1
|
Guo Y, Wen L, Zhao X, Xing C, Huang R. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can utilize and remediate soil strongly contaminated with Cu, As, Cd, and Pb by phytoattenuation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142199. [PMID: 38692366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has great application potential in heavy metal-polluted soils owing to its safe non-food utilization. However, the fate of heavy metals in different varieties of hemp planted in strongly contaminated natural soils remains unknown. Here, we investigated the growth, heavy metal uptake, distribution, and transfer of nine hemp varieties in soils strongly contaminated with Cu, As, Cd, and Pb. Hemp variety and metal type were the main factors affecting the growth and heavy metal uptake in hemp. The nine hemp varieties grew well in the contaminated soils; however, differences existed among the varieties. The biomass of Z3 reached 5669.1 kg hm-1, whereas that of Yunma No. 1 was only 51.8 % of Z3. The plant height, stalk diameter, and stalk bark thickness of Z3 were greater than those of the other varieties, reaching 168 cm, 9.2 mm, and 0.56 mm, respectively. Permanova's analysis revealed that the total effects of Cu, As, Cd, and Pb on the growth of the nine hemp varieties reached 60 %, with leaf As having the greatest effect, reaching 16 %. , Even in strongly contaminated soils, the nine varieties showed poor Cu, As, Cd, and Pb uptake. Most of the Cu, As, Cd, and Pb were retained in the root, reaching 57.7-72.4, 47.6-64.7, 76.0-92.9, and 70.0-87.8 %, respectively. Overall, the Cu, As, Cd, and Pb uptake of Wanma No.1 was the highest among the nine varieties, whereas that of Guangxi Bama was the lowest. These results indicate that hemp is a viable alternative for phytoattenuation in soils contaminated with heavy metals because of its ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in its roots, and Guangxi Bama is superior to the other varieties considering the safe utilization of hemp products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 41000, China; Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410221, China
| | - Lan Wen
- College of Applied Technology, The Open University of Hunan, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xinlin Zhao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410221, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410221, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410221, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Milan J, Michalska A, Jurowski K. The comprehensive review about elements accumulation in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114344. [PMID: 38081533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L., commonly known as industrial hemp, is a versatile plant with applications ranging from medicinal to agricultural and industrial uses. Despite its benefits, there is a notable gap in regulatory toxicology, in understanding the extent of element accumulation in hemp, which is critical due to its ability to absorb various elements from the soil, including heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As), uptakes potential toxic elements (e.g., Sb, Sn, Sr, Bi, Tl), problematic elements (Ni, Cr, Co), and essential elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). The paper aims to enrich current understandings by offering a comprehensive analysis of elements absorption in industrial hemp. This study emphasizes the potential health risks linked with hemp consumption including regulatory toxicology aspects: limits, Permitted Daily Exposures (PDE), recommendations in different countries and from different agencies/bodies (like the WHO and the EU) based on route of administration, jurisdiction and actual literature review. This review contributes significantly to the knowledge base on hemp safety, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, regulatory bodies, and industry stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Milan
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Institute of Medical Expertise, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyses, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertise, Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nava V, Albergamo A, Bartolomeo G, Rando R, Litrenta F, Lo Vecchio G, Giorgianni MC, Cicero N. Monitoring Cannabinoids and the Safety of the Trace Element Profile of Light Cannabis sativa L. from Different Varieties and Geographical Origin. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120758. [PMID: 36548591 PMCID: PMC9785383 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-intoxicating Cannabis sativa L. (i.e., hemp) is increasingly used for industrial, cosmetic and food applications. Despite the fact that the EU has not yet established a regulatory framework on hazardous compounds (i.e., toxic inorganic elements), the monitoring of cannabis products is of paramount importance to safeguard consumers, also in view of the species propensity to accumulate toxic metals from the environment. The aim of this work was to assess the compliance with Law n. 242/2016 and the safety of hemp inflorescences from different varieties and Italian regions by monitoring the main cannabinoids and trace elements. All samples complied with the Italian law due to a THC content <0.6% counterbalanced by high CBD levels. However, inflorescences grown in Apulia and Lombardy, and from Finola and Tiborzallasi varieties accumulated higher Cu, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb contents than products from other producing areas (i.e., Sicily and Latium) and varieties (i.e., Antal, Futura75, Kompolti and Carmagnola), being moreover above the limits set by the US Pharmacopeia. A principal component analysis confirmed that trace elements, including toxic metals, were mainly affected by the geographical origin more than the botanical variety. Overall, this study highlights the need to continuously monitor hemp products and establish the earliest related regulatory frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Ambrogina Albergamo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- Science4Life Srl, an Academic Spin-Off of University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Rando
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Litrenta
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lo Vecchio
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
- Science4Life Srl, an Academic Spin-Off of University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98100 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196629. [PMID: 36235169 PMCID: PMC9572923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bees in search of diet sources intensively fly within a radius of up to 3 km, encountering nectar, pollen, and water sources which are potentially contaminated. Consequently, their products can provide valuable information about potential pollution. In the current study, 27 macro and trace elements, including the most hazardous ones, were measured in bees, honey, wax, pollen, and larvae, obtained from seven explicitly industrial areas in eastern regions of Slovakia, using a validated ICP-MS method. All the analysed elements were detected at least in one matrix. The detected concentrations of toxic elements, such as Hg, Pb, and Cd were in some cases higher in wax and bee samples, compared with honey, larvae, and pollen. In particular, Pb and Hg maximum concentrations were detected in the wax samples from Poša (3193 µg/kg) and Strážske_A (90 μg/kg). In addition, adult bees accumulated more elements than larvae, while wax and adult bees seemed more suitable for monitoring macro and trace elements in the surrounding environment. Statistical analysis emphasizing bees and wax correlated Cd with the Strážske area, possibly attributed to the intensified industrial activity in this region.
Collapse
|
5
|
Douvris C, Bentil E, Ayensu I, Osei Akoto C, Amponsah IK, Adu J, Bussan D. Trace Metals in Cannabis Seized by Law Enforcement in Ghana and Multivariate Analysis to Distinguish among Different Cannabis Farms. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100567. [PMID: 36287847 PMCID: PMC9612285 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, cannabis has been one of the most known cultivated plants due to its variety of uses, which include as a psychoactive drug, as well as for medicinal activity. Although prohibiting cannabis products, the countries of the African continent are the largest producers of cannabis in the world; a fact that makes the trafficking of cannabis-based illicit drugs a high priority for local law enforcement authorities. The latter are exceedingly interested in the use of chemical analyses for facilitating quantification, identification, and tracing of the origin of seized cannabis samples. Targeting these goals, and focusing on the country of Ghana, the present study used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of 12 elements (Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Fe, Na, and K) in cannabis seized by Ghana's law enforcement authorities and soils of cannabis farms. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was applied to distinguish among different cannabis farms and match them with the samples. As a result, 22 seized cannabis samples and 12 other cannabis samples with their respective soils were analyzed to reveal considerable As and Pb concentrations. As and Pb levels in cannabis were found up to 242 ppb for As and 854 ppb for Pb. Multivariate analysis was applied for separating different cannabis farms and seized samples based on elemental analysis, evidently linking the seized samples with two Ghana regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Douvris
- Theobald Science Center, Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Edward Bentil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Ayensu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Clement Osei Akoto
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kingsley Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joseph Adu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Derek Bussan
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, 521 Lancaster Ave, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ji H, Guo Z, Wang G, Wang X, Liu H. Effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the growth, nutrient absorption, and potential health risk of the seasonal vegetable Medicago polymorpha L. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14038. [PMID: 36164609 PMCID: PMC9508880 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medicago polymorpha L., a seasonal vegetable, is commonly grown in China. The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO and CuO NPs in agriculture has raised concerns about their potential risks for plant growth and for human consumption. There is a lack of research on the effects of ZnO and CuO NPs on agronomic performance of Medicago polymorpha L. and their potential risks for human health. Methods In this study, different treatment concentrations of ZnO NPs (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) and CuO NPs (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg-1) were used to determine their effects on the growth and nutrient absorption of Medicago polymorpha L., as well as their potential risk for human health. Results The results showed that ZnO and CuO NPs increased the fresh weight of Medicago polymorpha L. by 5.8-11.8 and 3.7-8.1%, respectively. The best performance for ZnO NPs occurred between 25-50 mg kg-1 and the best performance for CuO NPs occurred between 10-25 mg kg-1. Compared with the control, ZnO and CuO NPs improved the macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). The following micronutrients were also improved: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), with the exception of nitrogen (N) accumulation. Low treatment concentrations exhibited more efficient nutrient uptake than high treatment concentrations. A comprehensive analysis showed that the optimum concentrations were 25 mg kg-1 for ZnO NPs and 10 mg kg-1 for CuO NPs. The potential non-carcinogenic health risk of Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs was analyzed according to the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cumulative hazard quotient (CHQ). Compared with the oral reference dose, the EDI under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments was lower. The HQ and CHQ under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments were far below 1. This indicated that Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs did not pose any non-carcinogenic health risk to the human body. Therefore, ZnO and CuO NPs were considered as a safe nano fertilizer for Medicago polymorpha L. production according to growth analysis and a human health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Ji
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Hilly Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjiang Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Determination of Heavy Metals in Cannabinoid-Based Food Products Using Microwave-Assisted Digestion and ICP-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
Goldman S, Bramante J, Vrdoljak G, Guo W, Wang Y, Marjanovic O, Orlowicz S, Di Lorenzo R, Noestheden M. The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Bramante
- Cannabis Sciences Program, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gordon Vrdoljak
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Weihong Guo
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Olivera Marjanovic
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Noestheden
- SCIEX, Concord, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| |
Collapse
|