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Guo Y, Chen B, Guo J, Jiang P, Wang J, Sun W. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives as tubulin-targeting anticancer agents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:233-249. [PMID: 38393642 PMCID: PMC10896134 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2318350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podophyllotoxin (PPT) derivatives, used in cancer therapy, require development toward enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. OBJECTIVE This study synthesizes PPT derivatives to assess their anticancer activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Compounds E1-E16 antiproliferative activity was tested against four human cancer cell lines (H446, MCF-7, HeLa, A549) and two normal cell lines (L02, BEAS-2B) using the CCK-8 assay. The effects of compound E5 on A549 cell growth were evaluated through molecular docking, in vitro assays (flow cytometry, wound healing, Transwell, colony formation, Western blot), and in vivo tests in female BALB/c nude mice treated with E5 (2 and 4 mg/kg). E5 (4 mg/kg) significantly reduced xenograft tumor growth compared to the DMSO control group. RESULTS Among the 16 PPT derivatives tested for cytotoxicity, E5 exhibited potent effects against A549 cells (IC50: 0.35 ± 0.13 µM) and exceeded the reference drugs PPT and etoposide to inhibit the growth of xenograft tumours. E5-induced cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases accelerated tubulin depolymerization and triggered apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization while regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and effectively inhibited cell migration and invasion, suggesting a potential to limit metastasis. Molecular docking showed binding of E5 to tubulin at the colchicine site and to Akt, with a consequent down-regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This research lays the groundwork for advancing cancer treatment through developing and using PPT derivatives. The encouraging results associated with E5 call for extended research and clinical validation, leading to novel and more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiu Guo
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
- Postdoctoral of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wenxue Sun
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People′s Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
- Chinese Medicine Innovation Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
- Postdoctoral of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P.R. China
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Hao M, Xu H. Chemistry and Biology of Podophyllotoxins: An Update. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302595. [PMID: 37814110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is an aryltetralin lignan lactone derived from different plants of Podophyllum. It consists of five rings with four chiral centers, one trans-lactone and one aryl tetrahydronaphthalene skeleton with multiple modification sites. Moreover, podophyllotoxin and its derivatives showed lots of bioactivities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and insecticidal properties. The demand for podophyllotoxin and its derivatives is rising as a result of their high efficacy. As a continuation of our previous review (Chem. Eur. J., 2017, 23, 4467-4526), herein, total synthesis, biotransformation, structural modifications, bioactivities, and structure-activity relationships of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives from 2017 to 2022 are summarized. Meanwhile, a piece of update information on the origin of new podophyllotoxin analogues from plants from 2014 to 2022 was compiled. We hope that this review will provide a reference for future high value-added applications of podophyllotoxin and its analogues in the pharmaceutical and agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xian Yang Shi, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xian Yang Shi, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
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Miranda-Vera C, Hernández ÁP, García-García P, Díez D, García PA, Castro MÁ. Podophyllotoxin: Recent Advances in the Development of Hybridization Strategies to Enhance Its Antitumoral Profile. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2728. [PMID: 38140069 PMCID: PMC10747284 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is a naturally occurring cyclolignan isolated from rhizomes of Podophyllum sp. In the clinic, it is used mainly as an antiviral; however, its antitumor activity is even more interesting. While podophyllotoxin possesses severe side effects that limit its development as an anticancer agent, nevertheless, it has become a good lead compound for the synthesis of derivatives with fewer side effects and better selectivity. Several examples, such as etoposide, highlight the potential of this natural product for chemomodulation in the search for new antitumor agents. This review focuses on the recent chemical modifications (2017-mid-2023) of the podophyllotoxin skeleton performed mainly at the C-ring (but also at the lactone D-ring and at the trimethoxyphenyl E-ring) together with their biological properties. Special emphasis is placed on hybrids or conjugates with other natural products (either primary or secondary metabolites) and other molecules (heterocycles, benzoheterocycles, synthetic drugs, and other moieties) that contribute to improved podophyllotoxin bioactivity. In fact, hybridization has been a good strategy to design podophyllotoxin derivatives with enhanced bioactivity. The way in which the two components are joined (directly or through spacers) was also considered for the organization of this review. This comprehensive perspective is presented with the aim of guiding the medicinal chemistry community in the design of new podophyllotoxin-based drugs with improved anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Miranda-Vera
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (Á.P.H.); (P.G.-G.); (P.A.G.)
| | - Ángela Patricia Hernández
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (Á.P.H.); (P.G.-G.); (P.A.G.)
| | - Pilar García-García
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (Á.P.H.); (P.G.-G.); (P.A.G.)
| | - David Díez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Pablo Anselmo García
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (Á.P.H.); (P.G.-G.); (P.A.G.)
| | - María Ángeles Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, CIETUS, IBSAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (Á.P.H.); (P.G.-G.); (P.A.G.)
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An J, Liu Y, Duo S, Ma X, An L, Yan Y, Ji D, Yan Y, Cheng Q, Su Z. Podofilox suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle arrest and the c-Myc/ATG10 axis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1203. [PMID: 34584548 PMCID: PMC8422391 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy for which effective therapeutic drugs are limited. Podofilox exhibits antitumor effects in various types of cancer; however, whether it may inhibit GC growth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of podofilox in GC. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation and cell cycle assays were used to detect the role of podofilox on cellular proliferation and the cell cycle, respectively. A microarray was used to detect the transcriptional changes induced by podofilox in GC cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that podofilox inhibited GC cell proliferation and colony formation. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of podofilox in AGS and HGC-27 cells was 2.327 and 1.981 nM, respectively. In addition, treatment with podofilox induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Molecular analysis based on microarray data demonstrated that podofilox altered the expression levels of genes involved in the cell cycle, c-Myc and p53 signaling. Autophagy-related 10 (ATG10), which was highly expressed in GC tissues, was also downregulated by podofilox, as demonstrated by the results of the microarray analysis and immunoblotting. To determine the involvement of ATG10 in GC, ATG10 was knocked down in GC cells by small interfering RNA, which suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of GC cells compared with those observed in the control-transfected cells. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that podofilox may inhibit GC cell proliferation by preventing the cell cycle progression and regulating the c-Myc/ATG10 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan An
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Shenglan Duo
- Department of Doppler Ultrasound, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810099, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810012, P.R. China
| | - Ling An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qinghai People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Yan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Dongde Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qinghai People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Yan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Qiliang Cheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhai Su
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, P.R. China
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Yuan X, Xue J, Tan Y, Yang Q, Qin Z, Bao X, Li S, Pan L, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Lou Y, Jiang L, Du J. Albuca Bracteate Polysaccharides Synergistically Enhance the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil Against Colorectal Cancer by Modulating β-Catenin Signaling and Intestinal Flora. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:736627. [PMID: 34552494 PMCID: PMC8450769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.736627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-line treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, the efficacy of this treatment is sometimes limited owing to chemoresistance as well as treatment-associated intestinal mucositis and other adverse events. Growing evidence suggests that certain phytochemicals have therapeutic and cancer-preventing properties. Further, the synergistic interactions between many such plant-derived products and chemotherapeutic drugs have been linked to improved therapeutic efficacy. Polysaccharides extracted from Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning and Goldblatt (ABP) have been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. In this study, murine CRC cells (CT26) and a murine model of CRC were used to examine the anti-tumor properties of ABP and explore the mechanism underlying the synergistic interactions between ABP and 5-FU. Our results revealed that ABP could inhibit tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migratory activity in vitro and inhibited tumor progression in vivo by suppressing β-catenin signaling. Additionally, treatment with a combination of ABP and 5-FU resulted in better outcomes than treatment with either agent alone. Moreover, this combination therapy resulted in the specific enrichment of Ruminococcus, Anaerostipes, and Oscillospira in the intestinal microbiota and increased fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). The improvement in the intestinal microbiota and the increase in beneficial SCFAs contributed to enhanced therapeutic outcomes and reduced the adverse effects of 5-FU. Together, these data suggest that ABP exhibits anti-neoplastic activity and can effectively enhance the efficacy of 5-FU in CRC treatment. Therefore, further research on the application of ABP in the development of novel anti-tumor drugs and adjuvant compounds is warranted and could improve the outcomes of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yuan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Tan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingguo Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Qin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Bao
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengkai Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Jiang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jimei Du
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Fan HY, Zhu ZL, Xian HC, Wang HF, Chen BJ, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH. Insight Into the Molecular Mechanism of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Anticancer Drugs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709075. [PMID: 34447752 PMCID: PMC8383743 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) is a biologically active compound derived from the podophyllum plant, and both it and its derivatives possess excellent antitumor activity. The PTOX derivatives etoposide (VP-16) and teniposide (VM-26) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer treatment, but are far from perfect. Hence, numerous PTOX derivatives have been developed to address the major limitations of PTOX, such as systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and low bioavailability. Regarding their anticancer mechanism, extensive studies have revealed that PTOX derivatives can induce cell cycle G2/M arrest and DNA/RNA breaks by targeting tubulin and topoisomerase II, respectively. However, few studies are dedicated to exploring the interactions between PTOX derivatives and downstream cancer-related signaling pathways, which is reasonably important for gaining insight into the role of PTOX. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of PTOX derivatives in the biological behavior of tumors and potential molecular signaling pathways, aiming to help researchers design and develop better PTOX derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-yang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo-li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-chun Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Bing-jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
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Yadav P, Yadav R, Jain S, Vaidya A. Caspase-3: A primary target for natural and synthetic compounds for cancer therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:144-165. [PMID: 33963665 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a group of protease enzymes (cysteine proteases), exist as inactive zymogens in the cells and execute apoptosis (programmed cell death). Caspase-3, an executioner caspase, plays an imperative role in apoptosis and becomes a primary target for cancer treatment. A number of analogues of quinazoline, quinazolinone, indoloquinazolines, quinone, naphthoquinones, pyrroloiminoquinones, styrylquinolines, tetheredtetrahydroquinoline, fluoroquinolone, thiosemicarbazones, benzotriazole, pyrimidines, chalcone, and carbazoles have been reported till date, representing caspase-3 mediated apoptosis for cancer therapy. Simultaneously, plant isolates, including lysicamine, podophyllotoxin, and majoranolide, have also been claimed for caspase-3-mediated apoptosis-induced cytotoxicity. Procaspase-activating compound-1 (PAC-1) is the first FDA approved orphan drug, and its synthetic derivative WF-208 also showed fascinating caspase-3 mediated anticancer activity. Till date, a large number of compounds have been reported and patented for their caspase-3-mediated cytotoxicity and now scientist is also focusing to introduce new compounds in market to encompass anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER, Hajipur, India
| | - Ramakant Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, India
| | - Shweta Jain
- Sir Madan Lal Institute of Pharmacy, Etawah, India
| | - Ankur Vaidya
- Pharmacy College Saifai, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, India
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The Anti-Leukemic Activity of Natural Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092709. [PMID: 34063044 PMCID: PMC8124534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biologically active compounds has become a realistic option for the treatment of malignant tumors due to their cost-effectiveness and safety. In this review, we aimed to highlight the main natural biocompounds that target leukemic cells, assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments or clinical studies, in order to explore their therapeutic potential in the treatment of leukemia: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It provides a basis for researchers and hematologists in improving basic and clinical research on the development of new alternative therapies in the fight against leukemia, a harmful hematological cancer and the leading cause of death among patients.
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Murphy MB, Kumar P, Bradley AM, Barton CE, Deweese JE, Mercer SL. Synthesis and evaluation of etoposide and podophyllotoxin analogs against topoisomerase IIα and HCT-116 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115773. [PMID: 33035756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide is a widely-used anticancer agent that targets human type II topoisomerases. Evidence suggests that metabolism of etoposide in myeloid progenitor cells is associated with translocations involved in leukemia development. Previous studies suggest halogenation at the C-2' position of etoposide reduces metabolism. Halogens were introduced into the C-2' position by electrophilic aromatic halogenation onto etoposide (ETOP, 1), podophyllotoxin (PPT, 2), and 4-dimethylepipodophyllotoxin (DMEP, 3), and to bridge the gap of knowledge regarding the activity of these metabolically stable analogs. Five halogenated analogs (6-10) were synthesized. Analogs 8-10 displayed variable ability to inhibit DNA relaxation. Analog 9 was the only analog to show concentration-dependent enhancement of Top2-mediated DNA cleavage. Dose response assay results indicated that 8 and 10 were most effective at decreasing the viability of HCT-116 and A549 cancer cell lines in culture. Flow cytometry with 8 and 10 in HCT-116 cells provide evidence of sub-G1 cell populations indicative of apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate C-2' halogenation of etoposide and its precursors, although metabolically stable, decreases overall activity relative to etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Murphy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
| | - Priyanka Kumar
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Amber M Bradley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
| | - Christopher E Barton
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Joseph E Deweese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Susan L Mercer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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10
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Han H, Xu X, Ma Y, Luo Y, Wang Z, Yang M, Wen Z, Zhang Y, Yin T, Zhao Q, Lin H, Lu G, Yang R, Wang X, Qi J, Yang Y. Discovering Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Tubulin Agents: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Xinhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Yingying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Yuelin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Zizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China MOE Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China MOE Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 PR China
- School of Life Sciences Huaiyin Normal University Huaian 223300 PR China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China MOE Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 PR China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Plant Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 PR China
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China MOE Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 PR China
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Recent advances of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids in anticancer activity, mode of action, and structure-activity relationship: An update (2010-2020). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112830. [PMID: 32992133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxins and epipodophyllotoxins, possess excellent activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant even multidrug-resistant cancer cells via inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Several podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide and teniposide have already been applied for cancer therapy, revealing their potential as putative anticancer drugs. Hybridization of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin moiety with other anticancer pharmacophores is a promising strategy to develop novel drug candidates so as to overcome drug resistance and improve the specificity, and numerous of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids exhibit excellent in vitro antiproliferative and in vivo anticancer potency. This review emphasizes the recent development of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids with potential application for cancer therapy covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. The mechanisms of action, the critical aspects of design as well as structure-activity relationships were also summarized.
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Zhao W, Cong Y, Li HM, Li S, Shen Y, Qi Q, Zhang Y, Li YZ, Tang YJ. Challenges and potential for improving the druggability of podophyllotoxin-derived drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:470-488. [PMID: 32895676 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020As a main bioactive component of the Chinese, Indian, and American Podophyllum species, the herbal medicine, podophyllotoxin (PTOX) exhibits broad spectrum pharmacological activity, such as superior antitumor activity and against multiple viruses. PTOX derivatives (PTOXs) could arrest the cell cycle, block the transitorily generated DNA/RNA breaks, and blunt the growth-stimulation by targeting topoisomerase II, tubulin, or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Since 1983, etoposide (VP-16) is being used in frontline cancer therapy against various cancer types, such as small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. Surprisingly, VP-16 (ClinicalTrials NTC04356690) was also redeveloped to treat the cytokine storm in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in phase II in April 2020. The treatment aims at dampening the cytokine storm and is based on etoposide in the case of central nervous system. However, the initial version of PTOX was far from perfect. Almost all podophyllotoxin derivatives, including the FDA-approved drugs VP-16 and teniposide, were seriously limited in clinical therapy due to systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and low bioavailability. To meet this challenge, scientists have devoted continuous efforts to discover new candidate drugs and have developed drug strategies. This review focuses on the current clinical treatment of PTOXs and the prospective analysis for improving druggability in the rational design of new generation PTOX-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Pan C, Otsuka Y, Sridharan B, Woo M, Leiton CV, Babu S, Torrente Gonçalves M, Kawalerski RR, K. Bai JD, Chang DK, Biankin AV, Scampavia L, Spicer T, Escobar‐Hoyos LF, Shroyer KR. An unbiased high-throughput drug screen reveals a potential therapeutic vulnerability in the most lethal molecular subtype of pancreatic cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1800-1816. [PMID: 32533886 PMCID: PMC7400780 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2020, due in part to innate resistance to widely used chemotherapeutic agents and limited knowledge about key molecular factors that drive tumor aggression. We previously reported a novel negative prognostic biomarker, keratin 17 (K17), whose overexpression in cancer results in shortened patient survival. In this study, we aimed to determine the predictive value of K17 and explore the therapeutic vulnerability in K17-expressing PDAC, using an unbiased high-throughput drug screen. Patient-derived data analysis showed that K17 expression correlates with resistance to gemcitabine (Gem). In multiple in vitro and in vivo models of PDAC, spanning human and murine PDAC cells, and orthotopic xenografts, we determined that the expression of K17 results in a more than twofold increase in resistance to Gem and 5-fluorouracil, key components of current standard-of-care chemotherapeutic regimens. Furthermore, through an unbiased drug screen, we discovered that podophyllotoxin (PPT), a microtubule inhibitor, showed significantly higher sensitivity in K17-positive compared to K17-negative PDAC cell lines and animal models. In the clinic, another microtubule inhibitor, paclitaxel (PTX), is used in combination with Gem as a first-line chemotherapeutic regimen for PDAC. Surprisingly, we found that when combined with Gem, PPT, but not PTX, was synergistic in inhibiting the viability of K17-expressing PDAC cells. Importantly, in preclinical models, PPT in combination with Gem effectively decreased tumor growth and enhanced the survival of mice bearing K17-expressing tumors. This provides evidence that PPT and its derivatives could potentially be combined with Gem to enhance treatment efficacy for the ~ 50% of PDACs that express high levels of K17. In summary, we reported that K17 is a novel target for developing a biomarker-based personalized treatment for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hao Pan
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate ProgramStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | | | | | - Melissa Woo
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
- Simons Summer Research ProgramStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | - Cindy V. Leiton
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | - Sruthi Babu
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
- Department of Family, Population & Preventive MedicineRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | | | - Ryan R. Kawalerski
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | - Ji Dong K. Bai
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreInstitute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic UnitGlasgow Royal InfirmaryUK
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreInstitute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic UnitGlasgow Royal InfirmaryUK
| | | | | | - Luisa F. Escobar‐Hoyos
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
- Department of Therapeutic RadiologySchool of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer ResearchMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Genetic Toxicology and Cytogenetics Research GroupDepartment of BiologySchool of Natural Sciences and EducationUniversidad del CaucaPopayánColombia
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of PathologyRenaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityNYUSA
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Wang YN, Wang J, Yang HN, Zhang BL, Zhang P, Sun PY, Zhang N, Wang Y, Sheng J, Wang XJ, Zi CT. The oxidation of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line HPB-ALL via the regulation of Notch1 expression. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1679-1684. [PMID: 35494663 PMCID: PMC9047518 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy, and commonly associated with activating mutations in the Notch1 pathway. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and active catechin and has been shown to regulate Notch signaling. Taking into account the highly oxidizable and unstable of EGCG, we proposed that EGCG oxides may have greater potential to regulate Notch signaling than EGCG. In this study, we isolated and identified EGCG oxides (compound 2–4), using a chemical oxidation strategy, and evaluated for cytotoxicity against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (HPB-ALL) by using the MTS assay. We found compound 3 significantly induced cell proliferation inhibition (38.3858 ± 1.67106 μM), cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Remarkably, compound 3 inhibited expression of Notch1 compared with EGCG in HPB-ALL cells. Meanwhile, we found that compound 3 significantly inhibited c-Myc and Hes1, which are downstream target genes of Notch1. The findings demonstrate for the first time that an oxidation product of EGCG (compound 3) inhibits T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (HPB-ALL) and is a promising agent for cancer therapy deserving further research. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy, and commonly associated with activating mutations in the Notch1 pathway.![]()
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