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Long T, Zhang L, Cao Z. THF-Assisted CO 2 Reduction Catalyzed by Electride Mg 2EP: Insight from DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5344-5350. [PMID: 38940816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Hydroboration and hydrogenation reductions of CO2 catalyzed by a porphyrinoid-based dimagnesium(I) electride (Mg2EP) were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Herein, the presence of potentially excess electrons located at the Mg-Mg bond endows Mg2EP with the ability to activate small molecules such as CO2, HBpin, and H2, thus opening up the possibility for further CO2 conversion. The Mg2EP-catalyzed hydroboration of CO2 to HCOOBpin is predicted to have relatively higher activity in comparison to the hydrogenation reduction to formic acid (HCOOH). Interestingly, the common solvent molecule tetrahydrofuran as an auxiliary can coordinate with the Mg center to effectively weaken the bonding interaction between the dimagnesium center and the intermediate species from the CO2 conversion, thereby promoting the catalytic cycle for the CO2 hydroboration. The present results suggest that the electride Mg2EP is promising for the molecular catalyst in the CO2 transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, China
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Structure and Bonding in Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Compounds. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hypercoordination refers to the extent of the coordination of an element by its normal value. In the hypercoordination sphere, the element can achieve planar and/or non-planar molecular shape. Hence, planar hypercoordinate carbon species violate two structural rules: (i) The highest coordination number of carbon is four and (ii) the tetrahedral orientation by the connected elements and/or groups. The unusual planar orientations are mostly stabilized by the electronic interactions of the central atom with the surrounding ligands. In this review article, we will talk about the current progress in the theoretical prediction of viable planar hypercoordinate carbon compounds. Primary knowledge of the planar hypercoordinate chemistry will lead to its forthcoming expansion. Experimental and theoretical interests in planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC), and planar hexacoordinate carbon (phC) are continued. The proposed electronic and mechanical strategies are helpful for the designing of the ptC compounds. Moreover, the 18-valence electron rule can guide the design of new ptC clusters computationally as well as experimentally. However, the counting of 18-valence electrons is not a requisite condition to contain a ptC in a cluster. Furthermore, this ptC idea is expanded to the probability of a greater coordination number of carbon in planar orientations. Unfortunately, until now, there are no such logical approaches to designing ppC, phC, or higher-coordinate carbon molecules/ions. There exist a few global minimum structures of phC clusters identified computationally, but none have been detected experimentally. All planar hypercoordinate carbon species in the global minima may be feasible in the gas phase.
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Ji J, Guo T, Qian L, Xu X, Yang H, Xie Y, He M, Yao X, Zhang X, Liu Y. Ab Initio Study of Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of TM&(B@C 60) (TM = V, Cr) Sandwich Clusters and Infinite Molecular Wires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2770. [PMID: 36014635 PMCID: PMC9415518 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The geometrical structure, electronic and magnetic properties of B-endoped C60 (B@C60) ligand sandwich clusters, TM&(B@C60)2 (TM = V, Cr), and their one-dimensional (1D) infinite molecular wires, [TM&(B@C60)]∞, have been systematically studied using first-principles calculations. The calculations showed that the TM atoms can bond strongly to the pentagonal (η5-coordinated) or hexagonal rings (η6-coordinated) of the endoped C60 ligands, with binding energies ranging from 1.90 to 3.81 eV. Compared to the configurations with contrast-bonding characters, the η6- and η5-coordinated bonding is energetically more favorable for V-(B@C60) and Cr-(B@C60) complexes, respectively. Interestingly, 1D infinite molecular wire [V&(B@C60)-η6]∞ is an antiferromagnetic half-metal, and 1D [Cr&(B@C60)-η5]∞ molecular wire is a ferromagnetic metal. The tunable electronic and magnetic properties of 1D [TM&(B@C60)]∞ SMWs are found under compressive and tensile stains. These findings provide additional possibilities for the application of C60-based sandwich compounds in electronic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Tianxia Guo
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Liyan Qian
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xiaokang Xu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Huanning Yang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Maoshuai He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaojing Yao
- College of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Saha R, Das P, Chattaraj PK. Molecular Electrides: An In Silico Perspective. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200329. [PMID: 35894262 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrides are defined as the ionic compounds where the electron(s) serves as an anion. These electron(s) is (are) not bound to any atoms, bonds, or molecules rather than they are localized into the space, crystal voids, or interlayer between two molecular slabs. There are three major categories of electrides, known as organic electriades, inorganic electrides, and molecular electrides. The computational techniques have proven as a great tool to provide emphasis on the electride materials. In this review, we have focused on the computational methodologies and criteria that help to characterize molecular electrides. A detailed account of the computational methods and basis sets applicable for molecular electrides have been discussed along with their limitation(s) in this field. The main criterion for the identification of the electrides has also been discussed thoroughly with proper examples. The molecular electrides presented here have been justified with all the required criteria that support and proved their electride characteristics. We have also presented a few systems which have similar properties but are not considered as molecular electrides. Moreover, the applicability of the electrides in catalytic processes has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Saha
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Institute for Chemical Reaction Design & Discovery (ICReDD), JAPAN
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302, 721302, Kharagpur, INDIA
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Das P, Chattaraj PK. Stabilisation of Li(0)-Li(0) bond by normal and mesoionic carbenes and electride characteristics of the complexes. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2026512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Sa B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Si Y, Li H, Zhu C, Wen C, Wu B, Yu T. Computational mining of endohedral C 70 electrides: tri-metal alkali and alkaline-earth encapsulation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16836-16844. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the atoms in molecules analysis, electron localization functions, and nonlinear optical property analysis, M3@C70 (M = Li, Be, Mg, Ca) fullerenes are identified as electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Sa
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Fujian Applied Technology Engineering Center of Power Battery Materials, Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Yongan, Fujian 366000, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Xiamen Funano New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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Wajid S, Kosar N, Ullah F, Gilani MA, Ayub K, Muhammad S, Mahmood T. Demonstrating the Potential of Alkali Metal-Doped Cyclic C 6O 6Li 6 Organometallics as Electrides and High-Performance NLO Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29852-29861. [PMID: 34778658 PMCID: PMC8582031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the geometric and electronic properties and static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of alkali metal-doped C6O6Li6 organometallics are analyzed via density functional theory methods. The thermal stability of the considered complexes is examined through interaction energy (E int) calculations. Doping of alkali metal derives diffuse excess electrons, which generate the electride characteristics in the respective systems (electrons@complexant, e-@M@C6O6Li6, M = Li, Na, and K). The electronic density shifting is also supported by natural bond orbital charge analysis. These electrides are further investigated for their nonlinear optical (NLO) responses through static and dynamic hyperpolarizability analyses. The potassium-doped C6O6Li6 (K@C6O6Li6) complex has high values of second- (βtot = 2.9 × 105 au) and third-order NLO responses (γtot = 1.6 × 108 au) along with a high refractive index at 1064 nm, indicating that the NLO response of the corresponding complex increases at a higher wavelength. UV-vis absorption analysis is used to confirm the electronic excitations, which occur from the metal toward C6O6Li6. We assume that these newly designed organometallic electrides can be used in optical and optoelectronic fields for achieving better second-harmonic-generation-based NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Wajid
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Kosar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Management and
Technology (UMT), C11,
Johar Town Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Pal R, Poddar A, Chattaraj PK. Atomic Clusters: Structure, Reactivity, Bonding, and Dynamics. Front Chem 2021; 9:730548. [PMID: 34485247 PMCID: PMC8415529 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.730548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic clusters lie somewhere in between isolated atoms and extended solids with distinctly different reactivity patterns. They are known to be useful as catalysts facilitating several reactions of industrial importance. Various machine learning based techniques have been adopted in generating their global minimum energy structures. Bond-stretch isomerism, aromatic stabilization, Rener-Teller effect, improved superhalogen/superalkali properties, and electride characteristics are some of the hallmarks of these clusters. Different all-metal and nonmetal clusters exhibit a variety of aromatic characteristics. Some of these clusters are dynamically stable as exemplified through their fluxional behavior. Several of these cluster cavitands are found to be agents for effective confinement. The confined media cause drastic changes in bonding, reactivity, and other properties, for example, bonding between two noble gas atoms, and remarkable acceleration in the rate of a chemical reaction under confinement. They have potential to be good hydrogen storage materials and also to activate small molecules for various purposes. Many atomic clusters show exceptional opto-electronic, magnetic, and nonlinear optical properties. In this Review article, we intend to highlight all these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arpita Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Das P, Chattaraj PK. Substituent Effects on Electride Characteristics of Mg 2(η 5-C 5H 5) 2: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6207-6220. [PMID: 34254514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An ab initio study has been carried out on the substituted binuclear sandwich complexes of Mg2(η5-C5H5)2. We have checked whether the substitution destroys the electride properties of a complex, as it needs to satisfy several stringent criteria to obtain the status of an electride. The thermochemical results show that the complexes are stable at room temperature and 1 atm pressure. From the analysis of the various electron density descriptors and the natural bond orbital (NBO) for all the complexes, it is confirmed that the Mg-Mg bonds are covalent and the metal-ligand bonds are ionic in nature. The charges on each Mg atom in the studied complexes are +1. Analysis of the electron density descriptors shows the presence of a non-nuclear attractor (NNA) at the middle of the bond formed by the two Mg atoms when attached to the ligands. The electride characteristics are exhibited by all of the designed complexes. We also report the aromaticity behavior and reactivity descriptors of these complexes. The electride characteristics of Mg2(η5-C5H5)2 complex get affected on substitution, as both the NNA population and the nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of the complexes are changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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