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Harindintwali JD, Wen X, He C, Zhao M, Wang J, Dou Q, Xiang L, Fu Y, Alessi DS, Jiang X, Jiang J, Wang F. Synergistic mitigation of atrazine-induced oxidative stress on soybeans in black soil using biochar and Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120951. [PMID: 38669877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine, a widely used herbicide in modern agriculture, can lead to soil contamination and adverse effects on specific crops. To address this, we investigated the efficacy of biochar loaded with Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5 (an atrazine-degrading bacterial strain) in mitigating atrazine's impact on soybeans in black soil. Bacterially loaded biochar (BBC) significantly enhanced atrazine removal rates in both unplanted and planted soil systems. Moreover, BBC application improved soybean biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant systems while mitigating alterations in metabolite pathways induced by atrazine exposure. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of BBC in reducing atrazine-induced oxidative stress on soybeans in black soil, highlighting its potential for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Damascene Harindintwali
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qingyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, WorringerWeg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Oyeyiola YB, Opeolu BO. Immediate effects of atrazine application on soil organic carbon and selected macronutrients and amelioration by sawdust biochar pretreatment. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Increasing use of herbicides has contributed immensely to current soil and water degradation in the tropics. Published works on effects of herbicides on soil organic carbon (SOC) – a major indicator for soil health and macronutrients and their enhancement by biochar are scarce for soils in Africa despite heavy herbicide applications every cropping season. This incubation trial evaluated immediate effects of atrazine application on SOC and selected soil macronutrients. The potential of sawdust (SD) biochar to mitigate associated SOC and macronutrients depletion was also assessed. A total of 950 g soil was placed in each leaching column (20 cm length and 7 cm diameter). The experiment was a factorial combination of four SD biochar types: SD + poultry manure (PM) pyrolyzed at 350 °C, SD-PM at 350 °C, SD + PM at 450 °C and SD-PM at 450 °C applied at two rates of 5 and 10 t/ha equivalent to 2.38 and 4.76 g/950 g soil, respectively. Atrazine alone and absolute control (AC) that received neither biochar nor atrazine were included for comparison. The treatments were replicated thrice in completely randomized design. Appropriate biochar was applied within 5 cm soil depth, moistened to field capacity, and left to equilibrate for 2 weeks. Thereafter, 20 mL atrazine solution was applied at 2.5 kg a.i/ha (achieved through 6.75 g atrazine powder/l of distilled water). Basal NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer mixed with urea at 0.1 and 0.03 g/900 g soil, respectively, was applied to mimic farmers’ practice on atrazine treated fields. Maize seeds were thereafter sown in the treated soils and nurtured for 2 weeks. Data taken on soil pH, SOC, exchangeable bases, available phosphorus, and dry biomass weight (DBW) of maize seedlings at the expiration of the trial were subjected to two-way analysis of variance using Genstat Statistical Package with means separated using LSD at 5% probability level. There were significant reductions in soil pH (5.8%), SOC (31%), and Ex. Ca (27%) in atrazine alone soil compared to AC. Contrarily, similar atrazine treated soil pretreated with SD biochar had increased soil pH, SOC, exchangeable Ca, available P, and DBW by 5.6 (in SD + PM@450 °C), 73.6 (SD-PM@450 °C), 84 (SD + PM@450 °C), 2,338.4 (SD + PM@450 °C), and 154.8% (SD + PM@350 °C), respectively, dominantly at 10 t/ha compared to AC. Sole atrazine treated soil was, however, higher in soil available P (23.8 mg/kg) and TDBW (0.56 g) against 5.42 mg/kg and 0.42 g from AC, respectively. Biochar pH and organic carbon were the most influential biochar properties contributing significantly to SOC sequestration and macronutrient enrichment in the atrazine treated soil. Pretreatment of soils with sawdust biochar prior to atrazine application is, therefore, recommended for mitigating associated organic carbon and macronutrient depletion in the soils for enhanced maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Bunmi Oyeyiola
- Department of Crop Production and Soil Science , Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomoso , Nigeria
| | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences , Cape Peninsula University of Technology , Cape Town , South Africa
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Performance of a Combined Bacteria/Zeolite Permeable Barrier on the Rehabilitation of Wastewater Containing Atrazine and Heavy Metals. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chemicals, such as pesticides and heavy metals, are frequently encountered together in environment matrices, becoming a priority concerning the prevention of their emissions, as well as their removal from the environment. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a permeable biosorbent bio-barrier reactor (PBR) on the removal of atrazine and heavy metals (copper and zinc) from aqueous solutions. The permeable bio-barrier was built with a bacterial biofilm of R. viscosum supported on 13X zeolite. One of the aims of this work is the investigation of the toxic effects of atrazine, copper and zinc on the bacterial growth, as well as the assessment of their ability to adapt to repeated exposure to contaminants and to degrade atrazine. The growth of R. viscosum was not affected by concentrations of atrazine bellow 7 mg/L. However, copper and zinc in binary solutions were able to inhibit the growth of bacteria for all the concentrations tested (5 to 40 mg/L). The pre-acclimation of the bacteria to the contaminants allowed for an increase of 50% of the bacterial growth. Biodegradation tests showed that 35% of atrazine was removed/degraded, revealing that this herbicide is a recalcitrant compound that is hard to degrade by pure cultures. The development of a PBR with R. viscosum supported on zeolite was successfully performed and the removal rates were 85% for copper, 95% for zinc and 25% for atrazine, showing the potential of the sustainable and low-cost technology herein proposed.
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Xu T, Liu Q, Chen D, Liu Y. Atrazine exposure induces necroptosis through the P450/ROS pathway and causes inflammation in the gill of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:809-816. [PMID: 36257555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is used worldwide and has been confirmed be hazardous materials that harmful to the health of organisms. Since ATR was more persistent in the water, the specific damage caused by ATR to aquatic organisms should be concern. The role of P450/ROS has been proposed in many pathomechanisms. To explore whether P450/ROS mediated necroptosis and promote inflammatory response caused by ATR exposure, 120 common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were randomly divided into four groups which were exposed to 0 μg/L, 4 μg/L, 40 μg/L and 400 μg/L ATR respectively. The residual levels of ATR and its metabolites increased, signs of necrosis and inflammation were found in the gills of the ATR-treatment groups. The levels of ROS and cytochrome P450 content were increased, and P450 enzymes were activated. The expression levels of the core components of necroptosis (RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL) increased. Moreover, gene expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β and PTGE) increased significantly in the ATR-spiked group. Our results suggested that ATR exposure triggered necroptosis through the P450/ROS pathway and causes inflammation of common carp gill. This study provides valuable clue about the mechanism by which ATR causes injury to common carp gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qiaohan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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James TK, Ghanizadeh H, Harrington KC, Bolan NS. The leaching behaviour of herbicides in cropping soils amended with forestry biowastes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119466. [PMID: 35577261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaching of herbicides in cropping soils not only impacts the groundwater sources but also reduces their effect in controlling weeds. Leaching studies were carried out in two cropping soils and two forestry biowaste media, wood pulp and sawdust with two herbicides, atrazine and bromacil in a packed lysimeter with simulated rainfall. The hypothesis was that high organic matter forestry biowaste soil amendments reduce the leaching of herbicides through the soil profile. Results from the experimental setups varied due to the impact of the simulated rainfall on the surface structure of the media. Organic carbon content, pH and structure of the media were all factors which affected the leaching of the two herbicides. The hypothesis was true for wood pulp, but for sawdust, organic matter content had less bearing on the leaching of the herbicides than other over-riding factors, such as pH, that were media specific. In sawdust, its large particle size and related pore volume allowed preferential flow of herbicides. Overall, the data indicated that both forestry biowastes were retentive to herbicide leaching, but the effect was more pronounced with wood pulp than sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K James
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Hossein Ghanizadeh
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Kerry C Harrington
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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Wei YB, Luo D, Xiong X, Huang YL, Xie M, Lu W, Li D. Biomimetic mimicry of formaldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinks in the confined space of a metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4813-4820. [PMID: 35655868 PMCID: PMC9067591 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are highly toxic DNA lesions induced by crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde (HCHO). Building artificial models to simulate the crosslinking process would advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therefore develop coping strategies accordingly. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a Zn-based metal-organic framework with mixed ligands of 2,6-diaminopurine and amine-functionalized dicarboxylate, representing DNA and protein residues, respectively. Combined characterization techniques allow us to demonstrate the unusual efficiency of HCHO-crosslinking within the confined space of the titled MOF. Particularly, in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal a sequential methylene-knitting process upon HCHO addition, along with strong fluorescence that was not interfered with by other metabolites, glycine, and Tris. This work has successfully constructed a purine-based metal-organic framework with unoccupied Watson-Crick sites, serving as a crystalline model for HCHO-induced DPCs by mimicking the confinement effect of protein/DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bai Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong 515041 P. R. China
| | - Mo Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
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Mrozik W, Minofar B, Thongsamer T, Wiriyaphong N, Khawkomol S, Plaimart J, Vakros J, Karapanagioti H, Vinitnantharat S, Werner D. Valorisation of agricultural waste derived biochars in aquaculture to remove organic micropollutants from water - experimental study and molecular dynamics simulations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113717. [PMID: 34547568 PMCID: PMC8542888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the valorisation of agricultural waste materials by transforming coconut husks and shells, corncobs and rice straw into biochar for water treatment in aquaculture. We compared the biochars' suitability for removal of organic micropollutants (acetaminophen, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, atrazine, diuron and diclofenac) from surface water needed for aquaculture. The biochars were prepared by three methods ranging from inexpensive drum kilns (200 °C) to pyrolysis with biogasfication (350-750 °C). Overall, antibiotics tetracycline and enrofloxacin were the most strongly sorbed micropollutants, and coconut husk biochar prepared at 750 °C was the best sorbent material. Molecular Dynamics simulations indicated that the major sorption mechanism is via π-π stacking interactions and there is a possibility of multilayer sorption for some of the micropollutants. We observed, a strong impact of ionic strength (salinity), which is an important consideration in coastal aquaculture applications. High salinity decreased the sorption for antibiotics oxytetracycline, tetracycline and enrofloxacin but increased diclofenac, atrazine and diuron sorption. We considered coconut husk biochar produced in drum kilns the most practical option for biochar applications in small-scale coastal aquacultures in South Asia. Pilot trials of canal water filtration at an aquaculture farm revealed that micropollutant sorption by coconut husk biochar under real-world conditions might be 10-500 times less than observed in the laboratory studies. Even so, biochar amendment of sand enhanced the micropollutant retention, which may facilitate subsequent biodegradation and improve the quality of brackish surface water used for food production in coastal aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Mrozik
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Babak Minofar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, 37333, Nové Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Thunchanok Thongsamer
- Environmental Technology Program, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-uthit road, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Nathacha Wiriyaphong
- Environmental Technology Program, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-uthit road, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Khawkomol
- Energy and Environmental Engineering Center, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Plaimart
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | | | - Soydoa Vinitnantharat
- Environmental Technology Program, School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-uthit road, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - David Werner
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Wei YB, Wang MJ, Luo D, Huang YL, Xie M, Lu W, Shu X, Li D. Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of formaldehyde via an adenine-based biological metal–organic framework. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2021; 5:2416-2424. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qm01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a successful design of an adenine-based BioMOF for highly sensitive formaldehyde recognition without the interference of other VOCs by utilizing its reactivity on Watson–Crick sites and MOF compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bai Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
- Guangzhou 510225
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Shantou University Medical College
- Shantou
- P. R. China
| | - Mo Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
| | - Weigang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
| | - Xugang Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
- Guangzhou 510225
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
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Drout RJ, Kato S, Chen H, Son FA, Otake KI, Islamoglu T, Snurr RQ, Farha OK. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry to Explore the Parameter Space of Organophosphorus Agrochemical Adsorption in MOFs. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12357-12366. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riki J. Drout
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Florencia A. Son
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ken-ichi Otake
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randall Q. Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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