1
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Walker SE, Kyratzis N, Sawant DU, McKay AI, Tuck KL, Turner DR. A Reduced-Symmetry Pd 2L 4 Cage from a Heterotopic Dipyridyl Ligand. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15659-15666. [PMID: 39110774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Two dipyridyl ligands, L3,3 and L3,4, have been used in combination with palladium(II) in the construction of metallosupramolecular species that show anion-dependent behavior in solution. A rare example of a low-symmetry (C2h) lantern-type cage is formed in one instance, [Pd2(L3,3)4]4+, while the isomeric ligand yields a larger double-walled square complex, [Pd4(L3,4)8]8+. [Pd2(L3,3)4](NO3)4 was isolated in crystalline form revealing two anions within the interior of the C2h-symmetry cage. The cage itself is held together by hydrogen bonding between "head-to-tail" pairs of ligands that reinforces the symmetry generated by the ditopic ligands. In solution, the cage with NO3- has sharp 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals at room temperature, while the BF4- analogue has broad signals that sharpen at higher temperatures or upon addition of (Bu4N)(NO3), highlighting the importance of the anion in templating or otherwise influencing self-assembly in solution. Altering the substitution position of one of the pyridyl rings yields a more "open" complex, with [Pd4(L3,4)8](NO3)8 being isolated as a crystalline solid. The double-walled square complex has a greater Pd···Pd separation due to the increased angle that the pyridyl groups subtend at the core of the ligand. NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry studies suggest a single species in the presence of nitrate but multiple species with tetrafluoroborate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Walker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas Kyratzis
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Diksha U Sawant
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Benchimol E, Ebbert KE, Walther A, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Ligand Conformation Controls Assembly of a Helicate/Mesocate, Heteroleptic [Pd 2L 2L' 2] Cages and a Six-Jagged [Pd 6L 12] Ring. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401850. [PMID: 38853595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molecular building blocks, capable of adopting several strongly deviating conformations, are of particular interest in the development of stimuli-responsive self-assemblies. The pronounced structural flexibility of a short acridone-based bridging ligand, equipped with two monodentate isoquinoline donors, is herein exploited to assemble a surprisingly diverse series of coordination-driven Pd(II) architectures. First, it can form a highly twisted Pd2L4 helicate, transformable into the corresponding mesocate, controlled by temperature, counter anion and choice of solvent. Second, it also allows the formation of heteroleptic cages, either from a mix of ligands with Pd(II) cations or by cage-to-cage transformation from homoleptic assemblies. Here, the acridone-based ligand tolerates counter ligands that carry their donors either in a diverging or converging arrangement, as it can rotate its own coordination sites by 90° and structurally adapt to both situations via shape complementarity. Third, by a near 180° rotation of only one of its arms, the ligand can adopt an S-shape conformation and form an unprecedented C6h-symmetric Pd6L12 saw-toothed six-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristina E Ebbert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandre Walther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Guajardo-Maturana R, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. On the halide aggregation into the [Au 4(PPh 3) 4] 4+ cluster core. Insights from structural, optical and interaction energy analysis in [(Ph 3PAu) 4X 2] 2+ and [(Ph 3PAu) 4X] 3+ species (X = Cl -, Br -, I -). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18828-18836. [PMID: 38940752 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The aggregation of halide atoms into gold clusters offers an interesting scenario for the development of novel metal-based cavities for anion recognition and sensing applications. Thus, further understanding of the different contributing terms leading to efficient cluster-halide aggregation is relevant to guide their synthetic design. In this report, we evaluate the formation of [(Ph3PAu)4X2]2+ and [(Ph3PAu)4X]3+ species (X = Cl-, Br-, I-) in terms of different energy contributions underlying the stabilization of the cluster-halide interaction, and the expected UV-vis absorption profiles as a result of the variation in frontier orbital arrangements. Our results denote that a non-planar Au4 core shape enables enhanced halide aggregation, which is similar for Cl-, Br-, and I-, in comparison to the hypothetical planar Au4 counterparts. The electrostatic nature of the interaction involves a decreasing ion-dipole term along with the series, and for iodine species, higher-order electrostatic contributions become more relevant. Hence, the obtained results help in gaining further understanding of the different stabilizing and destabilizing contributions to suitable cluster-based cavities for the incorporation of different monoatomic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Guajardo-Maturana
- Universidad SEK, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas SEK (I3CBSEK) Chile, Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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4
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Maitra PK, Bhattacharyya S, Hickey N, Mukherjee PS. Self-Assembly of a Water-Soluble Pd 16 Square Bicupola Architecture and Its Use in Aerobic Oxidation in Aqueous Medium. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15301-15308. [PMID: 38785321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Designing supramolecular architectures with uncommon geometries has always been a key goal in the field of metal-ligand coordination-driven self-assembly. It acquires added significance if functional building units are employed in constructing such architectures for fruitful applications. In this report, we address both these aspects by developing a water-soluble Pd16L8 coordination cage 1 with an unusual square orthobicupola geometry, which was used for selective aerobic oxidation of aryl sulfides. Self-assembly of a benzothiadiazole-based tetra-pyridyl donor L with a ditopic cis-[(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] acceptor [tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine] produced 1, and the geometry was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Unlike the typically observed tri- or tetrafacial barrel, the present Pd16L8 coordination assembly features a distinctive structural topology and is a unique example of a water-soluble molecular architecture with a square orthobicupola geometry. Efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides is an important challenge as conventional oxidation generally leads to the formation of sulfoxide along with toxic sulfone. Cage 1, designed with a ligand containing a benzothiadiazole moiety, demonstrates an ability to photogenerate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water, thus enabling it to serve as a potential photocatalyst. The cage showed excellent catalytic efficiency for highly selective conversion of alkyl and aryl sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides, therefore without the formation of toxic sulfones and other byproducts, under visible light in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Kumar Maitra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neal Hickey
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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5
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Lundberg DJ, Brown CM, Bobylev EO, Oldenhuis NJ, Alfaraj YS, Zhao J, Kevlishvili I, Kulik HJ, Johnson JA. Nested non-covalent interactions expand the functions of supramolecular polymer networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3951. [PMID: 38730254 PMCID: PMC11087514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymer networks contain non-covalent cross-links that enable access to broadly tunable mechanical properties and stimuli-responsive behaviors; the incorporation of multiple unique non-covalent cross-links within such materials further expands their mechanical responses and functionality. To date, however, the design of such materials has been accomplished through discrete combinations of distinct interaction types in series, limiting materials design logic. Here we introduce the concept of leveraging "nested" supramolecular crosslinks, wherein two distinct types of non-covalent interactions exist in parallel, to control bulk material functions. To demonstrate this concept, we use polymer-linked Pd2L4 metal-organic cage (polyMOC) gels that form hollow metal-organic cage junctions through metal-ligand coordination and can exhibit well-defined host-guest binding within their cavity. In these "nested" supramolecular network junctions, the thermodynamics of host-guest interactions within the junctions affect the metal-ligand interactions that form those junctions, ultimately translating to substantial guest-dependent changes in bulk material properties that could not be achieved in traditional supramolecular networks with multiple interactions in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 23 Academic Way, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Yasmeen S Alfaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Zhang X, Zhang D, Wei C, Wang D, Lavendomme R, Qi S, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xu L, Gao EQ, Yu W, Yang HB, He M. Coordination cages integrated into swelling poly(ionic liquid)s for guest encapsulation and separation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3766. [PMID: 38704382 PMCID: PMC11069568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordination cages have been widely reported to bind a variety of guests, which are useful for chemical separation. Although the use of cages in the solid state benefits the recycling, the flexibility, dynamicity, and metal-ligand bond reversibility of solid-state cages are poor, preventing efficient guest encapsulation. Here we report a type of coordination cage-integrated solid materials that can be swelled into gel in water. The material is prepared through incorporation of an anionic FeII4L6 cage as the counterion of a cationic poly(ionic liquid) (MOC@PIL). The immobilized cages within MOC@PILs have been found to greatly affect the swelling ability of MOC@PILs and thus the mechanical properties. Importantly, upon swelling, the uptake of water provides an ideal microenvironment within the gels for the immobilized cages to dynamically move and flex that leads to excellent solution-level guest binding performances. This concept has enabled the use of MOC@PILs as efficient adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from water and for the purification of toluene and cyclohexane. Importantly, MOC@PILs can be regenerated through a deswelling strategy along with the recycling of the extracted guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Chenyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Dehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, 100083, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Roy Lavendomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shuo Qi
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yongya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, PR China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Physics Department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Mingyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
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7
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Séjourné S, Labrunie A, Dalinot C, Canevet D, Guechaichia R, Bou Zeid J, Benchohra A, Cauchy T, Brosseau A, Allain M, Chamignon C, Viger-Gravel J, Pintacuda G, Carré V, Aubriet F, Vanthuyne N, Sallé M, Goeb S. Chiral Truxene-Based Self-Assembled Cages: Triple Interlocking and Supramolecular Chirogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400961. [PMID: 38284742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating chiral elements in host-guest systems currently attracts much attention because of the major impact such structures may have in a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to materials science and beyond. Moreover, the development of multi-responsive and -functional systems is highly desirable since they offer numerous benefits. In this context, we describe herein the construction of a metal-driven self-assembled cage that associates a chiral truxene-based ligand and a bis-ruthenium complex. The maximum separation between both facing chiral units in the assembly is fixed by the intermetallic distance within the lateral bis-ruthenium complex (8.4 Å). The resulting chiral cavity was shown to encapsulate polyaromatic guest molecules, but also to afford a chiral triply interlocked [2]catenane structure. The formation of the latter occurs at high concentration, while its disassembly could be achieved by the addition of a planar achiral molecule. Interestingly the planar achiral molecule exhibits induced circular dichroism signature when trapped within the chiral cavity, thus demonstrating the ability of the cage to induce supramolecular chirogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Séjourné
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | - David Canevet
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Cauchy
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Chamignon
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | | | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FSCM, Chiropole, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
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8
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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9
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Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE, Pavan GM. Systematic exploration of accessible topologies of cage molecules via minimalistic models. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12506-12517. [PMID: 38020374 PMCID: PMC10646940 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cages are macrocyclic structures with an intrinsic internal cavity that support applications in separations, sensing and catalysis. These materials can be synthesised via self-assembly of organic or metal-organic building blocks. Their bottom-up synthesis and the diversity in building block chemistry allows for fine-tuning of their shape and properties towards a target property. However, it is not straightforward to predict the outcome of self-assembly, and, thus, the structures that are practically accessible during synthesis. Indeed, such a prediction becomes more difficult as problems related to the flexibility of the building blocks or increased combinatorics lead to a higher level of complexity and increased computational costs. Molecular models, and their coarse-graining into simplified representations, may be very useful to this end. Here, we develop a minimalistic toy model of cage-like molecules to explore the stable space of different cage topologies based on a few fundamental geometric building block parameters. Our results capture, despite the simplifications of the model, known geometrical design rules in synthetic cage molecules and uncover the role of building block coordination number and flexibility on the stability of cage topologies. This leads to a large-scale and systematic exploration of design principles, generating data that we expect could be analysed through expandable approaches towards the rational design of self-assembled porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Emma H Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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10
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Hema K, Grommet AB, Białek MJ, Wang J, Schneider L, Drechsler C, Yanshyna O, Diskin-Posner Y, Clever GH, Klajn R. Guest Encapsulation Alters the Thermodynamic Landscape of a Coordination Host. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917939 PMCID: PMC10655118 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of self-assembled host molecules can profoundly affect the properties of the encapsulated guests. For example, a rigid cage with small windows can efficiently protect its contents from the environment; in contrast, tube-shaped, flexible hosts with large openings and an easily accessible cavity are ideally suited for catalysis. Here, we report a "Janus" nature of a Pd6L4 coordination host previously reported to exist exclusively as a tube isomer (T). We show that upon encapsulating various tetrahedrally shaped guests, T can reconfigure into a cage-shaped host (C) in quantitative yield. Extracting the guest affords empty C, which is metastable and spontaneously relaxes to T, and the T⇄C interconversion can be repeated for multiple cycles. Reversible toggling between two vastly different isomers paves the way toward controlling functional properties of coordination hosts "on demand".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Angela B. Grommet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oksana Yanshyna
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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11
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Huang YH, Lu YL, Ruan J, Zheng SP, Zhang XD, Liu CH, Qin YH, Cao ZM, Jiao Z, Xu HS, Su CY. Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Cages Containing 12 Adaptable Pockets for High-Order Guest Binding Beyond Biomimicry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23361-23371. [PMID: 37844297 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition lies at the heart of biological functions, which inspires lasting research in artificial host syntheses to mimic biomolecules that can recognize, process, and transport molecules with the highest level of complexity; nonetheless, the design principle and quantifying methodology of artificial hosts for multiple guests (≥4) remain a formidable task. Herein, we report two rhombic dodecahedral cages [(Zn/Fe)8Pd6-MOC-16], which embrace 12 adaptive pockets for multiguest binding with distinct conformational dynamics inherent in metal-center lability and are able to capture 4-24 guests to manifest a surprising complexity of binding scenarios. The exceptional high-order and hierarchical encapsulation phenomena suggest a wide host-guest dynamic-fit, enabling conformational adjustment and adaptation beyond the duality of induced-fit and conformational selection in protein interactions. A critical inspection of the host-guest binding events in solution has been performed by NMR and ESI-MS spectra, highlighting the importance of acquiring a reliable binding repertoire from different techniques and the uncertainty of quantifying the binding affinities of multiplying guests by an oversimplified method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hui Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia Ruan
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zheng
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chen-Hui Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Han Qin
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhong-Min Cao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Sen Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Wu K, Ronson TK, Goh L, Xue W, Heard AW, Su P, Li X, Vinković M, Nitschke JR. A Diverse Array of Large Capsules Transform in Response to Stimuli. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11356-11363. [PMID: 37191451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of biomolecules, such as enzymes, enables them to adapt and alter their conformation to fit specific substrates, expressing different functionalities in response to stimuli. Different stimuli can also trigger synthetic coordination cages to change their shape, size, and nuclearity by reconfiguring the dynamic metal-ligand bonds that hold them together. Here we demonstrate an abiological system consisting of different organic subcomponents and ZnII metal ions, which can respond to simple stimuli in complex ways. A ZnII20L12 dodecahedron transforms to give a larger ZnII30L12 icosidodecahedron through subcomponent exchange, as an aldehyde that forms bidentate ligands is displaced in favor of one that forms tridentate ligands together with a penta-amine subcomponent. In the presence of a chiral template guest, the same system that produced the icosidodecahedron instead gives a ZnII15L6 truncated rhombohedral architecture through enantioselective self-assembly. Under specific crystallization conditions, a guest induces a further reconfiguration of either the ZnII30L12 or ZnII15L6 cages to yield an unprecedented ZnII20L8 pseudo-truncated octahedral structure. The transformation network of these cages shows how large synthetic hosts can undergo structural adaptation through the application of chemical stimuli, opening pathways to broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Leonard Goh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Weichao Xue
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Andrew W Heard
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Pingru Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mladen Vinković
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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13
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Xue W, Wu K, Ouyang N, Brotin T, Nitschke JR. Allosterically Regulated Guest Binding Determines Framework Symmetry for an Fe II 4 L 4 Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301319. [PMID: 36866857 PMCID: PMC10947561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of a flexible tritopic aniline and 3-substituted 2-formylpyridine subcomponents around iron(II) templates gave rise to a low-spin FeII 4 L4 capsule, whereas a high-spin FeII 3 L2 sandwich species formed when a sterically hindered 6-methyl-2-formylpyridine was used. The FeII 4 L4 cage adopted a new structure type with S4 symmetry, having two mer-Δ and two mer-Ʌ metal vertices, as confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The flexibility of the face-capping ligand endows the resulting FeII 4 L4 framework with conformational plasticity, enabling it to adapt structurally from S4 to T or C3 symmetry upon guest binding. The cage also displayed negative allosteric cooperativity in simultaneously binding different guests within its cavity and at the apertures between its faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Xue
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kai Wu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de chimieUniversité LyonEns de Lyon, CNRS UMR 518269342LyonFrance
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14
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Metallocavitins as Advanced Enzyme Mimics and Promising Chemical Catalysts. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular approach is becoming increasingly dominant in biomimetics and chemical catalysis due to the expansion of the enzyme active center idea, which now includes binding cavities (hydrophobic pockets), channels and canals for transporting substrates and products. For a long time, the mimetic strategy was mainly focused on the first coordination sphere of the metal ion. Understanding that a highly organized cavity-like enzymatic pocket plays a key role in the sophisticated functionality of enzymes and that the activity and selectivity of natural metalloenzymes are due to the effects of the second coordination sphere, created by the protein framework, opens up new perspectives in biomimetic chemistry and catalysis. There are two main goals of mimicking enzymatic catalysis: (1) scientific curiosity to gain insight into the mysterious nature of enzymes, and (2) practical tasks of mankind: to learn from nature and adopt from its many years of evolutionary experience. Understanding the chemistry within the enzyme nanocavity (confinement effect) requires the use of relatively simple model systems. The performance of the transition metal catalyst increases due to its retention in molecular nanocontainers (cavitins). Given the greater potential of chemical synthesis, it is hoped that these promising bioinspired catalysts will achieve catalytic efficiency and selectivity comparable to and even superior to the creations of nature. Now it is obvious that the cavity structure of molecular nanocontainers and the real possibility of modifying their cavities provide unlimited possibilities for simulating the active centers of metalloenzymes. This review will focus on how chemical reactivity is controlled in a well-defined cavitin nanospace. The author also intends to discuss advanced metal–cavitin catalysts related to the study of the main stages of artificial photosynthesis, including energy transfer and storage, water oxidation and proton reduction, as well as highlight the current challenges of activating small molecules, such as H2O, CO2, N2, O2, H2, and CH4.
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15
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Bloch WM, Horiuchi S, Holstein JJ, Drechsler C, Wuttke A, Hiller W, Mata RA, Clever GH. Maximized axial helicity in a Pd 2L 4 cage: inverse guest size-dependent compression and mesocate isomerism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1524-1531. [PMID: 36794203 PMCID: PMC9906678 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicity is an archetypal structural motif of many biological systems and provides a basis for molecular recognition in DNA. Whilst artificial supramolecular hosts are often helical, the relationship between helicity and guest encapsulation is not well understood. We report a detailed study on a significantly coiled-up Pd2L4 metallohelicate with an unusually wide azimuthal angle (∼176°). Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry and isothermal titration calorimetry we show that the coiled-up cage exhibits extremely tight anion binding (K of up to 106 M-1) by virtue of a pronounced oblate/prolate cavity expansion, whereby the Pd-Pd separation decreases for mono-anionic guests of increasing size. Electronic structure calculations point toward strong dispersion forces contributing to these host-guest interactions. In the absence of a suitable guest, the helical cage exists in equilibrium with a well-defined mesocate isomer that possesses a distinct cavity environment afforded by a doubled Pd-Pd separation distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany,Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia 5042Australia
| | - Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany .,Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Axel Wuttke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University GöttingenTammannstraße 637077 GöttingenGermany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University GöttingenTammannstraße 637077 GöttingenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227 DortmundGermany
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16
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Metallic–Organic Cages (MOCs) with Heterometallic Character: Flexibility-Enhancing MOFs. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotomy between metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal–organic cages (MOCs) opens up the research spectrum of two fields which, despite having similarities, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Due to the fact that they have cavities inside, they also have applicability in the porosity sector. Bloch and coworkers within this evolution from MOFs to MOCs manage to describe a MOC with a structure of Cu2 paddlewheel Cu4L4 (L = bis(pyrazolyl)methane) with high precision thanks to crystallographic analyses of X-ray diffraction and also SEM-EDX. Then, also at the same level of concreteness, they were able to find the self-assembly of Pd(II)Cl2 moieties on the available nitrogen donor atoms leading to a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Here, calculations of the DFT density functional allow us to reach an unusual precision given the magnitude and structural complexity, explaining how a pyrazole ring of each bis(pyprazolyl)methane ligand must rotate from an anti to a syn conformation, and a truncation of the MOC structure allows us to elucidate, in the absence of the MOC constraint and its packing in the crystal, that the rotation is almost barrierless, as well as also explain the relative stability of the different conformations, with the anti being the most stable conformation. Characterization calculations with Mayer bond orders (MBO) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots discern what is important in the interaction of this type of cage with PdCl2 moieties, also CuCl2 by analogy, as well as simple molecules of water, since the complex is stable in this solvent. However, the L ligand is proved to not have the ability to stabilize an H2O molecule.
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17
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Lewis JEM. Pseudo-heterolepticity in Low-Symmetry Metal-Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212392. [PMID: 36074024 PMCID: PMC9828238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic cages, formed through integrative self-assembly of ligand mixtures, are highly attractive as reduced symmetry supramolecular hosts. Ensuring high-fidelity, non-statistical self-assembly, however, presents a significant challenge in molecular engineering due to the inherent difficulty in predicting thermodynamic energy landscapes. In this work, two conceptual strategies are described that circumvent this issue, using ligand design strategies to access structurally sophisticated metal-organic hosts. Using these approaches, it was possible to realise cavity environments described by two inequivalent, unsymmetrical ligand frameworks, representing a significant step forward in the construction of highly anisotropic confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B15 2TTUK,Previous address: Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College London82 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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18
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Lewis J. Pseudo‐heterolepticity in Low‐Symmetry Metal‐Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Lewis
- University of Birmingham School of Chemistry Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UNITED KINGDOM
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19
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20
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Cheng G, Hayashi T, Miyake Y, Sato T, Tabata H, Katayama M, Komatsu N. Interlocking of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Metal-Tethered Tetragonal Nanobrackets to Enrich a Few Hundredths of a Nanometer Range in Their Diameters. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12500-12510. [PMID: 35925757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have separated carbon nanotubes through host-guest complexation using host molecules named "nanotweezers" and "nanocalipers". In this work, a host molecule named tetragonal "M-nanobrackets", consisting of a pair of dipyrrin nanocalipers corresponding to two brackets "[" and "]" tethered by two metals (M), is designed, synthesized, and employed to separate single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). A facile three-step process including one-pot Suzuki coupling is developed to synthesize M-nanobrackets in a 37% total yield (M = Cu). Upon extraction of SWNTs with a square nanobracket and Cu(II), in situ formed tetragonal M-nanobrackets are found to interlock SWNTs to disperse them in 2-propanol. The interlocking is confirmed by absorption and Raman spectroscopy as well as transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Especially, Raman spectroscopy is utilized to prove the interlocking of SWNTs; Cu-nanobrackets are found to show inherent resonance Raman signals and affect the SWNT signals, or a radial breathing vibration, due to the rigid rectangular structure of Cu-nanobrackets. The interlocking is facilely and thoroughly released through demetalation to recover the pristine SWNTs as well as the square nanobracket. Such chemically controlled locking and unlocking for SWNTs are one of the characteristics of our separation process. This enables a precise evaluation by Raman, photoluminescence, and absorption spectroscopy of the diameter selectivity to SWNTs, revealing the diameter enrichment of only three kinds of SWNTs, (7,6), (9,4), and (8,5), in the 0.02 nm diameter range from 0.90 to 0.92 nm among ∼20 kinds of SWNTs from 0.76 to 1.17 nm in their diameter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Cheng
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Carbon Science Division, Research Institute for Supra Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyake
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- SBU ROD, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tabata
- Divison of Electrical, Electronic and Infocommunications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Katayama
- Divison of Electrical, Electronic and Infocommunications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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21
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Algar JL, Findlay JA, Preston D. Roles of Metal Ions in Foldamers and Other Conformationally Flexible Supramolecular Systems. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:464-476. [PMID: 36855532 PMCID: PMC9955367 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conformational control is a key prerequisite for much molecular function. As chemists seek to create complex molecules that have applications beyond the academic laboratory, correct spatial positioning is critical. This is particularly true of flexible systems. Conformationally flexible molecules show potential because they resemble in many cases naturally occurring analogues such as the secondary structures found in proteins and peptides such as α-helices and β-sheets. One of the ways in which conformation can be controlled in these molecules is through interaction with or coordination to metal ions. This review explores how secondary structure (i.e., controlled local conformation) in foldamers and other conformationally flexible systems can be enforced or modified through coordination to metal ions. We hope to provide examples that illustrate the power of metal ions to influence this structure toward multiple different outcomes.
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22
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Bujol RJ, Fronczek FR, Elgrishi N. On the synthesis and characterization of two different titanium-based supramolecular structures of identical stoichiometry. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Bujol
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Noémie Elgrishi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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23
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen Isotope Separation Using a Metal-Organic Cage Built from Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202450. [PMID: 35687266 PMCID: PMC9400858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials that contain ultrafine pore apertures can separate hydrogen isotopes via kinetic quantum sieving (KQS). However, it is challenging to design materials with suitably narrow pores for KQS that also show good adsorption capacities and operate at practical temperatures. Here, we investigate a metal-organic cage (MOC) assembled from organic macrocycles and ZnII ions that exhibits narrow windows (<3.0 Å). Two polymorphs, referred to as 2α and 2β, were observed. Both polymorphs exhibit D2 /H2 selectivity in the temperature range 30-100 K. At higher temperature (77 K), the D2 adsorption capacity of 2β increases to about 2.7 times that of 2α, along with a reasonable D2 /H2 selectivity. Gas sorption analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy suggest a gate-opening effect of the MOCs pore aperture. This promotes KQS at temperatures above liquid nitrogen temperature, indicating that MOCs hold promise for hydrogen isotope separation in real industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 370569StuttgartGermany
| | - Tao Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsHeisenbergstr. 370569StuttgartGermany
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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24
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Yong MT, Linder-Patton OM, Bloch WM. Assembly of a Heterometallic Cu(II)-Pd(II) Cage by Post-assembly Metal Insertion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12863-12869. [PMID: 35920858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous structures based on multi-metallic motifs are receiving growing interest, but their general preparation still remains a challenge. Here, we report the self-assembly and structure of a CuII metal-organic cage (MOC) that is functionalized with free bis(pyrazolyl)methane sites. The homometallic Cu4L4 cage is isolated as a water-stable crystalline solid, and its formation is dependent on metal-ligand stoichiometry and the pre-organization of the Cu2 paddlewheel. We show by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX that PdII chloride can be quantitatively inserted into the free chelating sites of the MOC to yield a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Moreover, the solvent employed in the metalation dictates the solid-state isomerism of the heterometallic cage─a further handle to control the MOC's structural diversity and permanent porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tieng Yong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oliver M Linder-Patton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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25
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Benchimol E, Nguyen BNT, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Transformation networks of metal-organic cages controlled by chemical stimuli. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5101-5135. [PMID: 35661155 PMCID: PMC9207707 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility of biomolecules enables them to adapt and transform as a result of signals received from the external environment, expressing different functions in different contexts. In similar fashion, coordination cages can undergo stimuli-triggered transformations owing to the dynamic nature of the metal-ligand bonds that hold them together. Different types of stimuli can trigger dynamic reconfiguration of these metal-organic assemblies, to switch on or off desired functionalities. Such adaptable systems are of interest for applications in switchable catalysis, selective molecular recognition or as transformable materials. This review highlights recent advances in the transformation of cages using chemical stimuli, providing a catalogue of reported strategies to transform cages and thus allow the creation of new architectures. Firstly we focus on strategies for transformation through the introduction of new cage components, which trigger reconstitution of the initial set of components. Secondly we summarize conversions triggered by external stimuli such as guests, concentration, solvent or pH, highlighting the adaptation processes that coordination cages can undergo. Finally, systems capable of responding to multiple stimuli are described. Such systems constitute composite chemical networks with the potential for more complex behaviour. We aim to offer new perspectives on how to design transformation networks, in order to shed light on signal-driven transformation processes that lead to the preparation of new functional metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Bao-Nguyen T Nguyen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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26
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen isotope separation using a metal‐organic cage built from macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Tao Liu
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rob Clowes
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc A. Little
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ming Liu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Andrew Ian Cooper
- University of Liverpool Chemistry Crown Street L69 3BX Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
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27
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Sainaba AB, Venkateswarulu M, Bhandari P, Arachchige KSA, Clegg JK, Mukherjee PS. An Adaptable Water-Soluble Molecular Boat for Selective Separation of Phenanthrene from Isomeric Anthracene. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7504-7513. [PMID: 35436087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene crude oil is a common source of phenanthrene for its industrial use. The isolation of phenanthrene from this source is a challenging task due to very similar physical properties to its isomer anthracene. We report here a water-soluble Pd(II) molecular boat (MB1) with unusual structural topology that was obtained by assembling a flexible tetrapyridyl donor (L) with a cis-Pd(II) acceptor. The flexible backbone of the boat enabled it to breathe in the presence of a guest optimizing the fit within the cavity. The boat binds phenanthrene more strongly than anthracene, which enabled separation of phenanthrene with an >98% purity from an equimolar mixture of the two isomers using MB1 as an extracting agent. MB1 represents a unique example of a coordination receptor suitable for selective aqueous extraction of phenanthrene from anthracene with reusability of several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arppitha Baby Sainaba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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28
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Liu J, Wang Z, Cheng P, Zaworotko MJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Post-synthetic modifications of metal–organic cages. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:339-356. [PMID: 37117929 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are discrete, supramolecular entities that consist of metal nodes and organic linkers, which can offer solution processability and high porosity. Thereby, their predesigned structures can undergo post-synthetic modifications (PSMs) to introduce new functional groups and properties by modifying the linker, metal node, pore or surface environment. This Review explores current PSM strategies used for MOCs, including covalent, coordination and noncovalent methods. The effects of newly introduced functional groups or generated complexes upon the PSMs of MOCs are also detailed, such as improving structural stability or endowing desired functionalities. The development of the aforementioned design principles has enabled systematic approaches for the development and characterization of families of MOCs and, thereby, provides insight into structure-function relationships that will guide future developments.
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29
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Tarzia A, Jelfs KE. Unlocking the computational design of metal-organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3717-3730. [PMID: 35229861 PMCID: PMC8932387 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages are macrocyclic structures that can possess an intrinsic void that can hold molecules for encapsulation, adsorption, sensing, and catalysis applications. As metal-organic cages may be comprised from nearly any combination of organic and metal-containing components, cages can form with diverse shapes and sizes, allowing for tuning toward targeted properties. Therefore, their near-infinite design space is almost impossible to explore through experimentation alone and computational design can play a crucial role in exploring new systems. Although high-throughput computational design and screening workflows have long been known as powerful tools in drug and materials discovery, their application in exploring metal-organic cages is more recent. We show examples of structure prediction and host-guest/catalytic property evaluation of metal-organic cages. These examples are facilitated by advances in methods that handle metal-containing systems with improved accuracy and are the beginning of the development of automated cage design workflows. We finally outline a scope for how high-throughput computational methods can assist and drive experimental decisions as the field pushes toward functional and complex metal-organic cages. In particular, we highlight the importance of considering realistic, flexible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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30
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Lewis JEM. Molecular engineering of confined space in metal–organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13873-13886. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The host–guest chemistry of metal–organic cages can be modified through tailoring of structural aspects such as size, shape and functionality. In this review, strategies, opportunities and challenges of such molecular engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Kniazeva MV, Ovsyannikov AS, Samigullina AI, Islamov DR, Gubaidullin AT, Dorovatovskii PV, Lazarenko VA, Solovieva SE, Antipin IS, Ferlay S. Impact of flexible succinate connectors on the formation of tetrasulfonylcalix[4]arene based nano-sized polynuclear cages: structural diversity and induced chirality study. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01482j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of three types of supramolecular coordination cages is described. Tetrasulfonylcalixarene, combined with metallic salts (Ni, Co and Zn) and the flexible succinate ligand, led to cages. H bonded induced chirality was observed for both isomorphous cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia V. Kniazeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Ovsyannikov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Aida I. Samigullina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Laboratory for structural analysis of biomacromolecules, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo 2 str, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzova 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Acad. Kurchatov 1 Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Lazarenko
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Acad. Kurchatov 1 Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Igor S. Antipin
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Sylvie Ferlay
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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32
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Ronson TK, Carpenter JP, Nitschke JR. Dynamic optimization of guest binding in a library of diastereomeric heteroleptic coordination cages. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Guajardo Maturana R, Ortolan AO, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Caramori GF, Parreira RLT, Muñoz-Castro A. Nature of hydride and halide encapsulation in Ag 8 cages: insights from the structure and interaction energy of [Ag 8(X){S 2P(O iPr) 2} 6] + (X = H -, F -, Cl -, Br -, I -) from relativistic DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:452-458. [PMID: 34897316 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the different contributing terms to an efficient anion encapsulation is a relevant issue for further understanding of the underlying factors governing the formation of endohedral species. Herein, we explore the favorable encapsulation of hydride and halide anions in the [Ag8(X){S2P(OPr)2}6]+ (X- = H, 1, F, 2, Cl, 3, Br, 4, and, I, 5) series on the basis of relativistic DFT-D level of theory. The resulting Ag8-X interaction is sizable, which decreases along the series: -232.2 (1) > -192.1 (2) > -165.5 (3) > -158.0 (4) > -144.2 kcal mol-1 (5), denoting a more favorable inclusion of hydride and fluoride anions within the silver cage. Such interaction is mainly stabilized by the high contribution from electrostatic type interactions (80.9 av%), with a lesser contribution from charge-transfer (17.4 av%) and London type interactions (1.7 av%). Moreover, the ionic character of the electrostatic contributions decreases from 90.7% for hydride to 68.6% for the iodide counterpart, in line with the decrease in hardness according to the Pearson's acid-base concept (HSAB) owing to the major role of higher electrostatic interaction terms related to the softer (Lewis) bases. Lastly, the [Ag8{S2P(OPr)2}6]2+ cluster is able to adapt its geometry in order to maximize the interaction towards respective monoatomic anion, exhibiting structural flexibility. Such insights shed light on the physical reasoning necessary for a better understanding of the different stabilizing and destabilizing contributions related to metal-based cavities towards favorable incorporation of different monoatomic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Guajardo Maturana
- Universidad SEK, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaren Ciencias Biomédicas SEK (I3CBSEK) Chile, Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandre O Ortolan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaceaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Giovanni F Caramori
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Renato L T Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, 14404-600, Brazil.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaceaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
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