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Fang S, Chang KW, Lefebvre L. Roles of endogenous retroviral elements in the establishment and maintenance of imprinted gene expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1369751. [PMID: 38505259 PMCID: PMC10948482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1369751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAme) has long been recognized as a host defense mechanism, both in the restriction modification systems of prokaryotes as well as in the transcriptional silencing of repetitive elements in mammals. When DNAme was shown to be implicated as a key epigenetic mechanism in the regulation of imprinted genes in mammals, a parallel with host defense mechanisms was drawn, suggesting perhaps a common evolutionary origin. Here we review recent work related to this hypothesis on two different aspects of the developmental imprinting cycle in mammals that has revealed unexpected roles for long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements in imprinting, both canonical and noncanonical. These two different forms of genomic imprinting depend on different epigenetic marks inherited from the mature gametes, DNAme and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), respectively. DNAme establishment in the maternal germline is guided by transcription during oocyte growth. Specific families of LTRs, evading silencing mechanisms, have been implicated in this process for specific imprinted genes. In noncanonical imprinting, maternally inherited histone marks play transient roles in transcriptional silencing during preimplantation development. These marks are ultimately translated into DNAme, notably over LTR elements, for the maintenance of silencing of the maternal alleles in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage. Therefore, LTR retroelements play important roles in both establishment and maintenance of different epigenetic pathways leading to imprinted expression during development. Because such elements are mobile and highly polymorphic among different species, they can be coopted for the evolution of new species-specific imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Soliman HK, Coughlan JM. United by Conflict: Convergent Signatures of Parental Conflict in Angiosperms and Placental Mammals. J Hered 2024:esae009. [PMID: 38366852 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosperm in angiosperms and placenta in eutherians are convergent innovations for efficient embryonic nutrient transfer. Despite advantages, this reproductive strategy incurs metabolic costs that maternal parents disproportionately shoulder, leading to potential inter-parental conflict over optimal offspring investment. Genomic imprinting-parent-of-origin-biased gene expression-is fundamental for endosperm and placenta development and has convergently evolved in angiosperms and mammals, in part, to resolve parental conflict. Here, we review the mechanisms of genomic imprinting in these taxa. Despite differences in the timing and spatial extent of imprinting, these taxa exhibit remarkable convergence in the molecular machinery and genes governing imprinting. We then assess the role of parental conflict in shaping evolution within angiosperms and eutherians using four criteria: (1) Do differences in the extent of sibling relatedness cause differences in the inferred strength of parental conflict? (2) Do reciprocal crosses between taxa with different inferred histories of parental conflict exhibit parent-of-origin growth effects? (3) Are these parent-of-origin growth effects caused by dosage-sensitive mechanisms and do these loci exhibit signals of positive selection? (4) Can normal development be restored by genomic perturbations that restore stoichiometric balance in the endosperm/placenta? Although we find evidence for all criteria in angiosperms and eutherians, suggesting that parental conflict may help shape their evolution, many questions remain. Additionally, myriad differences between the two taxa suggest that their respective biologies may shape how/when/where/to what extent parental conflict manifests. Lastly, we discuss outstanding questions, highlighting the power of comparative work in quantifying the role of parental conflict in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar K Soliman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Jenn M Coughlan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
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3
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Hubert JN, Iannuccelli N, Cabau C, Jacomet E, Billon Y, Serre RF, Vandecasteele C, Donnadieu C, Demars J. Detection of DNA methylation signatures through the lens of genomic imprinting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1694. [PMID: 38242932 PMCID: PMC10798973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting represents an original model of epigenetic regulation resulting in a parent-of-origin expression. Despite the critical role of imprinted genes in mammalian growth, metabolism and neuronal function, there is no molecular tool specifically targeting them for a systematic evaluation. We show here that enzymatic methyl-seq consistently outperforms the bisulfite-based standard in capturing 165 candidate regions for genomic imprinting in the pig. This highlights the potential for a turnkey, fully customizable and reliable capture tool of genomic regions regulated by cytosine methylation in any population of interest. For the field of genomic imprinting, it opens up the possibility of detecting multilocus imprinting variations across the genome, with implications for basic research, agrigenomics and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Hubert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Cédric Cabau
- Sigenae, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eva Jacomet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Rémy-Félix Serre
- INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Qualyse, Le Treuil, INRAE, 19000, Tulle, France
| | | | | | - Julie Demars
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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4
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Matsuzaki H, Takahashi T, Kuramochi D, Hirakawa K, Tanimoto K. Five nucleotides found in RCTG motifs are essential for post-fertilization methylation imprinting of the H19 ICR in YAC transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7236-7253. [PMID: 37334871 PMCID: PMC10415150 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting at the mouse Igf2/H19 locus is controlled by the H19 ICR, within which paternal allele-specific DNA methylation originating in sperm is maintained throughout development in offspring. We previously found that a 2.9 kb transgenic H19 ICR fragment in mice can be methylated de novo after fertilization only when paternally inherited, despite its unmethylated state in sperm. When the 118 bp sequence responsible for this methylation in transgenic mice was deleted from the endogenous H19 ICR, the methylation level of its paternal allele was significantly reduced after fertilization, suggesting the activity involving this 118 bp sequence is required for methylation maintenance at the endogenous locus. Here, we determined protein binding to the 118 bp sequence using an in vitro binding assay and inferred the binding motif to be RCTG by using a series of mutant competitors. Furthermore, we generated H19 ICR transgenic mice with a 5-bp substitution mutation that disrupts the RCTG motifs within the 118 bp sequence, and observed loss of methylation from the paternally inherited transgene. These results indicate that imprinted methylation of the H19 ICR established de novo during the post-fertilization period involves binding of specific factors to distinct sequence motifs within the 118 bp sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsuzaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Daichi Kuramochi
- Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hirakawa
- Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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5
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Richard Albert J, Kobayashi T, Inoue A, Monteagudo-Sánchez A, Kumamoto S, Takashima T, Miura A, Oikawa M, Miura F, Takada S, Hirabayashi M, Korthauer K, Kurimoto K, Greenberg MVC, Lorincz M, Kobayashi H. Conservation and divergence of canonical and non-canonical imprinting in murids. Genome Biol 2023; 24:48. [PMID: 36918927 PMCID: PMC10012579 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic imprinting affects gene expression in a parent-of-origin manner and has a profound impact on complex traits including growth and behavior. While the rat is widely used to model human pathophysiology, few imprinted genes have been identified in this murid. To systematically identify imprinted genes and genomic imprints in the rat, we use low input methods for genome-wide analyses of gene expression and DNA methylation to profile embryonic and extraembryonic tissues at allele-specific resolution. RESULTS We identify 14 and 26 imprinted genes in these tissues, respectively, with 10 of these genes imprinted in both tissues. Comparative analyses with mouse reveal that orthologous imprinted gene expression and associated canonical DNA methylation imprints are conserved in the embryo proper of the Muridae family. However, only 3 paternally expressed imprinted genes are conserved in the extraembryonic tissue of murids, all of which are associated with non-canonical H3K27me3 imprints. The discovery of 8 novel non-canonical imprinted genes unique to the rat is consistent with more rapid evolution of extraembryonic imprinting. Meta-analysis of novel imprinted genes reveals multiple mechanisms by which species-specific imprinted expression may be established, including H3K27me3 deposition in the oocyte, the appearance of ZFP57 binding motifs, and the insertion of endogenous retroviral promoters. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we provide an expanded list of imprinted loci in the rat, reveal the extent of conservation of imprinted gene expression, and identify potential mechanisms responsible for the evolution of species-specific imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Inoue
- YCI Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Soichiro Kumamoto
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Asuka Miura
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Oikawa
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Keegan Korthauer
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Matthew Lorincz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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CCIVR facilitates comprehensive identification of cis-natural antisense transcripts with their structural characteristics and expression profiles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15525. [PMID: 36109624 PMCID: PMC9477841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs) are transcribed from the same genomic locus as their partner gene but from the opposite DNA strand and overlap with the partner gene transcript. Here, we developed a simple and convenient program termed CCIVR (comprehensive cis-NATs identifier via RNA-seq data) that comprehensively identifies all kinds of cis-NATs based on genome annotation with expression data obtained from RNA-seq. Using CCIVR with genome databases, we demonstrated total cis-NAT pairs from 11 model organisms. CCIVR analysis with RNA-seq data from parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryonic stem cells identified well-known imprinted cis-NAT pair, KCNQ1/KCNQ1OT1, ensuring the availability of CCIVR. Finally, CCIVR identified cis-NAT pairs that demonstrate inversely correlated expression upon TGFβ stimulation including cis-NATs that functionally repress their partner genes by introducing epigenetic alteration in the promoters of partner genes. Thus, CCIVR facilitates the investigation of structural characteristics and functions of cis-NATs in numerous processes in various species.
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da Costa Nunes Gomes AC, Bellin CS, da Silva Dias S, de Queiroz de Rosa T, Araújo MP, Miraglia SM, Mendes TB, Vendramini V. Increased sperm DNA damage leads to poor embryo quality and subfertility of male rats treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride in adolescence. Andrology 2022; 10:1632-1643. [PMID: 36029003 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a psychostimulant widely used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), as well as a performance enhancer, for at least 60 years. Despite the notable effectiveness as a psychostimulant, ADHD is a chronic disorder and has a two-third chance of accompanying the individual throughout life. Long-term use of MPH has been associated not only with an increase in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, but it also has side effects on male fertility in experimental animals. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether methylphenidate poses a risk to sperm DNA structure and to the quality of embryos conceived after treatment during adolescence in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats at 38 days of age were treated either with 5 mg/kg body weight of MPH, in a single daily dose for 30 days, via gavage or with distilled water-only protocol. Levels of oxidative stress in testicular and epididymal tissues were evaluated. Sperm chromatin quality and acrosome integrity was assessed under flow cytometry. From 107 days of age, animals were mated with untreated females. The effects of the paternal contribution at two different embryo development moments - cleavage stage (2.5 days post coitum) and late gestation (20 days post coitum) - were analyzed. RESULTS MPH caused high levels of sperm DNA damage, which was reflected in 40% of decrease in early embryo quality and a lower number of live pups at 20 dpc. DISCUSSION The high level of fragmentation seen in the embryos sired from the MPH group is consistent with the poor chromatin structure of the sperm, and does not seem to be a result of oxidative stress in the reproductive tissues. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here suggest that the subchronic use of MPH during male prepubertal phase may cause long term subfertility and compromise embryo survival. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara da Costa Nunes Gomes
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Souza Bellin
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPE/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie da Silva Dias
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPE/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalita de Queiroz de Rosa
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPE/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Pereira Araújo
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPE/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Miraglia
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Biude Mendes
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Vendramini
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (LabReD), Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Matoba S, Kozuka C, Miura K, Inoue K, Kumon M, Hayashi R, Ohhata T, Ogura A, Inoue A. Noncanonical imprinting sustains embryonic development and restrains placental overgrowth. Genes Dev 2022; 36:483-494. [PMID: 35483741 PMCID: PMC9067403 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349390.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Matoba et al. use a combinatorial maternal KO of Xist, a noncanonical imprinted gene whose LOI causes aberrant transient maternal X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) at preimplantation, and show that prevention of the transient maternal XCI greatly restores the development of Eed matKO embryos. Their findings provide evidence that Xist imprinting sustains embryonic development and that autosomal noncanonical imprinting restrains placental overgrowth. Genomic imprinting regulates parental origin-dependent monoallelic gene expression. It is mediated by either germline differential methylation of DNA (canonical imprinting) or oocyte-derived H3K27me3 (noncanonical imprinting) in mice. Depletion of Eed, an essential component of Polycomb repressive complex 2, results in genome-wide loss of H3K27me3 in oocytes, which causes loss of noncanonical imprinting (LOI) in embryos. Although Eed maternal KO (matKO) embryos show partial lethality after implantation, it is unknown whether LOI itself contributes to the developmental phenotypes of these embryos, which makes it unclear whether noncanonical imprinting is developmentally relevant. Here, by combinatorial matKO of Xist, a noncanonical imprinted gene whose LOI causes aberrant transient maternal X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) at preimplantation, we show that prevention of the transient maternal XCI greatly restores the development of Eed matKO embryos. Moreover, we found that the placentae of Eed matKO embryos are remarkably enlarged in a manner independent of Xist LOI. Heterozygous deletion screening of individual autosomal noncanonical imprinted genes suggests that LOI of the Sfmbt2 miRNA cluster chromosome 2 miRNA cluster (C2MC), solute carrier family 38 member 4 (Slc38a4), and Gm32885 contributes to the placental enlargement. Taken together, our study provides evidence that Xist imprinting sustains embryonic development and that autosomal noncanonical imprinting restrains placental overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chisayo Kozuka
- Young Chief Investigator (YCI) Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kento Miura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan.,Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mami Kumon
- Young Chief Investigator (YCI) Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryoya Hayashi
- Young Chief Investigator (YCI) Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.,The Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Azusa Inoue
- Young Chief Investigator (YCI) Laboratory for Metabolic Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
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Hubert JN, Demars J. Genomic Imprinting in the New Omics Era: A Model for Systems-Level Approaches. Front Genet 2022; 13:838534. [PMID: 35368671 PMCID: PMC8965095 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.838534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting represents a noteworthy inheritance mechanism leading to allele-specific regulations dependent of the parental origin. Imprinted loci are especially involved in essential mammalian functions related to growth, development and behavior. In this mini-review, we first offer a summary of current representations associated with genomic imprinting through key results of the three last decades. We then outline new perspectives allowed by the spread of new omics technologies tackling various interacting levels of imprinting regulations, including genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics. We finally discuss the expected contribution of new omics data to unresolved big questions in the field.
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