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Zabihzadeh Khajavi M, Nikiforov A, Nilkar M, Devlieghere F, Ragaert P, De Geyter N. Degradable Plasma-Polymerized Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Like Coating as a Matrix for Food-Packaging Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2774. [PMID: 37887925 PMCID: PMC10609115 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is considerable interest in seeking an environmentally friendly technique that is neither thermally nor organic solvent-dependent for producing advanced polymer films for food-packaging applications. Among different approaches, plasma polymerization is a promising method that can deposit biodegradable coatings on top of polymer films. In this study, an atmospheric-pressure aerosol-assisted plasma deposition method was employed to develop a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-like coating, which can act as a potential matrix for antimicrobial agents, by envisioning controlled-release food-packaging applications. Different plasma operating parameters, including the input power, monomer flow rate, and gap between the edge of the plasma head and substrate, were optimized to produce a PEG-like coating with a desirable water stability level and that can be biodegradable. The findings revealed that increased distance between the plasma head and substrate intensified gas-phase nucleation and diluted the active plasma species, which in turn led to the formation of a non-conformal rough coating. Conversely, at short plasma-substrate distances, smooth conformal coatings were obtained. Furthermore, at low input powers (<250 W), the chemical structure of the precursor was mostly preserved with a high retention of C-O functional groups due to limited monomer fragmentation. At the same time, these coatings exhibit low stability in water, which could be attributed to their low cross-linking degree. Increasing the power to 350 W resulted in the loss of the PEG-like chemical structure, which is due to the enhanced monomer fragmentation at high power. Nevertheless, owing to the enhanced cross-linking degree, these coatings were more stable in water. Finally, it could be concluded that a moderate input power (250-300 W) should be applied to obtain an acceptable tradeoff between the coating stability and PEG resemblance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zabihzadeh Khajavi
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.D.); (P.R.)
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.N.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Anton Nikiforov
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.N.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Maryam Nilkar
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.N.); (N.D.G.)
| | - Frank Devlieghere
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.D.); (P.R.)
| | - Peter Ragaert
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.D.); (P.R.)
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.N.); (N.D.G.)
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Kim JY, Jang H, Lee YR, Kim K, Suleiman HO, Park CS, Shin BJ, Jung EY, Tae HS. Nanostructured Polyaniline Films Functionalized through Auxiliary Nitrogen Addition in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071626. [PMID: 37050242 PMCID: PMC10096981 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized from liquid aniline, a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, through the atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma process using a newly designed plasma jet array with wide spacing between plasma jets. To expand the area of the polymerized film, the newly proposed plasma jet array comprises three AP plasma jet devices spaced 7 mm apart in a triangular configuration and an electrodeless quartz tube capable of applying auxiliary gas in the center of the triangular plasma jets. The vaporized aniline monomer was synthesized into a PANI film using the proposed plasma array device. The effects of nitrogen gas addition on the morphological, chemical, and electrical properties of PANI films in AP argon plasma polymerization were examined. The iodine-doped PANI film was isolated from the atmosphere through encapsulation. The constant electrical resistance of the PANI film indicates that the conductive PANI film can achieve the desired resistance by controlling the atmospheric exposure time through encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeeb Olaitan Suleiman
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Bae GT, Jang HJ, Jung EY, Lee YR, Park CS, Kim JY, Tae HS. Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Device Using Four-Bore Tubing and Its Applications of In-Liquid Material Decomposition and Solution Plasma Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224917. [PMID: 36433044 PMCID: PMC9696552 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) device made of four-bore tubing operable in inhospitable humid environments and introduce two potential applications of liquid material processing: decomposition of aqueous phosphorus compounds and solution-plasma polymerization. A four-bore tube was used as the plasma transfer conduit and two diagonal bores contained metal wires. In the proposed APPJ device, the metal wires serving as electrodes are completely enclosed inside the holes of the multi-bore glass tube. This feature allows the APPJ device to operate both safely and reliably in humid environments or even underwater. Thus, we demonstrate that the proposed electrode-embedded APPJ device can effectively decompose aqueous phosphorus compounds into their phosphate form by directly processing the solution sample. As another application of the proposed APPJ device, we also present the successful synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles by solution plasma polymerization in liquid pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.K.); (H.-S.T.); Tel.: +82-53-950-6563 (H.-S.T.)
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.K.); (H.-S.T.); Tel.: +82-53-950-6563 (H.-S.T.)
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Kim JY, Jang HJ, Bae GT, Park CS, Jung EY, Tae HS. Improvement of Nanostructured Polythiophene Film Uniformity Using a Cruciform Electrode and Substrate Rotation in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 35009982 PMCID: PMC8746814 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization, increasing the effective volume of the plasma medium by expanding the plasma-generating region within the plasma reactor is considered a simple method to create regular and uniform polymer films. Here, we propose a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a cruciform wire electrode that can expand the discharge volume. Based on the plasma vessel configuration, which consists of a wide tube and a substrate stand, two tungsten wires crossed at 90 degrees are used as a common powered electrode in consideration of two-dimensional spatial expansion. In the wire electrode, which is partially covered by a glass capillary, discharge occurs at the boundary where the capillary terminates, so that the discharge region is divided into fourths along the cruciform electrode and the discharge volume can successfully expand. It is confirmed that although a discharge imbalance in the four regions of the AP plasma reactor can adversely affect the uniformity of the polymerized, nanostructured polymer film, rotating the substrate using a turntable can significantly improve the film uniformity. With this AP plasma reactor, nanostructured polythiophene (PTh) films are synthesized and the morphology and chemical properties of the PTh nanostructure, as well as the PTh-film uniformity and electrical properties, are investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Grant DS, Ahmed J, Whittle JD, Michelmore A, Vasilev K, Bazaka K, Jacob MV. Comparative Study of Natural Terpenoid Precursors in Reactive Plasmas for Thin Film Deposition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164762. [PMID: 34443354 PMCID: PMC8402203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
If plasma polymer thin films are to be synthesised from sustainable and natural precursors of chemically heterogeneous composition, it is important to understand the extent to which this composition influences the mechanism of polymerisation. To this end, a well-studied monoterpene alcohol, terpinen-4-ol, has been targeted for a comparative study with the naturally occurring mix of terpenes (viz. Melaleuca alternifolia oil) from which it is commonly distilled. Positive ion mode mass spectra of both terpinen-4-ol and M. alternifolia oil showed a decrease in disparities between the type and abundance of cationic species formed in their respective plasma environments as applied plasma power was increased. Supplementary biological assay revealed the antibacterial action of both terpinen-4-ol and M. alternifolia derived coatings with respect to S. aureus bacteria, whilst cytocompatibility was demonstrated by comparable eukaryotic cell adhesion to both coatings. Elucidating the processes occurring within the reactive plasmas can enhance the economics of plasma polymer deposition by permitting use of the minimum power, time and precursor pre-processing required to control the extent of monomer fragmentation and fabricate a film of the desired thickness and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Grant
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Jakaria Ahmed
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Jason D. Whittle
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Andrew Michelmore
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mohan V. Jacob
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-47-814-379
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Jang HJ, Jung EY, Parsons T, Tae HS, Park CS. A Review of Plasma Synthesis Methods for Polymer Films and Nanoparticles under Atmospheric Pressure Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142267. [PMID: 34301024 PMCID: PMC8309454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present an overview of recent approaches in the gas/aerosol-through-plasma (GATP) and liquid plasma methods for synthesizing polymer films and nanoparticles (NPs) using an atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP) technique. We hope to aid students and researchers starting out in the polymerization field by compiling the most commonly utilized simple plasma synthesis methods, so that they can readily select a method that best suits their needs. Although APP methods are widely employed for polymer synthesis, and there are many related papers for specific applications, reviews that provide comprehensive coverage of the variations of APP methods for polymer synthesis are rarely reported. We introduce and compile over 50 recent papers on various APP polymerization methods that allow us to discuss the existing challenges and future direction of GATP and solution plasma methods under ambient air conditions for large-area and mass nanoparticle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.)
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.)
| | - Travis Parsons
- GBS (Global Business Services) IT, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA;
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.)
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.T.); (C.-S.P.)
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (H.-S.T.); (C.-S.P.)
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Levchenko I, Xu S, Baranov O, Bazaka O, Ivanova EP, Bazaka K. Plasma and Polymers: Recent Progress and Trends. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134091. [PMID: 34279431 PMCID: PMC8271681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma-enhanced synthesis and modification of polymers is a field that continues to expand and become increasingly more sophisticated. The highly reactive processing environments afforded by the inherently dynamic nature of plasma media are often superior to ambient or thermal environments, offering substantial advantages over other processing methods. The fluxes of energy and matter toward the surface enable rapid and efficient processing, whereas the charged nature of plasma-generated particles provides a means for their control. The range of materials that can be treated by plasmas is incredibly broad, spanning pure polymers, polymer-metal, polymer-wood, polymer-nanocarbon composites, and others. In this review, we briefly outline some of the recent examples of the state-of-the-art in the plasma-based polymer treatment and functionalization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Levchenko
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (K.B.)
| | - Shuyan Xu
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
| | - Oleg Baranov
- Faculty of Aircraft Engines, National Aerospace University, 61070 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Olha Bazaka
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (O.B.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (O.B.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (K.B.)
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One-Step Liquid Phase Polymerization of HEMA by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Discharges for Ti Dental Implants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dental implants can fail due to various factors, in which bad tissue integration is believed to have a significant role. Specific properties of the implant surface, such as its chemistry and roughness, are of paramount importance to address specific cell responses, such as the adsorption of proteins, as well as the adhesion and differentiation of cells, which are suitable for biomaterial and tissue engineering. In this study, an acrylate-containing coating was produced on titanium surfaces through the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of a liquid precursor, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. A hydrophilic coating was obtained, showing retention of the monomer chemistry as assessed by FTIR analysis and XPS. Enhanced fibroblast adhesion and decreased Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli adhesion were recorded, showing that this is a suitable method to produce biocompatible coatings with a reduced bacterial adhesion.
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Recent Advancements in the Use of Aerosol-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Deposition. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure plasma allows for the easy modification of materials’ surfaces for a wide range of technological applications. Coupling the aerosol injection of precursors with atmospheric pressure plasma largely extends the versatility of this kind of process; in fact solid and, in general, scarcely volatile precursors can be delivered to the plasma, extending the variety of chemical pathways to surface modification. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of aerosol-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma deposition. Advantages (many), and drawbacks (few) will be illustrated, as well as hints as to the correct coupling of the atomization source with the plasma to obtain specific coatings. In particular, the deposition of different organic, hybrid inorganic–organic and bioactive nanocomposite coatings will be discussed. Finally, it will be shown that, in particular cases, unique core–shell nanocapsules can be obtained.
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