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Shanmugam I, Radhakrishnan S, Santosh S, Ramnath A, Anil M, Devarajan Y, Maheswaran S, Narayanan V, Pitchaimani A. Emerging role and translational potential of small extracellular vesicles in neuroscience. Life Sci 2024; 355:122987. [PMID: 39151884 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are endogenous lipid-bound membrane vesicles secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells into the extracellular environment, performs several biological functions such as cell-cell communication, transfer of proteins, mRNA, and ncRNA to target cells in distant sites. Due to their role in molecular pathogenesis and its potential to deliver biological cargo to target cells, it has become a prominent area of interest in recent research in the field of Neuroscience. However, their role in neurological disorders, like neurodegenerative diseases is more complex and still unaddressed. Thus, this review focuses on the role of sEV in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, including their biogenesis, classification, and pathogenesis, with translational advantages and limitations in the area of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswarya Shanmugam
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sivani Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Shradha Santosh
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Akansha Ramnath
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Meghna Anil
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Yogesh Devarajan
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Saravanakumar Maheswaran
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Vaibav Narayanan
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Arunkumar Pitchaimani
- Precision Nanomedicine and Microfluidic Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. TN, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Rd, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Néel E, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M, Fargues W, Denus M, Colladant M, Filaquier A, Stewart SE, Lehmann S, Zurzolo C, Rubinsztein DC, Marin P, Parmentier ML, Villeneuve J. The endolysosomal system in conventional and unconventional protein secretion. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202404152. [PMID: 39133205 PMCID: PMC11318669 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most secreted proteins are transported through the "conventional" endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus exocytic route for their delivery to the cell surface and release into the extracellular space. Nonetheless, formative discoveries have underscored the existence of alternative or "unconventional" secretory routes, which play a crucial role in exporting a diverse array of cytosolic proteins outside the cell in response to intrinsic demands, external cues, and environmental changes. In this context, lysosomes emerge as dynamic organelles positioned at the crossroads of multiple intracellular trafficking pathways, endowed with the capacity to fuse with the plasma membrane and recognized for their key role in both conventional and unconventional protein secretion. The recent recognition of lysosomal transport and exocytosis in the unconventional secretion of cargo proteins provides new and promising insights into our understanding of numerous physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Néel
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | | | - William Fargues
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Colladant
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Aurore Filaquier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah E Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique-Plateforme de Protéomique Clinique, Université de Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS , Paris, France
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute , Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Parmentier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
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Dabral P, Bhasin N, Ranjan M, Makhlouf MM, Abd Elmageed ZY. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Solid Tumors: Their Clinical Utility and Reliability as Tumor Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2462. [PMID: 39001524 PMCID: PMC11240796 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Early cancer detection and accurate monitoring are crucial to ensure increased patient survival. Recent research has focused on developing non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose cancer early and monitor disease progression at low cost and risk. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized particles secreted into extracellular spaces by most cell types, are gaining immense popularity as novel biomarker candidates for liquid cancer biopsy, as they can transport bioactive cargo to distant sites and facilitate intercellular communications. A literature search was conducted to discuss the current approaches for EV isolation and the advances in using EV-associated proteins, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and lipids as liquid biopsies. We discussed the advantages and challenges of using these vesicles in clinical applications. Moreover, recent advancements in machine learning as a novel tool for tumor marker discovery are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Dabral
- Vitalant Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA;
| | - Nobel Bhasin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Maysoon M. Makhlouf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), 4408 Bon Aire Drive, Monroe, LA 71203, USA;
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM), 4408 Bon Aire Drive, Monroe, LA 71203, USA;
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Wu X, Niu J, Shi Y. Exosomes target HBV-host interactions to remodel the hepatic immune microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:315. [PMID: 38840207 PMCID: PMC11151510 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B poses a significant global burden, modulating immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and long-term damage. Due to its hepatotropism, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) cannot infect other cells. The mechanisms underlying the intercellular communication among different liver cells in HBV-infected individuals and the immune microenvironment imbalance remain elusive. Exosomes, as important intercellular communication and cargo transportation tools between HBV-infected hepatocytes and immune cells, have been shown to assist in HBV cargo transportation and regulate the immune microenvironment. However, the role of exosomes in hepatitis B has only gradually received attention in recent years. Minimal literature has systematically elaborated on the role of exosomes in reshaping the immune microenvironment of the liver. This review unfolds sequentially based on the biological processes of exosomes: exosomes' biogenesis, release, transport, uptake by recipient cells, and their impact on recipient cells. We delineate how HBV influences the biogenesis of exosomes, utilizing exosomal covert transmission, and reshapes the hepatic immune microenvironment. And based on the characteristics and functions of exosomes, potential applications of exosomes in hepatitis B are summarized and predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Hepatology, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Rao A, Subedi R, Kundu I, Idicula-Thomas S, Shinde U, Bansal V, Balsarkar G, Mayadeo N, Das DK, Balasinor N, Madan T. Differential proteomics of circulating extracellular vesicles of placental origin isolated from women with early-onset preeclampsia reveal aberrant innate immune and hemostasis processes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2024; 91:e13860. [PMID: 38804582 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) is a severe gestational hypertensive disorder with significant feto-maternal morbidity and mortality due to uteroplacental insufficiency. Circulating extracellular vesicles of placental origin (EV-P) are known to be involved in the pathophysiology of EOPE and might serve as an ideal reservoir for its specific biomarkers. Therefore, we aimed to characterize and perform comparative proteomics of circulating EV-P from healthy pregnant and EOPE women before delivery. METHOD OF STUDY The EV-P from both groups were isolated using immunoaffinity and were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and immunoblotting. Following IgG albumin depletion, the pooled proteins that were isolated from EV-P of both groups were subjected to quantitative TMT proteomics. RESULTS Circulating term EV-P isolated from both groups revealed ∼150 nm spherical vesicles containing CD9 and CD63 along with placental PLAP and HLA-G proteins. Additionally, the concentration of EOPE-derived EV-P was significantly increased. A total of 208 proteins were identified, with 26 among them being differentially abundant in EV-P of EOPE women. This study linked the pathophysiology of EOPE to 19 known and seven novel proteins associated with innate immune responses such as complement and TLR signaling along with hemostasis and oxygen homeostasis. CONCLUSION The theory suggesting circulating EVs of placental origin could mimic molecular information from the parent organ-"the placenta"-is strengthened by this study. The findings pave the way for possible discovery of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as provide insight into the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of EOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Rao
- Innate Immunity Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Rambhadur Subedi
- Innate Immunity Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Indra Kundu
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Uma Shinde
- Neuroendocrinology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Bansal
- Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital (NWMH), Mumbai, India
| | | | - Niranjan Mayadeo
- King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhanjit Kumar Das
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Nafisa Balasinor
- Neuroendocrinology Department, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- Development Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
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Arora A, Patiyal S, Sharma N, Devi NL, Kaur D, Raghava GPS. A random forest model for predicting exosomal proteins using evolutionary information and motifs. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300231. [PMID: 37525341 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive diagnostics and therapies are crucial to prevent patients from undergoing painful procedures. Exosomal proteins can serve as important biomarkers for such advancements. In this study, we attempted to build a model to predict exosomal proteins. All models are trained, tested, and evaluated on a non-redundant dataset comprising 2831 exosomal and 2831 non-exosomal proteins, where no two proteins have more than 40% similarity. Initially, the standard similarity-based method Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to predict exosomal proteins, which failed due to low-level similarity in the dataset. To overcome this challenge, machine learning (ML) based models were developed using compositional and evolutionary features of proteins achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) of 0.73. Our analysis also indicated that exosomal proteins have a variety of sequence-based motifs which can be used to predict exosomal proteins. Hence, we developed a hybrid method combining motif-based and ML-based approaches for predicting exosomal proteins, achieving a maximum AUROC of 0.85 and MCC of 0.56 on an independent dataset. This hybrid model performs better than presently available methods when assessed on an independent dataset. A web server and a standalone software ExoProPred (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/exopropred/) have been created to help scientists predict and discover exosomal proteins and find functional motifs present in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Arora
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumeet Patiyal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naorem Leimarembi Devi
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dashleen Kaur
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
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Hánělová K, Raudenská M, Masařík M, Balvan J. Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:25. [PMID: 38200509 PMCID: PMC10777590 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types, even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell communication via transferring cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and other metabolites, into recipient cells. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in many important molecular pathways and affect various hallmarks of cancer, including fibroblasts activation, modification of the tumour microenvironment (TME), modulation of immune responses, angiogenesis promotion, setting the pre-metastatic niche, enhancing metastatic potential, and affecting therapy sensitivity and resistance. The unique exosome biogenesis, composition, nontoxicity, and ability to target specific tumour cells bring up their use as promising drug carriers and cancer biomarkers. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes, with an emphasis on their protein cargo, in the key mechanisms promoting cancer progression. We also briefly summarise the mechanism of exosome biogenesis, its structure, protein composition, and potential as a signalling hub in both normal and pathological conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Hánělová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenská
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Luu JK, Johnson FD, Jajarmi J, Sihota T, Shi R, Lu D, Farnsworth D, Spencer SE, Negri GL, Morin GB, Lockwood WW. Characterizing the secretome of EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1286821. [PMID: 38260835 PMCID: PMC10801028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1286821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, mainly due to the late stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. Non-invasive biomarkers are needed to supplement existing screening methods to enable earlier detection and increased patient survival. This is critical to EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma as it commonly occurs in individuals who have never smoked and do not qualify for current screening protocols. Methods In this study, we performed mass spectrometry analysis of the secretome of cultured lung cells representing different stages of mutant EGFR driven transformation, from normal to fully malignant. Identified secreted proteins specific to the malignant state were validated using orthogonal methods and their clinical activity assessed in lung adenocarcinoma patient cohorts. Results We quantified 1020 secreted proteins, which were compared for differential expression between stages of transformation. We validated differentially expressed proteins at the transcriptional level in clinical tumor specimens, association with patient survival, and absolute concentration to yield three biomarker candidates: MDK, GDF15, and SPINT2. These candidates were validated using ELISA and increased levels were associated with poor patient survival specifically in EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. Conclusions Our study provides insight into changes in secreted proteins during EGFR driven lung adenocarcinoma transformation that may play a role in the processes that promote tumor progression. The specific candidates identified can harnessed for biomarker use to identify high risk individuals for early detection screening programs and disease management for this molecular subgroup of lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Luu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fraser D. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jana Jajarmi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tianna Sihota
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rocky Shi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dylan Farnsworth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Spencer
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregg B. Morin
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia (BC), Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Barreca V, Boussadia Z, Polignano D, Galli L, Tirelli V, Sanchez M, Falchi M, Bertuccini L, Iosi F, Tatti M, Sargiacomo M, Fiani ML. Metabolic labelling of a subpopulation of small extracellular vesicles using a fluorescent palmitic acid analogue. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12392. [PMID: 38072803 PMCID: PMC10710952 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are among the most puzzling vehicles of intercellular communication, but several crucial aspects of their biogenesis remain elusive, primarily due to the difficulty in purifying vesicles with similar sizes and densities. Here we report an effective methodology for labelling small extracellular vesicles (sEV) using Bodipy FL C16, a fluorescent palmitic acid analogue. In this study, we present compelling evidence that the fluorescent sEV population derived from Bodipy C16-labelled cells represents a discrete subpopulation of small exosomes following an intracellular pathway. Rapid cellular uptake and metabolism of Bodipy C16 resulted in the incorporation of fluorescent phospholipids into intracellular organelles specifically excluding the plasma membrane and ultimately becoming part of the exosomal membrane. Importantly, our fluorescence labelling method facilitated accurate quantification and characterization of exosomes, overcoming the limitations of nonspecific dye incorporation into heterogeneous vesicle populations. The characterization of Bodipy-labelled exosomes reveals their enrichment in tetraspanin markers, particularly CD63 and CD81, and in minor proportion CD9. Moreover, we employed nanoFACS sorting and electron microscopy to confirm the exosomal nature of Bodipy-labelled vesicles. This innovative metabolic labelling approach, based on the fate of a fatty acid, offers new avenues for investigating exosome biogenesis and functional properties in various physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Barreca
- National Center for Global HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | | | - Deborah Polignano
- National Center for Global HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Lorenzo Galli
- National Center for Global HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS CenterIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Massimo Tatti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular MedicineIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | | | - Maria Luisa Fiani
- National Center for Global HealthIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
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Olson C, Zhang P, Ku J, Flojo R, Boyes D, Lu B. A Novel Dual-Reporter System Reveals Distinct Characteristics of Exosome-Mediated Protein Secretion in Human Cells. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:25. [PMID: 37726652 PMCID: PMC10510171 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, a special subtype of extracellular vesicles derived from human cells, serve as vital mediators of intercellular communication by transporting diverse bioactive cargos, including proteins and enzymes. However, the underlying mechanisms governing exosome secretion and regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed a dual-reporter system consisting of bioluminescent Gaussia luciferase and fluorescent proteins to investigate the dynamics and regulation of exosome secretion in cultured human cells. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the engineered dual-reporters effectively monitored both exosome-mediated and ER-Golgi-mediated secretory pathways in a specific and quantitative manner. Notably, we observed distinct characteristics of exosome-mediated protein secretion, including significantly lower capacity and different dynamics compared to the ER-Golgi pathway. This phenomenon was observed in human kidney 293T cells and liver HepG2 cells, emphasizing the conserved nature of exosome-mediated secretion across cell types. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi membrane trafficking, on protein secretion. Interestingly, BFA inhibited protein secretion via the ER-Golgi pathway while stimulating exosome-mediated protein secretion under same experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study highlights the utility of the dual-reporter system for real-time monitoring and quantitative analysis of protein secretion through conventional ER-Golgi and unconventional exosome pathways. Moreover, our findings unveil distinct features of exosome-mediated protein secretion, shedding light on its differential capacity, dynamics, and regulatory mechanisms compared to ER-Golgi-mediated proteins in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Pengyang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Darin Boyes
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
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11
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Hu M, Kenific CM, Boudreau N, Lyden D. Tumor-derived nanoseeds condition the soil for metastatic organotropism. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:70-82. [PMID: 37178822 PMCID: PMC10362948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumors secrete a variety of factors to turn distant microenvironments into favorable and fertile 'soil' for subsequent metastases. Among these 'seeding' factors that initiate pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of particular interest as tumor EVs can direct organotropism depending on their surface integrin profiles. In addition, EVs also contain versatile, bioactive cargo, which include proteins, metabolites, lipids, RNA, and DNA fragments. The cargo incorporated into EVs is collectively shed from cancer cells and cancer-associated stromal cells. Increased understanding of how tumor EVs promote PMN establishment and detection of EVs in bodily fluids highlight how tumor EVs could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as provide a therapeutic target for metastasis prevention. This review focuses on tumor-derived EVs and how they direct organotropism and subsequently modulate stromal and immune microenvironments at distal sites to facilitate PMN formation. We also outline the progress made thus far towards clinical applications of tumor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Hu
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Ben Ahmed A, Lemaire Q, Scache J, Mariller C, Lefebvre T, Vercoutter-Edouart AS. O-GlcNAc Dynamics: The Sweet Side of Protein Trafficking Regulation in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1396. [PMID: 37408229 PMCID: PMC10216988 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of proteins between the different cellular compartments and the cell surface is governed by the secretory pathway. Alternatively, unconventional secretion pathways have been described in mammalian cells, especially through multivesicular bodies and exosomes. These highly sophisticated biological processes rely on a wide variety of signaling and regulatory proteins that act sequentially and in a well-orchestrated manner to ensure the proper delivery of cargoes to their final destination. By modifying numerous proteins involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, post-translational modifications (PTMs) participate in the tight regulation of cargo transport in response to extracellular stimuli such as nutrient availability and stress. Among the PTMs, O-GlcNAcylation is the reversible addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide (GlcNAc) on serine or threonine residues of cytosolic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins. O-GlcNAc cycling is mediated by a single couple of enzymes: the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) which catalyzes the addition of O-GlcNAc onto proteins, and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA) which hydrolyses it. Here, we review the current knowledge on the emerging role of O-GlcNAc modification in the regulation of protein trafficking in mammalian cells, in classical and unconventional secretory pathways.
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Abstract
The formation of membrane vesicles is a common feature in all eukaryotes. Lipid rafts are the best-studied example of membrane domains for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and their existence also is suggested in Archaea membranes. Lipid rafts are involved in the formation of transport vesicles, endocytic vesicles, exocytic vesicles, synaptic vesicles and extracellular vesicles, as well as enveloped viruses. Two mechanisms of how rafts are involved in vesicle formation have been proposed: first, that raft proteins and/or lipids located in lipid rafts associate with coat proteins that form a budding vesicle, and second, vesicle budding is triggered by enzymatic generation of cone-shaped ceramides and inverted cone-shaped lyso-phospholipids. In both cases, induction of curvature is also facilitated by the relaxation of tension in the raft domain. In this Review, we discuss the role of raft-derived vesicles in several intracellular trafficking pathways. We also highlight their role in different pathways of endocytosis, and in the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) through budding inwards from the multivesicular body (MVB) membrane, because rafts inside MVB membranes are likely to be involved in loading RNA into ILVs. Finally, we discuss the association of glycoproteins with rafts via the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sapoń
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Rafał Mańka
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Teresa Janas
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Janas
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland
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