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Zhao J, Yang T, Yi J, Hu H, Lai Q, Nie L, Liu M, Chu C, Yang J. AP39 through AMPK-ULK1-FUNDC1 pathway regulates mitophagy, inhibits pyroptosis, and improves doxorubicin-induced myocardial fibrosis. iScience 2024; 27:109321. [PMID: 38558936 PMCID: PMC10981016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin induces myocardial injury and fibrosis. Still, no effective interventions are available. AP39 is an H2S donor that explicitly targets mitochondria. This study investigated whether AP39 could improve doxorubicin-induced myocardial fibrosis. Doxorubicin induced significant myocardial fibrosis while suppressing mitophagy-related proteins and elevating pyroptosis-related proteins. Conversely, AP39 reverses these effects, enhancing mitophagy and inhibiting pyroptosis. In vitro experiments revealed that AP39 inhibited H9c2 cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, improved doxorubicin-induced impairment of mitophagy, reduced ROS levels, ameliorated the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated AMPK-ULK1-FUNDC1 expression. In contrast, AMPK inhibitor (dorsomorphin) and ULK1 inhibitor (SBI-0206965) reversed AP39 antagonism of doxorubicin-induced FUNDC1-mediated impairment of mitophagy and secondary cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. These results suggest that mitochondria-targeted H2S can antagonize doxorubicin-induced pyroptosis and impaired mitophagy in cardiomyocytes via AMPK-ULK1-FUNDC1 and ameliorated myocardial fibrosis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Jiali Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan University of Medicine General Hospital, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Hongmin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Qi Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Liangui Nie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Chun Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, China
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2
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Shu L, Wang Y, Huang W, Fan S, Pan J, Lv Q, Wang L, Wang Y, Xu J, Yan H, Bai Y, Wang Y, Li Y. Integrating Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology to Explore the Mechanism of Tongmai Yangxin Pills in Ameliorating Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18128-18139. [PMID: 37251132 PMCID: PMC10210219 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug used in clinical treatment of malignant tumors. It has a high anticancer activity but also high cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of Tongmai Yangxin pills (TMYXPs) in ameliorating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology. In this study, first, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) metabonomics strategy was established to obtain metabolite information and potential biomarkers were determined after data processing. Second, network pharmacological analysis was used to evaluate the active components, drug-disease targets, and key pathways of TMYXPs to alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Targets from the network pharmacology analysis and metabolites from plasma metabolomics were jointly analyzed to select crucial metabolic pathways. Finally, the related proteins were verified by integrating the above results and the possible mechanism of TMYXPs to alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was studied. After metabolomics data processing, 17 different metabolites were screened, and it was found that TMYXPs played a role in myocardial protection mainly by affecting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of myocardial cells. A total of 71 targets and 20 related pathways were screened out with network pharmacological analysis. Based on the combined analysis of 71 targets and different metabolites, TMYXPs probably played a role in myocardial protection through regulating upstream proteins of the insulin signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and p53 signaling pathway, as well as the regulation of metabolites related to energy metabolism. They then further affected the downstream Bax/Bcl-2-Cyt c-caspase-9 axis, inhibiting the myocardial cell apoptosis signaling pathway. The results of this study may contribute to the clinical application of TMYXPs in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin Shu
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Simiao Fan
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Junhua Pan
- Hainan
Province Key Laboratory for Drug Preclinical Study of Pharmacology
and Toxicology Research, Hainan Medical
University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Institute
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tianjin
Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Le Ren Tang Pharmaceutical
Factory, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Tianjin
Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Le Ren Tang Pharmaceutical
Factory, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Tianjin
Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Institute
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuchao Bai
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yubo Li
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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3
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Zhou JC, Jin CC, Wei XL, Xu RB, Wang RY, Zhang ZM, Tang B, Yu JM, Yu JJ, Shang S, Lv XX, Hua F, Li PP, Hu ZW, Shen YM, Wang FP, Ma XY, Cui B, Geng FN, Zhang XW. Mesaconine alleviates doxorubicin-triggered cardiotoxicity and heart failure by activating PINK1-dependent cardiac mitophagy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118017. [PMID: 37124193 PMCID: PMC10132857 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant mitophagy has been identified as a driver for energy metabolism disorder in most cardiac pathological processes. However, finding effective targeted agents and uncovering their precise modulatory mechanisms remain unconquered. Fuzi, the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, shows unique efficacy in reviving Yang for resuscitation, which has been widely used in clinics. As a main cardiotonic component of Fuzi, mesaconine has been proven effective in various cardiomyopathy models. Here, we aimed to define a previously unrevealed cardioprotective mechanism of mesaconine-mediated restoration of obstructive mitophagy. The functional implications of mesaconine were evaluated in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced heart failure models. DOX-treated mice showed characteristic cardiac dysfunction, ectopic myocardial energy disorder, and impaired mitophagy in cardiomyocytes, which could be remarkably reversed by mesaconine. The cardioprotective effect of mesaconine was primarily attributed to its ability to promote the restoration of mitophagy in cardiomyocytes, as evidenced by elevated expression of PINK1, a key mediator of mitophagy induction. Silencing PINK1 or deactivating mitophagy could completely abolish the protective effects of mesaconine. Together, our findings suggest that the cardioprotective effects of mesaconine appear to be dependent on the activation of PINK1-induced mitophagy and that mesaconine may constitute a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Cai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Mei Shen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng-Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry of Medicinal Natural Products, West China College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Ma
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Neng Geng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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4
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Kawano I, Adamcova M. MicroRNAs in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: The DNA damage response. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1055911. [PMID: 36479202 PMCID: PMC9720152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1055911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used for cancer treatment, but its use is limited by cardiotoxicity. Although free radicals from redox cycling and free cellular iron have been predominant as the suggested primary pathogenic mechanism, novel evidence has pointed to topoisomerase II inhibition and resultant genotoxic stress as the more fundamental mechanism. Recently, a growing list of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). This review summarizes miRNAs reported in the recent literature in the context of DIC. A particular focus is given to miRNAs that regulate cellular responses downstream to DOX-induced DNA damage, especially p53 activation, pro-survival signaling pathway inhibition (e.g., AMPK, AKT, GATA-4, and sirtuin pathways), mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. Since these pathways are potential targets for cardioprotection against DOX, an understanding of how miRNAs participate is necessary for developing future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Adamcova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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5
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Khairnar SI, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Cardiotoxicity linked to anticancer agents and cardioprotective strategy. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:704-730. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Mechanisms and Drug Intervention for Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Based on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7176282. [PMID: 36275901 PMCID: PMC9586735 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7176282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug, which is indispensable in antitumor therapy. However, its subsequent induction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the primary cause of mortality in cancer survivors. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics changes have become a significant marker for doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Here, we mainly summarize the related mechanisms of DOX-induced cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics disorders reported in recent years, including mitochondrial substrate metabolism, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, myocardial ATP storage and utilization, and other mechanisms affecting mitochondrial bioenergetics. In addition, intervention for DOX-induced cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics disorders using chemical drugs and traditional herbal medicine is also summarized, which will provide a comprehensive process to study and develop more appropriate therapeutic strategies for DIC.
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7
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Ji Y, Jin D, Qi J, Wang X, Zhang C, An P, Luo Y, Luo J. Fucoidan Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Preventing Mitochondrial Function Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810685. [PMID: 36142635 PMCID: PMC9504360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a potent chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat various cancers. However, its clinical application is limited due to serious adverse effects on dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Although the underlying mechanism has not been fully clarified, DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity has been mainly attributed to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. Fucoidan, as a kind of sulphated polysaccharide existing in numerous brown seaweed, has potent anti-oxidant, immune-regulatory, anti-tumor, anti-coagulate and anti-viral activities. Here, we explore the potential protective role and mechanism of fucoidan in DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Our results show that oral fucoidan supplement exerts potent protective effects against DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and preventing mitochondrial function injury. The improved effect of fucoidan on DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated by echocardiography, cardiac myocytes size and cardiac fibrosis analysis, and the expression of genes related to cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. Fucoidan reduced the ROS content and the MDA levels but enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes GSH-PX and SOD in the mouse serum in a DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity model. In addition, fucoidan also increased the ATP production capacity and restored the levels of a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex in heart tissue. Collectively, this study highlights fucoidan as a potential polysaccharide for protecting against DOXO-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dekui Jin
- Department of General Practice, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jingyi Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengying Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongting Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjie Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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8
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Qishen Granule Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Coordinating MDM2-p53-Mediated Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4344677. [PMID: 36120600 PMCID: PMC9473341 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4344677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), the anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the treatment of various cancers. However, its clinical application is compromised by dose-dependent and fatal cardiotoxicity. This study is aimed at investigating the cardioprotective effects of Qishen granule (QSG) and the specific mechanism by which QSG alleviates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) and providing an alternative for the treatment of DIC. We first evaluated the cardioprotective effects of QSG in a DIC mouse model, and the obtained results showed that QSG significantly protected against DOX-induced myocardial structural and functional damage, mitochondrial oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Subsequently, after a comprehensive understanding of the specific roles and recent developments of p53-mediated mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in DIC, we investigated whether QSG acted on MDM2 to regulate the activity of p53 and downstream mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. The in vivo results showed that DOX inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis and blocked mitophagy in the mouse myocardium, while QSG reversed these effects. Mechanistically, we combined nutlin-3, which inhibits the binding of p53 and MDM2, with DOX and QSG and evaluated their influence on mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. The obtained results showed that both DOX and nutlin-3 substantially inhibited mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis and induced mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis, which could be partially recovered by QSG. Importantly, the immunoprecipitation results showed that QSG promoted the binding of MDM2 to p53, thus decreasing the level of p53 protein and the binding of p53 to Parkin. Collectively, QSG could promote the degradation of p53 by enhancing the binding of MDM2 to the p53 protein, resulting in the reduced binding of p53 to the Parkin protein, thus improving Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Increased degradation of p53 protein by QSG simultaneously enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by PGC-1α. Ultimately, QSG relieved DOX-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis by coordinating mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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