMID: 35334840 PMCID: PMC8954715 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The daily amount and quality of protein that should be administered by enteral nutrition in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a widely studied but still controversial issue. This is due to a compromise between the protein necessary to maintain muscular proteostasis avoiding sarcopenia, and the minimal amount required to prevent uremia and the accumulation of nitrogenous toxic substances in blood because of the renal function limitations. This review underlines some intracellular and extracellular features that should be considered to reconcile those two opposite factors. On one hand, the physiological conditions and usual side effects associated with CKD, mTOR and other proteins and nutrients involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in the muscular tissue are discussed. On the other hand, the main digestive features of the most common proteins used for enteral nutrition formulation (i.e., whey, casein and soy protein) are highlighted, due to the importance of supplying key amino acids to serum and tissues to maintain their concentration above the anabolic threshold needed for active protein synthesis, thereby minimizing the catabolic pathways leading to urea formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gonzalez
- Project Manager, Fresenius Kabi España, Sociedad Anonima Unipersonal, Marina 16-18, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “B” and Immunology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “B” and Immunology, IMIB (Murcian Institute of Health Research), Faculty of Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (F.S.)
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16
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Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010052. [PMID: 35010928 PMCID: PMC8746908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance. According to World Health Organization, it is expected a 38% increase in older individuals by 2025. Therefore, it is noteworthy to establish recommendations to prevent sarcopenia and several events and comorbidities associated with this health issue condition. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations, with a focus on protein intake and exercise.
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17
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Pea Proteins Have Anabolic Effects Comparable to Milk Proteins on Whole Body Protein Retention and Muscle Protein Metabolism in Old Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124234. [PMID: 34959786 PMCID: PMC8704096 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins are attracting rising interest due to their pro-health benefits and environmental sustainability. However, little is known about the nutritional value of pea proteins when consumed by older people. Herein, we evaluated the digestibility and nutritional efficiency of pea proteins compared to casein and whey proteins in old rats. Thirty 20-month-old male Wistar rats were assigned to an isoproteic and isocaloric diet containing either casein (CAS), soluble milk protein (WHEY) or Pisane™ pea protein isolate for 16 weeks. The three proteins had a similar effect on nitrogen balance, true digestibility and net protein utilization in old rats, which means that different protein sources did not alter body composition, tissue weight, skeletal muscle protein synthesis or degradation. Muscle mitochondrial activity, inflammation status and insulin resistance were similar between the three groups. In conclusion, old rats used pea protein with the same efficiency as casein or whey proteins, due to its high digestibility and amino acid composition. Using these plant-based proteins could help older people diversify their protein sources and more easily achieve nutritional intake recommendations.
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18
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Zhao Y, Cholewa J, Shang H, Yang Y, Ding X, Liu S, Xia Z, Zanchi NE, Wang Q. Exercise May Promote Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy via Enhancing Leucine-Sensing: Preliminary Evidence. Front Physiol 2021; 12:741038. [PMID: 34630161 PMCID: PMC8497892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.741038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a positive effect of exercise (especially resistance exercise) on the mTOR signaling that control muscle protein synthesis and muscle remodeling. However, the relationship between exercise, mTOR activation and leucine-sensing requires further clarification. Two month old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to aerobic exercise (treadmill running at 20 m/min, 6° incline for 60 min) and resistance exercise (incremental ladder climbing) for 4 weeks. The gastrocnemius muscles were removed for determination of muscle fibers diameter, cross-sectional area (CSA), protein concentration and proteins involved in muscle leucine-sensing and protein synthesis. The results show that 4 weeks of resistance exercise increased the diameter and CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers, protein concentration, the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448), 4E-BP1(Thr37/46), p70S6K (Thr389), and the expression of LeuRS, while aerobic exercise just led to a significant increase in protein concentration and the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1(Thr37/46). Moreover, no difference was found for Sestrin2 expression between groups. The current study shows resistance exercise, but not aerobic exercise, may increase muscle protein synthesis and protein deposition, and induces muscle hypertrophy through LeuRS/mTOR signaling pathway. However, further studies are still warranted to clarify the exact effects of vary intensities and durations of aerobic exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Jason Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, United States
| | - Huayu Shang
- School of Sport Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Ding
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Shaosheng Liu
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance (LABFORCEH), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Qianjin Wang
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
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19
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Martínez-García GG, Pérez RF, Fernández ÁF, Durand S, Kroemer G, Mariño G. Autophagy Deficiency by Atg4B Loss Leads to Metabolomic Alterations in Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080481. [PMID: 34436422 PMCID: PMC8399495 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential protective mechanism that allows mammalian cells to cope with a variety of stressors and contributes to maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. Due to these crucial roles and also to the fact that autophagy malfunction has been described in a wide range of pathologies, an increasing number of in vivo studies involving animal models targeting autophagy genes have been developed. In mammals, total autophagy inactivation is lethal, and constitutive knockout models lacking effectors of this route are not viable, which has hindered so far the analysis of the consequences of a systemic autophagy decline. Here, we take advantage of atg4b−/− mice, an autophagy-deficient model with only partial disruption of the process, to assess the effects of systemic reduction of autophagy on the metabolome. We describe for the first time the metabolic footprint of systemic autophagy decline, showing that impaired autophagy results in highly tissue-dependent alterations that are more accentuated in the skeletal muscle and plasma. These changes, which include changes in the levels of amino-acids, lipids, or nucleosides, sometimes resemble those that are frequently described in conditions like aging, obesity, or cardiac damage. We also discuss different hypotheses on how impaired autophagy may affect the metabolism of several tissues in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma G. Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Raúl F. Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Cancer Epigenetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (BOS), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Rare Diseases CIBER (CIBERER) of the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro F. Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sylvere Durand
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, U1138, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.D.); (G.K.)
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, U1138, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.D.); (G.K.)
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-652-416; Fax: +349-856-524-19
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