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Khoo V, Ng SF, Haw CY, Ong WJ. Additive Manufacturing: A Paradigm Shift in Revolutionizing Catalysis with 3D Printed Photocatalysts and Electrocatalysts Toward Environmental Sustainability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401278. [PMID: 38634520 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based materials utilized in photocatalysts and electrocatalysts present a sophisticated solution for efficient solar energy utilization and bias control, a field extensively explored for its potential in sustainable energy and environmental management. Recently, 3D printing has emerged as a transformative technology, offering rapid, cost-efficient, and highly customizable approaches to designing photocatalysts and electrocatalysts with precise structural control and tailored substrates. The adaptability and precision of printing facilitate seamless integration, loading, and blending of diverse photo(electro)catalytic materials during the printing process, significantly reducing material loss compared to traditional methods. Despite the evident advantages of 3D printing, a comprehensive compendium delineating its application in the realm of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis is conspicuously absent. This paper initiates by delving into the fundamental principles and mechanisms underpinning photocatalysts electrocatalysts and 3D printing. Subsequently, an exhaustive overview of the latest 3D printing techniques, underscoring their pivotal role in shaping the landscape of photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Furthermore, the paper examines various methodologies for seamlessly incorporating catalysts into 3D printed substrates, elucidating the consequential effects of catalyst deposition on catalytic properties. Finally, the paper thoroughly discusses the challenges that necessitate focused attention and resolution for future advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerine Khoo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT), Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
| | - Sue-Faye Ng
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT), Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
| | - Choon-Yian Haw
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT), Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wee-Jun Ong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT), Xiamen University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 43900, Malaysia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363200, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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2
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Dobrea A, Hall N, Milne S, Corrigan DK, Jimenez M. A plug-and-play, easy-to-manufacture fluidic accessory to significantly enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical immunoassays. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14154. [PMID: 38898088 PMCID: PMC11187161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Earlier access to patients' biomarker status could transform disease management. However, gold-standard techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are typically not deployed at the point-of-care due to their cumbersome instrumentation and complexity. Electrochemical immunosensors can be disruptive in this sector with their small size and lower cost but, without further modifications, the performance of these sensors in complex media (e.g., blood) has been limited. This paper presents a low-cost fluidic accessory fabricated using widely accessible materials and processes for boosting sensor sensitivity through confinement of the detection media next to the electrode surface. Liquid confinement first highlighted a spontaneous reaction between the pseudoreference electrode and ELISA detection substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) that decreases the amount of oxTMB available for detection. Different strategies are investigated to limit this and maximize reliability. Next, flow cell integration during the signal amplification step of sensor preparation was shown to substantially enhance the detection of cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) with the best sensitivity boost recorded for fresh human plasma (x7 increase compared to x5.8 in purified serum and x5.5 in PBS). The flow cell requires no specialized equipment and can be seamlessly integrated with commercial sensors, making an ideal companion for electrochemical signal enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dobrea
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK.
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Nicole Hall
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Stuart Milne
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Damion K Corrigan
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
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3
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Lenshin AS, Frolova VE, Kannykin SV, Domashevskaya EP. Microstructural and Hydrophilic Properties of Polylactide Polymer Samples with Various 3D Printing Patterns. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1281. [PMID: 38732750 PMCID: PMC11085524 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work is to study the effect of the 3D printing process on the microstructural and hydrophilic properties of polylactic acid (PLA) samples with various model printing patterns obtained from the black filament PLA by sequentially applying polymer layers using the FDM (fused deposition modeling) method. X-ray phase analysis revealed the partial crystallization of PLA polymer chains in the printed samples, which occurs under thermal and mechanical action on the original amorphous PLA filament during 3D printing to varying degrees, depending on the geometry of the pattern and the morphology of its surface. At the same time, IR spectroscopy data indicate the preservation of all intrastructural chemical bonds of polylactide. Measured at the original installation, the values of the wetting edge angles on the surface of the printed samples are in the range φ = 50-60°, which is significantly less than the right angle. This indicates the hydrophilic properties of the whole sample's surface. At the same time, the influence of different geometries of model drawings in printed samples was found not only on the morphology of the sample's surface according to SEM data but also on its wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evelina P. Domashevskaya
- Department of Solid State Physics and Nanostructures, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (A.S.L.); (V.E.F.); (S.V.K.)
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4
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Crapnell RD, Banks CE. Electroanalysis overview: additive manufactured biosensors using fused filament fabrication. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2625-2634. [PMID: 38639065 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3D-printing), in particular fused filament fabrication, presents a potential paradigm shift in the way electrochemical based biosensing platforms are produced, giving rise to a new generation of personalized and on-demand biosensors. The use of additive manufactured biosensors is unparalleled giving rise to unique customization, facile miniaturization, ease of use, economical but yet, still providing sensitive and selective approaches towards the target analyte. In this mini review, we focus on the use of fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing technology alongside different biosensing approaches that exclusively use antibodies, enzymes and associated biosensing materials (mediators) providing an up-to-date overview with future considerations to expand the additive manufacturing biosensors field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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5
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Vaněčková E, Hrdlička V, Šebera J, Hromadová M, Kocábová J, Sebechlebská T, Kolivoška V. Pencil graphite electrodes for in-situ spectroelectrochemical sensing of reaction intermediates and products in organic solvents. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1296:342350. [PMID: 38401936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a valuable analytical tool providing insights to reaction mechanisms and the structure of species involved in charge transfer reactions. Most of commercial SEC setups are based on platinum working electrodes where the adsorption of species involved in reactions often complicates their analysis. RESULTS In this work, we employ an array of pencil graphite rods as an optically transparent working electrode in a custom-made air-tight thin-layer cell suitable for the SEC analysis performed here in acetonitrile as a representative non-aqueous solvent. The functionality of the device was demonstrated by UV-Vis SEC sensing of charge transfer reactions of ruthenium acetylacetonate, ferrocene and ethylviologen dibromide redox probes performed employing the cyclic voltammetry. The SEC response obtained for all three probes confirmed no adsorption and the absence of oxygen in the cell. Furthermore, we have developed and utilized finite element method numerical simulations considering charge transfer reactions coupled with the diffusional mass transport to model the cyclic voltammetric response and the reaction conversion in the thin-layer SEC cell. SIGNIFICANCE Our work paves the way for easy-to-assemble customized air-tight adsorption-free SEC devices with the manufacturing costs well below those of commercially available platforms. Developed computational approaches have the predictive power for optimizing reaction conditions and the geometry of the SEC cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Hrdlička
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Šebera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kocábová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Táňa Sebechlebská
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Heeschen E, DeLucia E, Arin Manav Y, Roberts D, Davaji B, Barecka MH. Low cost 3D printable flow reactors for electrochemistry. HARDWAREX 2024; 17:e00505. [PMID: 38226322 PMCID: PMC10788492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Transition to carbon neutrality requires the development of more sustainable pathways to synthesize the next generation of chemical building blocks. Electrochemistry is a promising pathway to achieve this goal, as it allows for the use of renewable energy to drive chemical transformations. While the electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen evolution are attracting significant research interest, fundamental challenges exist in moving the research focus toward performing these reactions on scales relevant to industrial applications. To bridge this gap, we aim to facilitate researchers' access to flow reactors, which allow the characterization of electrochemical transformations under conditions closer to those deployed in the industry. Here, we provide a 3D-printable flow cell design (manufacturing cost < $5), which consists of several plates, offering a customizable alternative to commercially available flow reactors (cost > $6,000). The proposed design and detailed build instructions allow the performance of a wide variety of chemical reactions in flow, including gas and liquid phase electroreduction, electro(less)plating, and photoelectrochemical reactions, providing researchers with more flexibility and control over their experiments. By offering an accessible, low-cost reactor alternative, we reduce the barriers to performing research on sustainable electrochemistry, supporting the global efforts necessary to realize the paradigm shift in chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Heeschen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Elena DeLucia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yilmaz Arin Manav
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daisy Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Benyamin Davaji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Magda H. Barecka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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7
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Ramos DLO, de Faria LV, Alves DAC, Muñoz RAA, Dos Santos WTP, Richter EM. Electrochemical platform produced by 3D printing for analysis of small volumes using different electrode materials. Talanta 2023; 265:124832. [PMID: 37354624 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing is a promising additive manufacturing technique to produce low-cost disposable electrochemical devices. However, the print of devices like well-known screen-printed electrodes (all electrodes on the same device) is difficult using the available technology (few materials available for production of working electrodes). In this paper we present a procedure to produce disposable and robust electrochemical devices by FDM 3D printing that allows reproducible analysis of small volumes (50-2000 μL). The device consists of just two printed parts that allow easy coupling of different conductive materials for using as disposable or non-disposable working electrodes with reproducible geometric area. Printed counter and pseudo-reference electrodes can also be easily fitted into the microcell. Moreover, conventional counter (platinum wire) and mini reference electrodes can also be used. As a proof of concept, paracetamol, cocaine and uric acid were used as model analytes using different materials as working electrodes. Linear calibration curves (r > 0.99) with similar slopes (0.29 ± 0.01 μA μmol L-1; RSD = 3.4%) were obtained by square wave voltammetry (SWV) using a complete printed system and different volumes of standard solutions of paracetamol (50, 100, and 200 μL). For uric acid, a linear range of 10-125 μmol L-1 (r > 0.99), was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry as the electrochemical technique and a disposable laser-induced graphene base as the working electrode. With the coupling of boron-doped diamond working electrode, screening tests were successfully performed in seized cocaine samples with selective detection of cocaine in the presence of its most common adulterants. The production cost per unit of a complete electrochemical system is around US 5.00. In large-scale production, only the working electrode needs to be replaced while the microcell and counter/pseudo reference electrodes do not need to be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L O Ramos
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego A C Alves
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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8
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Siqueira GP, Araújo DAG, de Faria LV, Ramos DLO, Matias TA, Richter EM, Paixão TRLC, Muñoz RAA. A novel 3D-printed graphite/polylactic acid sensor for the electrochemical determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene residues in environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139796. [PMID: 37586488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, lab-made graphite and polylactic acid (Gpt-PLA) biocomposite materials were used to additively manufacture electrodes via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for subsequent determination of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, considered a persistent organic pollutant). The surface of the 3D-printed material was characterized by SEM and Raman, which revealed high roughness and the presence of defects in the graphite structure, which enhanced the electrochemical response of TNT. The 3D-printed Gpt-PLA electrode coupled to square wave voltammetry (SWV) showed suitable performance for fastly determining the explosive residues (around 7 s). Two reduction processes at around -0.22 V and -0.36 V were selected for TNT detection, with linear ranges between 1.0 and 10.0 μM. Moreover, detection limits of 0.52 and 0.66 μM were achieved for both reduction steps. The proposed method was applied to determine TNT in different environmental water samples (tap water, river water, and seawater) without a dilution step (direct analysis). Recovery values between 98 and 106% confirmed the accuracy of the analyses. Additionally, adequate selectivity was achieved even in the presence of other explosives commonly used by military agencies, metallic ions commonly found in water, and also some electroactive camouflage species. Such results indicate that the proposed device is promising to quantify TNT residues in environmental samples, a viable on-site analysis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvana P Siqueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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9
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Matias TA, Ramos DLO, Faria LV, de Siervo A, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printed electrochemical cells with laser engraving: developing portable electroanalytical devices for forensic applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:297. [PMID: 37460848 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
A new electrochemical device fabricated by the combination of 3D printing manufacturing and laser-generated graphene sensors is presented. Cell and electrodes were 3D printed by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique employing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament (insulating material that composes the cell) and conductive filament (lab-made filament based on graphite dispersed into polylactic acid matrix) to obtain reference and auxiliary electrodes. Infrared-laser engraved graphene, also reported as laser-induced graphene (LIG), was produced by laser conversion of a polyimide substrate, which was assembled in the 3D-printed electrochemical cell that enables the analysis of low volumes (50-2000 μL). XPS analysis revealed the formation of nitrogen-doped graphene multilayers that resulted in excellent electrochemical sensing properties toward the detection of atropine (ATR), a substance that was found in beverages to facilitate sexual assault and other criminal acts. Linear range between 5 and 35 μmol L-1, detection limit of 1 μmol L-1, and adequate precision (RSD = 4.7%, n = 10) were achieved using differential-pulse voltammetry. The method was successfully applied to beverage samples with recovery values ranging from 80 to 105%. Interference studies in the presence of species commonly found in beverages confirmed satisfactory selectivity for ATR sensing. The devices proposed are useful portable analytical tools for on-site applications in the forensic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A Matias
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-100, Brazil.
| | - David L O Ramos
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Lucas V Faria
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Abner de Siervo
- Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-100, Brazil.
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10
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Janegitz BC, Crapnell RD, Roberto de Oliveira P, Kalinke C, Whittingham MJ, Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Banks CE. Novel Additive Manufactured Multielectrode Electrochemical Cell with Honeycomb Inspired Design for the Detection of Methyl Parathion in Honey Samples. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:217-225. [PMID: 37360039 PMCID: PMC10288609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and increase in the number of crops recently have led to the requirement for greater efficiency in world food production and greater consumption of pesticides. In this context, the widespread use of pesticides has affected the decrease in the population of pollinating insects and has caused food contamination. Therefore, simple, low-cost, and quick analytical methods can be interesting alternatives for checking the quality of foods such as honey. In this work, we propose a new additively manufactured (3D-printed) device inspired by a honeycomb cell, with 6 working electrodes for the direct electrochemical analysis of methyl parathion by reduction process monitoring in food and environmental samples. Under optimized parameters, the proposed sensor presented a linear range between 0.85 and 19.6 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 0.20 μmol L-1. The sensors were successfully applied in honey and tap water samples by using the standard addition method. The proposed honeycomb cell made of polylactic acid and commercial conductive filament is easy to construct, and there is no need for chemical treatments to be used. These devices based on 6 working electrodes array are versatile platforms for rapid, highly repeatable analysis in food and environment, capable of performing detection in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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11
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de Souza JC, Irikura K, Mantilla HDR, Zanoni MVB, Salazar R. Using 3D printed magnetic platform as support for screen printed electrode applied for p-toluenediamine detection in biological fluid and water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340745. [PMID: 36641154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the development and application of a new electrochemical sensor for the determination of low concentration levels of p-toluenediamine (PTD) in biological fluids and surface water samples. The proposed sensor was developed using a 3D-printed magnetic device as platform for carbon screen printed electrode (CSPE) modified by magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic groups and l-cysteine (MNP-CA-CYS). The results obtained from the morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the sensing platform enabled us to confirm the success of the sensor functionalization with l-cysteine and to have a better understanding of the electrochemical behavior and preconcentration of PTD on the electrode surface. PTD oxidation occurred at 0.24V on MNP-CA-CYS and the mechanism recorded an increase of 51.0% in anodic peak current. Under optimized conditions, the square wave voltammograms obtained for the electrode modified by 40.0 μL MNP-CA-CYS suspension at 1.0 mg mL-1, with accumulation time of 3 min, presented an analytical curve with linear range of 8.00 × 10-7 to 8.00 × 10-5 mol L-1, represented by the equation Iap = (0.383 ± 0.011)[PTD] - (8.112 ± 0.07) × 10-8 (R2 = 0.9994), and detection and quantification limits of 8.53 × 10-8 and 2.56 × 10-7 mol L-1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was validated through comparison with high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) technique and was successfully applied for PTD determination in samples of surface water, tap water, fetal bovine serum and artificial urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for the Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Agents (INCT-DATREM), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry of Materials, Environmental Electrochemistry Laboratory, Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago - Box 40, Mail 33, Chile.
| | - Kallyni Irikura
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for the Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Agents (INCT-DATREM), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry of Materials, Environmental Electrochemistry Laboratory, Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago - Box 40, Mail 33, Chile
| | - Hernán Dario Rojas Mantilla
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for the Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Agents (INCT-DATREM), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry of Materials, Environmental Electrochemistry Laboratory, Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago - Box 40, Mail 33, Chile
| | - Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Alternative Technologies for the Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Agents (INCT-DATREM), Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry of Materials, Environmental Electrochemistry Laboratory, Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago - Box 40, Mail 33, Chile
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12
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de Faria LV, Rocha RG, Arantes LC, Ramos DL, Lima CD, Richter EM, P dos Santos WT, Muñoz RA. Cyclic square-wave voltammetric discrimination of the amphetamine-type stimulants MDA and MDMA in real-world forensic samples by 3D-printed carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Saggiomo V. A 3D Printer in the Lab: Not Only a Toy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202610. [PMID: 35831252 PMCID: PMC9507339 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although 3D printers are becoming more common in households, they are still under-represented in many laboratories worldwide and regarded as toys rather than as laboratory equipment. This short review wants to change this conservative point of view. This mini-review focuses on fused deposition modeling printers and what happens after acquiring your first 3D printer. In short, these printers melt plastic filament and deposit it layer by layer to create the final object. They are getting cheaper and easier to use, and nowadays it is not difficult to find good 3D printers for less than €500. At such a price, a 3D printer is one, if not the most, versatile piece of equipment you can have in a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saggiomo
- Department of BioNanoTechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708WGThe Netherlands
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14
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de Oliveira FM, Mendonça MZM, de Moraes NC, Petroni JM, Neves MM, de Melo EI, Lucca BG, Bezerra da Silva RA. Exploring the coating of 3D-printed insulating substrates with conductive composites: a simple, cheap and versatile strategy to prepare customized high-performance electrochemical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3345-3354. [PMID: 35979860 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors by fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been increasing exponentially in the last five years. In this context, commercial conductive filaments composed of a blend of carbon particles (e.g., graphene or carbon black (CB)) and insulating thermoplastic polymers (e.g., polylactic acid (PLA) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) have been widely used for electrode fabrication. However, such materials may be expensive and the electrodes when used "as-printed" exhibit poor electrochemical performance as a function of the low content of conductive particles in the composition (∼10 to 20 wt%), which requires one or more post-treatment steps (e.g. polishing, chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical) to reach good electrochemical performance. In this technical note a less used approach to produce "ready-to-use" electrochemical platforms based on 3D printing is explored, which consists of the coating of 3D-printed insulating substrates with homemade conductive composites. To demonstrate the potentiality of this alternative protocol, 3D-printed ABS insulating substrates at two geometries were coated in a highly loaded graphite (55 wt%) homemade composite (G-ABS) and evaluated for the detection of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe and model analytes in stationary and hydrodynamic 3D-printed systems (nitrite in micro-flow injection analysis/μFIA and paracetamol in batch injection analysis/BIA, respectively). The analytical parameters acquired with the coated electrodes were comparable to those obtained using conventional electrodes (glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and carbon screen-printed) and 3D-printed sensors fabricated with commercial filaments. Moreover, the inclusion of carbon black in the fluid conductive composite was demonstrated as a perspective to obtain modified coated 3D-printed surfaces easily for the first time. This alternative "do it yourself" strategy is promising for the large-scale production of very cheap (US$ 0.08) and high-performance electrodes based on FDM 3D printing. Moreover, this approach dispenses the acquisition of commercial conductive filaments and the laborious development of homemade filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matheus Meneguel Neves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, 38500-000, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
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15
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Development of a Multicolor 3D Printer Using a Novel Filament Shifting Mechanism. INVENTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing has become an unchallenged method for the manufacturing of complex shape objects. Although multicolor devices in Fuse Filament Feeder category recently have shown promising developments, their number still remains limited. The present study introduces the design of a new prototype of three-dimensional printer using Fused Filament Feeder and capable of printing multicolor objects. A single-color three-dimensional printer is used as a platform and is augmented for multicolor printing by the implementation of a mechatronic device that provides two functions. First, a transmission mechanism based on planetary gears allows feeding the selected filament color toward the printing head. The second function is provided by a combination of a central cam disk and several pushing rods. It allows selecting the filament color to be fed by the transmission system. The mechatronic device has been dimensioned to manage five different filament colors and the printing head has been modified to accommodate a five-to-one diamond nozzle. The filament shifting device is integrated into the single-color three-dimensional printer and a series of validation experiments has been carried out. These tests have demonstrated the new prototype ability to print out multicolor objects and to rival with commercial three-dimensional printers in terms of dimensional accuracy. This shows the ability of the proposed design and method to be used to upgrade a standard single-color 3D printer into a multicolor one. The presented multicolor 3D printer will be available to the 3D printing community for free.
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16
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Stefano JS, Kalinke C, da Rocha RG, Rocha DP, da Silva VAOP, Bonacin JA, Angnes L, Richter EM, Janegitz BC, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Enabled by Fused Deposition Modeling-Based 3D Printing: A Guide to Selecting Designs, Printing Parameters, and Post-Treatment Protocols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6417-6429. [PMID: 35348329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) technology is capable to provide a quick and easy production of objects with freedom of design, reducing waste generation. Among the AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been highlighted due to its affordability, scalability, and possibility of processing an extensive range of materials (thermoplastics, composites, biobased materials, etc.). The possibility of obtaining electrochemical cells, arrays, pieces, and more recently, electrodes, exactly according to the demand, in varied shapes and sizes, and employing the desired materials has made from 3D printing technology an indispensable tool in electroanalysis. In this regard, the obtention of an FDM 3D printer has great advantages for electroanalytical laboratories, and its use is relatively simple. Some care has to be taken to aid the user to take advantage of the great potential of this technology, avoiding problems such as solution leakages, very common in 3D printed cells, providing well-sealed objects, with high quality. In this sense, herein, we present a complete protocol regarding the use of FDM 3D printers for the fabrication of complete electrochemical systems, including (bio)sensors, and how to improve the quality of the obtained systems. A guide from the initial printing stages, regarding the design and structure obtention, to the final application, including the improvement of obtained 3D printed electrodes for different purposes, is provided here. Thus, this protocol can provide great perspectives and alternatives for 3D printing in electroanalysis and aid the user to understand and solve several problems with the use of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Gomes da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Paraná, 85200-000, Pitanga, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mathias Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inoque NIG, João AF, de Faria LV, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical determination of several biofuel antioxidants in biodiesel and biokerosene using polylactic acid loaded with carbon black within 3D-printed devices. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:57. [PMID: 35013813 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low oxidation stability is the main drawback of biodiesels and biokerosenes that is overcome by using antioxidants, which can be combined due to synergistic effects. This paper demonstrates that 3D-printed electrochemical devices can be applied to biofuel electroanalysis, including the monitoring of oxidation stability by quantifying the antioxidant content in biofuels. Fabrication requires 3D-printed acrylic templates at which a polylactic acid (PLA) filament with conducting carbon-black filling sensors is extruded by a 3D pen. The antioxidants butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are the most employed additives in biodiesel production, and thus, their electrochemical behavior was investigated; 2,6-ditertbutylphenol (2,6-DTBP) was included in this investigation because it is commonly added to biokerosenes. The electrochemical surface treatment of the 3D-printed electrodes improved the current responses of all antioxidants; however, the electrochemical oxidation of TBHQ was clearly more affected by an electrocatalytic action shifting its oxidation towards less positive potentials (~200 mV), which resulted in a better separation of TBHQ and BHA oxidation peaks (+0.4 and +0.6 V vs Ag|AgCl, respectively). The oxidation of 2,6-DTBP occurred at more positive potentials (+1.2 V vs Ag|AgCl). The simultaneous determination of TBHQ and BHA by differential-pulse voltammetry resulted in linear responses in the range 0.5 and 175 μmol L-1 with limits of detection and quantification of 0.15 μmol L-1 and 0.5 μmol L-1, respectively. The presence of Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+, even in high concentrations, did not interfere in the determination of TBHQ and BHA. The determination of 2,6-DTBP in biokerosene was achieved by cyclic voltammetry. All relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 6.0 %, indicating adequate precision of the methods. Spiked biofuel samples were analyzed (after dilution in electrolyte) and recovery values between 85 and 120% were obtained, which indicates absence of sample matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélio I G Inoque
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
- Ministry of Education and Human Development, Sussundenga Secondary School, Manica, Mozambique
| | - Afonso F João
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, Púnguè University, Chimoio, Mozambique
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil.
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da Silva Junior JH, de Melo JV, Castro PS. Lab-made 3D-printed accessories for spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry: a proof of concept to investigate dynamic interfacial and surface phenomena. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:394. [PMID: 34705063 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is presented as an auspicious additive manufacturing technique for diverse interesting applications coupling electrochemistry and spectroscopy techniques, proposing as utilities: a general-purpose module for specular spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemical (SEC) cells for in situ UV-VIS and Raman measures capable of acting in flux or a stationary regime. As a proof of concept, UV-VIS absorption and middle-infrared spectra of an azo dye thin film were collected with the specular module showing characteristic bands according to the literature data. SEC investigations related to the Prussian Blue (PB) film growth on the platinum electrode surface were also investigated. By applying appropriate potentials, the PB film growth was accompanied by a proportional increase in the absorption signal at 700 nm in the UV-VIS region. This signal was related to the intervalence charge transfer from the Fe(II)-C to Fe(III)-N. Moreover, the Raman SEC experiment presented scattering intensity at 2092 and 2156 cm-1, related to the (CN) mode associated with the Fe(II) and Fe(III) cations, which was observed during the thin film growth. In addition, the conversion to the Berlin Green (BG) and Prussian White (PB) forms was monitored while applying the suitable potential and in situ spectroscopic observations of structural changes during the redox processes were also detected as described in the literature. Thus, it is possible to state that the accessories successfully validated in situ spectroelectrochemical dynamic investigations unlocking many other applications in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jailson Vieira de Melo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova - CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Souza Castro
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry, Lagoa Nova - CEP 59.072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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19
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Esmail Tehrani S, Quang Nguyen L, Garelli G, Jensen BM, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J, Sylvest Keller S. Hydrogen Peroxide Detection Using Prussian Blue‐modified 3D Pyrolytic Carbon Microelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Esmail Tehrani
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Long Quang Nguyen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Giulia Garelli
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Bettina M. Jensen
- Allergy Clinic Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev-Gentofte Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Science Malmö University Per Albin Hanssons väg 35, Forskaren Building 21432 Malmö Sweden
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering) Technical University of Denmark Produktionstorvet, Building 423 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Stephan Sylvest Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab) Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads, Building 347 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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20
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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