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Yorov KE, Nematulloev S, Saidzhonov BM, Skorotetcky MS, Karluk AA, Hasanov BE, Mir WJ, Sheikh T, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Phielepeit MEM, Ashraf N, Blick RH, Mohammed OF, Bayindir M, Bakr OM. Controlled Synthesis of Terbium-Doped Colloidal Gd 2O 2S Nanoplatelets Enables High-Performance X-ray Scintillators. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38951541 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S:Tb3+), commonly referred to as Gadox, is a widely used scintillator material due to its exceptional X-ray attenuation efficiency and high light yield. However, Gadox-based scintillators suffer from low X-ray spatial resolution due to their large particle size, which causes significant light scattering. To address this limitation, we report the synthesis of terbium-doped colloidal Gadox nanoplatelets (NPLs) with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and high radioluminescence light yield (LY). In particular, our investigation reveals a strong correlation between PLQY, LY, particle size, and Tb3+concentration. Our synthetic approach allows precise control over the lateral size and thickness of the Gadox NPLs, resulting in a LY of 50,000 photons/MeV. Flexible scintillating screens fabricated with the solution-processable Gadox NPLs exhibited a 20 lp/mm X-ray spatial resolution, surpassing commercial Gadox scintillators. These high-performance and flexible Gadox NPL-based scintillators enable enhanced X-ray imaging capabilities in medicine and security. Our work provides a framework for designing nanomaterial scintillators with superior spatial resolution and efficiency through precise control of dimensions and dopant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursand E Yorov
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saidkhodzha Nematulloev
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bedil M Saidzhonov
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxim S Skorotetcky
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Azimet A Karluk
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashir E Hasanov
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim J Mir
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Sheikh
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawal Ashraf
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert H Blick
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPM), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehmet Bayindir
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Nwambaekwe KC, Ramoroka ME, Yussuf ST, Morudu TC, Ndipingwi MM, Iwuoha EI. Tb- and Eu-doped yttrium oxyselenides as novel absorber layers for superstrate thin-film photovoltaics: improved spectral optical absorption and green-red phosphor activation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17147-17172. [PMID: 37853791 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
To generate and deliver alternative sustainable energy in the face of the current energy crisis, new materials that can capture solar energy and transform it into other useful energies are required. Rare-earth (RE) oxychalcogenides are now being used more frequently as up/down-conversion materials in established photovoltaic (PV) devices to boost their PV performance. Here, through an efficient microwave assisted synthesis procedure, novel nanoplate/sheet shaped nanomaterials of yttrium oxyselenide (YOSe) and its analogues doped with Tb and Eu (YOSe:Tb and YOSe:Eu) were successfully synthesized. Analyses of the structure, stability, morphology, light absorption, and electrochemistry were performed. This work showed that the parent YOSe exhibited green (543 nm) and red (615 nm) emission luminescence when doped with Tb and Eu with a luminescence quantum yield (LQY) of 0.56 and 0.53 for YOSe:Tb and YOSe:Eu nanomaterials, respectively. The surface and material conductivity of YOSe improved with the addition of the dopant elements, with the best outcome shown in YOSe:Eu, according to electrokinetic research evidenced by the enhanced current peaks, reduced charge-transfer resistance (Rct) and low impedance magnitude (Zmag) through electrochemical experiments. These improvements were induced by the distinctive properties of the dopant elements. PCEs of 0.25%, 0.67%, and 1.20% were obtained for YOSe, YOSe:Tb, and YOSe:Eu-based PV devices, respectively, using the nanomaterials as novel absorber layers in a superstrate device design. Our results can initiate further exploitation of the doped host structure for effective down-conversion NIR luminescence for applications in PV devices and to boost the PV performance of existing solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi C Nwambaekwe
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Morongwa E Ramoroka
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sodiq T Yussuf
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tshaamano C Morudu
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Miranda M Ndipingwi
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel I Iwuoha
- Key Laboratory for NanoElectrochemistry, University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories (SensorLab), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Wood CH, Schaak RE. Topochemical Anionic Subunit Insertion Reaction for Constructing Nanoparticles of Layered Oxychalcogenide Intergrowth Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18711-18715. [PMID: 37581945 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Intergrowth compounds contain alternating layers of chemically distinct subunits that yield composition-tunable synergistic properties. Synthesizing nanoparticles of intergrowth structures requires atomic-level intermixing of the subunits rather than segregation into stable constituent phases. Here we introduce an anionic subunit insertion reaction for nanoparticles that installs metal chalcogenide layers between metal oxide sheets. Anionic [CuS]- subunits from solution replace interlayer chloride anions from LaOCl to form LaOCuS topochemically with retention of crystal structure and morphology. Sodium acetylacetonate helps extract Cl- concomitant with the insertion of S2- and Cu+ and is generalized to other oxychalcogenides. This topochemical reaction produces nanoparticles of ordered mixed-anion intergrowth compounds and expands nanoparticle ion exchange chemistry to anionic subunits.
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jing Xu J, Wu K. Comprehensive review on multiple mixed-anion ligands, physicochemical performances and application prospects in metal oxysulfides. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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5
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Manickaraj SSM, Pandiyarajan S, Liao AH, Panneer Selvam AR, Huang ST, Vimala JR, Lee KY, Chuang HC. A new class of layered Bi 2O 2S nanopetals by one-pot supercritical-CO 2 approach: A reliable electrocatalyst for analgesic bioflavonoid detection. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138534. [PMID: 37004821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials frequently draw a lot of interest in a variety of disciplines, including electrochemistry. Developing a reliable electrode modifier for the selective electrochemical detection of the analgesic bioflavonoid i.e., Rutinoside (RS) is a great challenge. Here in, we have explored the supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) mediated synthesis of bismuth oxysulfide (SC-BiOS) and reported it as a robust electrode modifier for the detection of RS. For a comparison study, the same preparation procedure was carried out in the conventional approach (C-BiS). The morphology, crystallography, optical, and elemental contribution analyses were characterized to understand the paradigm shift in the physicochemical properties between SC-BiOS and C-BiS. The results exposed the C-BiS had a nano-rod-like structure with a crystallite size of 11.57 nm; whereas the SC-BiOS had a nano-petal-like structure with a crystallite size of 9.03 nm. The B2g mode in the optical analysis confirms the formation of bismuth oxysulfide by the SC-CO2 method with the Pmnn space group. As an electrode modifier, the SC-BiOS achieved a higher effective surface area (0.074 cm2), higher electron transfer kinetics (0.13 cm s-1), and lower charge transfer resistance (403 Ω) than C-BiS. Further, it provided a wide linear range of 0.1-610.5 μM L-1 with a low detection and quantification limit of 9 and 30nM L-1 and an appreciable sensitivity of 0.706 μA μM-1 cm-2. The selectivity, repeatability, and real-time application towards the environmental water sample with a recovery of 98.87% were anticipated for the SC-BiOS. This SC-BiOS unlocks a fresh avenue to construct a design for the family of electrode modifiers utilized in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Sabarison Pandiyarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114201, Taiwan
| | - Angelin Rubavathi Panneer Selvam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - J Rosaline Vimala
- Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuo-Yu Lee
- SV Probe Technology Co., Ltd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu County, 302, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106344, Taiwan.
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Meyniel L, Boissière C, Krins N, Carenco S. Optical-Quality Thin Films with Tunable Thickness from Stable Colloidal Suspensions of Lanthanide Oxysulfide Nanoplates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:728-738. [PMID: 36584287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In modern laser technologies, there is a need for coatings that would be compatible with flexible substrates while retaining the advantages of inorganic compounds in terms of robustness. As a first step in this direction, we developed here thin films of lanthanide oxysulfide, of optical quality, prepared by low-temperature dip coating. As a model compound in the family of oxysulfides, (Gd,Ce)2O2S anisotropic nanoplates were used. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in situ UV and IR spectroscopic ellipsometry, showing that the band gap of the materials was preserved through the deposition process. The thickness of the films was tuned in a broad range, from a few nanometers to 150 nm, using different concentrations of the colloidal suspensions as well as single-layer and multilayer deposition. Lastly, thermal treatment of the thin films was optimized to remove the stabilizing organic ligands of the nanoparticles while preserving their integrity, as confirmed by SEM and XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Meyniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Natacha Krins
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Carenco
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Zagorac J, Zagorac D, Šrot V, Ranđelović M, Pejić M, van Aken PA, Matović B, Schön JC. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Properties of ZnO/ZnS Core/Shell Nanostructures Investigated Using a Multidisciplinary Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:326. [PMID: 36614664 PMCID: PMC9822113 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ZnO/ZnS core/shell nanostructures, which are studied for diverse possible applications, ranging from semiconductors, photovoltaics, and light-emitting diodes (LED), to solar cells, infrared detectors, and thermoelectrics, were synthesized and characterized by XRD, HR-(S)TEM, and analytical TEM (EDX and EELS). Moreover, band-gap measurements of the ZnO/ZnS core/shell nanostructures have been performed using UV/Vis DRS. The experimental results were combined with theoretical modeling of ZnO/ZnS (hetero)structures and band structure calculations for ZnO/ZnS systems, yielding more insights into the properties of the nanoparticles. The ab initio calculations were performed using hybrid PBE0 and HSE06 functionals. The synthesized and characterized ZnO/ZnS core/shell materials show a unique three-phase composition, where the ZnO phase is dominant in the core region and, interestingly, the auxiliary ZnS compound occurs in two phases as wurtzite and sphalerite in the shell region. Moreover, theoretical ab initio calculations show advanced semiconducting properties and possible band-gap tuning in such ZnO/ZnS structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zagorac
- Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre of Excellence “Cextreme Lab”, Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Zagorac
- Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre of Excellence “Cextreme Lab”, Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Šrot
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marjan Ranđelović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Pejić
- Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre of Excellence “Cextreme Lab”, Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter A. van Aken
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Branko Matović
- Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre of Excellence “Cextreme Lab”, Materials Science Laboratory, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J. Christian Schön
- Nanoscale Science Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mohanty S, Premcheska S, Verduijn J, Rijckaert H, Skirtach AG, Van Hecke K, Kaczmarek AM. Dual-mode vehicles with simultaneous thermometry and drug release properties based on hollow Y 2O 3:Er,Yb and Y 2O 2SO 4:Er,Yb spheres. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33239-33250. [PMID: 36425207 PMCID: PMC9677065 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing luminescence thermometry in the biomedical field is undeniably appealing as many health conditions are accompanied by temperature changes. In this work, we show our ongoing efforts and results at designing novel vehicles for dual-mode thermometry and pH-dependent drug release based on hollow spheres. Hereby for that purpose, we exploit the hollow Y2O3 and Y2O2SO4 host materials. These two inorganic hollow phosphors were investigated and showed to have excellent upconversion Er3+-Yb3+ luminescence properties and could be effectively used as optical temperature sensors in the physiological temperature range when induced by near-infrared CW light (975 nm). Further, doxorubicin was exploited as a model anti-cancer drug to monitor the pH-dependent drug release of these materials showing that they can be used for simultaneous thermometry and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohanty
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Simona Premcheska
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
- NanoBiotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Joost Verduijn
- NanoBiotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Hannes Rijckaert
- SCRiPTS, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- NanoBiotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Anna M Kaczmarek
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Orr MS, Cruz KR, Nguyen HH, Kojima AL, Macaluso RT. Versatility of Tellurium in Heteroanionic Ln 2O 2Te (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) and Tellurate Ln 2TeO 6 (Ln = La, Pr). Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18002-18009. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Orr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Katheryn R. Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Hoa H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Akari L. Kojima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Robin T. Macaluso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
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Xu J, Wu K, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Yu H, Zhang H. Mixed-Anion-Oriented Design of LnMGa 3S 6O (Ln = La, Pr, and Nd; M = Ca and Sr) Nonlinear Optical Oxysulfides with Targeted Property Balance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37967-37974. [PMID: 35952656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals are of importance on extending infrared (IR) laser wavelengths. Considering their performance drawbacks in commercial IR NLO crystals, a recent challenge in exploring new excellent IR NLO crystals is how to break the inherent conflict between a wide bandgap (Eg ≥ 3.0 eV) and large NLO effect (dij ≥ 0.5 × AgGaS2) and simultaneously enlarge the birefringence (Δn) for a requisite phase-matching (PM) behavior. For that reason, rational combination of mixed-anion functional groups into a crystal structure affords the successful design and synthesis of six LnMGa3S6O (Ln = La, Pr, and Nd; M = Ca and Sr) NLO oxysulfides. Among them, LaMGa3S6O satisfy the property-balance demand (Eg: 3.21-3.27 eV and dij: 0.9-1.0 × AgGaS2) as promising PM NLO crystals through gathering their property advantages between LaMGa3O7 and LaMGa3S7 by mixed-anion-oriented performance engineering. A study on the structure-property relationship indicates that heteroleptic (Ln/M)S7O and GaS3O anionic groups are proven as promising NLO-active units and offer a great synergistic effect on the NLO origin. This work as a visualized model not only provides a first clear cognition on varying properties from oxide to sulfide to oxysulfide but also highlights the feasibility of mixed-anion-oriented design of new NLO candidates with balanced performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kui Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haohai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huaijin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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11
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Zou Q, Marcelot C, Ratel-Ramond N, Yi X, Roblin P, Frenzel F, Resch-Genger U, Eftekhari A, Bouchet A, Coudret C, Verelst M, Chen X, Mauricot R, Roux C. Heterogeneous Oxysulfide@Fluoride Core/Shell Nanocrystals for Upconversion-Based Nanothermometry. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12107-12117. [PMID: 35862666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) often suffer from weak luminescence, especially when their sizes are ultrasmall (less than 10 nm). Enhancing the upconversion luminescence (UCL) efficiency of ultrasmall UCNPs has remained a challenge that must be undertaken if any practical applications are to be envisaged. Herein, we present a Ln3+-doped oxysulfide@fluoride core/shell heterostructure which shows efficient UCL properties under 980 nm excitation and good stability in solution. Through epitaxial heterogeneous growth, a ∼4 nm optically inert β-NaYF4 shell was coated onto ∼5 nm ultrasmall Gd2O2S:20%Yb,1%Tm. These Gd2O2S:20%Yb,1%Tm@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs exhibit a more than 800-fold increase in UCL intensity compared to the unprotected core, a 180-fold increase in luminescence decay time of the 3H4 → 3H6 Tm3+ transition from 5 to 900 μs, and an upconversion quantum yield (UCQY) of 0.76% at an excitation power density of 155 W/cm2. Likewise, Gd2O2S:20%Yb,2%Er@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs show a nearly 5000-fold increase of their UCL intensity compared to the Gd2O2S:20%Yb,2%Er core and a maximum UCQY of 0.61%. In the Yb/Er core-shell UCNP system, the observed variation of luminescence intensity ratio seems to originate from a change in lattice strain as the temperature is elevated. For nanothermometry applications, the thermal sensitivities based on thermally coupled levels are estimated for both Yb/Tm and Yb/Er doped Gd2O2S@NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Zou
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
- Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 29 Rue Jeane Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cécile Marcelot
- Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 29 Rue Jeane Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Nicolas Ratel-Ramond
- Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 29 Rue Jeane Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Xiaodong Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Pierre Roblin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS UMR 5503, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Florian Frenzel
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Eftekhari
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Aude Bouchet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Coudret
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 29 Rue Jeane Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Robert Mauricot
- Centre d'Elaboration des Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CNRS, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 29 Rue Jeane Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Clément Roux
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse - UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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12
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Mishra V, Zabolotnii A, Mar A. La 4Ga 2Se 6O 3: A Rare-Earth Oxyselenide Built from One-Dimensional Strips. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12458-12465. [PMID: 35877612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxyselenide La4Ga2Se6O3 was obtained by reaction in NaCl flux. Its monoclinic crystal structure (space group C2/c, a = 21.2832(13) Å, b = 11.6272(7) Å, c = 6.0006(4) Å, β = 106.3430(10)°, Z = 4), which is a new type, consists of strips of edge-sharing OLa4 tetrahedra and zigzag chains of corner-sharing GaSe4 tetrahedra. The separation into distinct structural blocks with mostly ionic vs covalent bonding character was supported by analysis of the electron localization function and crystal orbital bond index. An experimental band gap of 1.8 eV was extracted from optical diffuse reflectance spectra. First-principles calculations suggest that the thermoelectric power factor of this compound would be enhanced by n-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanshu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alexander Zabolotnii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Arthur Mar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Aukarasereenont P, Goff A, Nguyen CK, McConville CF, Elbourne A, Zavabeti A, Daeneke T. Liquid metals: an ideal platform for the synthesis of two-dimensional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1253-1276. [PMID: 35107468 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of liquid metals can serve as a platform to synthesise two-dimensional materials. By exploiting the self-limiting Cabrera-Mott oxidation reaction that takes place at the surface of liquid metals exposed to ambient air, an ultrathin oxide layer can be synthesised and isolated. Several synthesis approaches based on this phenomenon have been developed in recent years, resulting in a diverse family of functional 2D materials that covers a significant fraction of the periodic table. These straightforward and inherently scalable techniques may enable the fabrication of novel devices and thus harbour significant application potential. This review provides a brief introduction to liquid metals and their alloys, followed by detailed guidance on each developed synthesis technique, post-growth processing methods, integration processes, as well as potential applications of the developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Goff
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Chung Kim Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Chris F McConville
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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14
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Herzig C, Frank J, Nenning A, Gerstl M, Bumberger A, Fleig J, Opitz AK, Limbeck A. Combining electrochemical and quantitative elemental analysis to investigate the sulfur poisoning process of ceria thin film fuel electrodes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:1840-1851. [PMID: 35178245 PMCID: PMC8788136 DOI: 10.1039/d1ta06873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the effect of sulfur incorporation into model-type GDC thin films on their in-plane ionic conductivity. By means of impedance measurements, a strongly deteriorating effect on the grain boundary conductivity was confirmed, which additionally depends on the applied electrochemical polarisation. To quantify the total amount of sulfur incorporated into GDC thin films, online-laser ablation of solids in liquid (online-LASIL) was used as a novel solid sampling strategy. Online-LASIL combines several advantages of conventional sample introduction systems and enables the detection of S as a minor component in a very limited sample system (in the present case 35 μg total sample mass). To reach the requested sensitivity for S detection using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), the reaction cell of the quadrupole instrument was used and the parameters for the mass shift reaction with O2 were optimised. The combination of electrical and quantitative analytical results allows the identification of a potential sulfur incorporation pathway, which very likely proceeds along GDC grain boundaries with oxysulfide formation as the main driver of ion transport degradation. Depending on the applied cathodic bias, the measured amount of sulfur would be equivalent to 1-4 lattice constants of GDC transformed into an oxysulfide phase at the material's grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herzig
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - J Frank
- TU Wien, Joint Workshop, Technical Chemistry Vienna Austria
| | - A Nenning
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - M Gerstl
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - A Bumberger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - J Fleig
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - A K Opitz
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - A Limbeck
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Getreidemarkt 9/164 I2AC 1060 Vienna Austria
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15
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[NiFe]-(Oxy)Sulfides Derived from NiFe2O4 for the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts is regarded as a key factor for realizing industrial-scale hydrogen production powered by renewable energy sources. Inspired by nature, which uses Fe- and Ni-containing enzymes for efficient hydrogen generation, Fe/Ni-containing chalcogenides, such as oxides and sulfides, received increasing attention as promising electrocatalysts to produce hydrogen. We herein present a novel synthetic procedure for mixed Fe/Ni (oxy)sulfide materials by the controlled (partial) sulfidation of NiFe2O4 (NFO) nanoparticles in H2S-containing atmospheres. The variation in H2S concentration and the temperature allows for a precise control of stoichiometry and phase composition. The obtained sulfidized materials (NFS) catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with increased activity in comparison to NFO, up to −10 and −100 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of approx. 250 and 450 mV, respectively.
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16
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Zheng C, Hoffmann R, Perkins TS, Calvagna F, Fotovat R, Ferels C, Mohr A, Kremer RK, Köhler J, Simon A, Bu K, Huang F. Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of the quaternary oxysulfides Ln
5V3O7S6 (Ln = La, Ce). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two rare earth oxysulfides Ln
5V3O7S6 (Ln = La, Ce) have been synthesized and their structures determined. The two isostructural compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pmmn (no. 59). The structure features one-dimensional edge-sharing VS4O2 octahedron chains parallel to the b axis. The bonding between V and S/O is covalent, and between Ln
3+ and the rest of the matrix ionic. Magnetic susceptibility measurement revealed that V is in a mixed valence state of V3+ and V4+. Its magnetic behavior follows the Curie-Weiss law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL , 60115 , USA
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA ,
| | - Timothy S. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry , Coker University , Hartsville , SC , 29550 , USA
| | - Frank Calvagna
- Department of Chemistry , Rock Valley College , Rockford , IL , 61114 , USA
| | - Roxanna Fotovat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL , 60115 , USA
| | - Crystal Ferels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL , 60115 , USA
| | - Alyssa Mohr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL , 60115 , USA
| | - Reinhard K. Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Arndt Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Kejun Bu
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , 200050 , P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , 200050 , P. R. China
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17
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An Overview of Gadolinium-Based Oxide and Oxysulfide Particles: Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the publications presenting novel physical and chemical aspects of gadolinium-based oxide (Gd2O3) and oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) particles in the micro- or nano-scale have increased, mainly stimulated by the exciting applications of these materials in the biomedical field. Their optical properties, related to down and upconversion phenomena and the ability to functionalize their surface, make them attractive for developing new probes for selective targeting and emergent bioimaging techniques, either for biomolecule labeling or theranostics. Moreover, recent reports have shown interesting optical behavior of these systems influenced by the synthesis methods, dopant amount and type, particle shape and size, and surface functionality. Hence, this review presents a compilation of the latest works focused on evaluating the optical properties of Gd2O3 and Gd2O2S particles as a function of their physicochemical and morphological properties; and also on their novel applications as MRI contrast agents and drug delivery nanovehicles, discussed along with their administration routes, biodistribution, cytotoxicity, and clearance mechanisms. Perspectives for this field are also identified and discussed.
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18
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Sasaki S, Caldes MT, Guillot-Deudon C, Braems I, Steciuk G, Palatinus L, Gautron E, Frapper G, Janod E, Corraze B, Jobic S, Cario L. Design of metastable oxychalcogenide phases by topochemical (de)intercalation of sulfur in La 2O 2S 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3605. [PMID: 34127660 PMCID: PMC8203606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and synthesising new metastable compounds is a major challenge of today’s material science. While exploration of metastable oxides has seen decades-long advancement thanks to the topochemical deintercalation of oxygen as recently spotlighted with the discovery of nickelate superconductor, such unique synthetic pathway has not yet been found for chalcogenide compounds. Here we combine an original soft chemistry approach, structure prediction calculations and advanced electron microscopy techniques to demonstrate the topochemical deintercalation/reintercalation of sulfur in a layered oxychalcogenide leading to the design of novel metastable phases. We demonstrate that La2O2S2 may react with monovalent metals to produce sulfur-deintercalated metastable phases La2O2S1.5 and oA-La2O2S whose lamellar structures were predicted thanks to an evolutionary structure-prediction algorithm. This study paves the way to unexplored topochemistry of mobile chalcogen anions. Great progress has been made in topochemistry of mobile oxygen anions, but metastable compounds have not yet been achieved by deintercalation of sulfur anions. Here, the authors prepare metastable oxychalcogenide phases by taking advantage of redox-reactive sulfur dimers embedded in a layered oxysulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sasaki
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Maria Teresa Caldes
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | | | - Isabelle Braems
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Gwladys Steciuk
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 1999/2, Praha 8, 18221, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Palatinus
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 1999/2, Praha 8, 18221, Czechia
| | - Eric Gautron
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Gilles Frapper
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, Poitiers cedex 09, 86073, France
| | - Etienne Janod
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Benoît Corraze
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Stéphane Jobic
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France.
| | - Laurent Cario
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, F-44000, France.
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19
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Benjamin SM, Rieders NF, Smith MG, Neumeier JJ. From Ta 2S 5 Wires to Ta 2O 5 and Ta 2O 5-x S x. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5445-5450. [PMID: 33681584 PMCID: PMC7931416 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis routes to forming novel materials are oftentimes complicated and indirect. For example, Ta2S5 has only been found as an unwanted byproduct of certain chemical reactions, and its properties were unknown. However, here we demonstrate the growth of Ta2S5 wires with steel-like tensile strength, which are also precursors for the first controlled synthesis of long, mesoscopic Ta2O5 wires and superconducting Ta2O5-x S x wires. Single-crystal wires of tantalum pentasulfide, Ta2S5, were first grown using vapor transport from polycrystalline XTa2S5, sulfur, and TeCl4 in fused-quartz tubes, where X = Ba or Sr. Crystals form as long wires with lengths on the order of a few centimeters and varying cross sections as small as 25 μm2. They were found to have steel-like tensile strength, and their crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction to be monoclinic with space group P2/m and with lattice parameters a = 9.91(7) Å, b = 3.82(5) Å, and c = 20.92(2) Å. Electrical resistivity measurements reveal Ta2S5 to be a narrow band gap semiconductor with E g = 110 meV, while a Debye temperature ΘD = 97.0(5) K is observed in specific heat. Tantalum pentasulfide wires were then converted to insulating tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) wires after calcinating them for 30 min in air at 900 °C. Finally, tantalum pentoxide wires were converted to tantalum oxysulfide (Ta2O5-x S x ) wires after annealing them in CS2 vapor for 30 min at 900 °C. The oxysulfide crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction to be that of β-Ta2O5. Electrical and magnetic measurements reveal Ta2O5-x S x to be metallic and superconducting with T c = 3 K.
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