A Green Synthesis Strategy of Binuclear Catalyst for the C-C Cross-Coupling Reactions in the Aqueous Medium: Hiyama and Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions as Case Studies

Loading of green-synthesized cu nanoparticles on Ag complex containing 1,3,5-triazine Schiff base with enhanced antimicrobial activities

The physicochemical properties of materials change significantly in nanometer dimensions. Therefore, several methods have been proposed for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Plant extracts and essential oils are applied as natural and economic resources to prepare nanomaterials especially metal nanoparticles. In this project, a green, simple and efficient method has been designed for the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles using Purple cabbage extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. They were successfully loaded onto a new Ag complex containing 1,3,5-triazine Schiff base as ligand to form Cu@Ag-CPX nanocomposite. Phytochemical contents of extract were identified by standard qualitative analyses. The chemical structure of all synthesized compounds was characterized using spectral data. In FT-IR, coordination of C=N bond of Schiff base ligand to Ag+ ions shifted the absorption band from 1641 to 1632 cm-1. The UV-Vis spectrum of Cu@Ag-CPX nanocomposite shown the peak related to Cu nanoparticles in the region of around 251 nm. 5:7 molar ratio of Cu to Ag in Cu@Ag-CPX was determined using ICP-OES. The FESEM, TEM, and DLS techniques provided valuable insights into the morphology and size distribution of the nanocomposite, revealing the presence of rods and monodispersed particles with specific diameter ranges. These analyses of the nanocomposite displayed rods with diameters from 40 to 62 nm as well as monodispersed and uniform particles with average diameter of 45 nm, respectively. The presence of elements including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, Cu and Ag was proved by EDX-EDS analysis. The XRD pattern of Cu@Ag-CPX shown the diffraction peaks of Cu and Ag particles at 2θ values of 10°-80°, and confirmed its crystalline nature. The inhibitory properties of the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro against four Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria, as well as two fungal strains. The MIC, MBC and MFC values obtained from microdilution and streak plate sensitivity tests were ranged from 128 to 4096 µg ml-1. While Cu nanoparticles and Ag complexes were effective against some pathogens, they were not effective against all them. However, the growth of all tested microbial strains was inhibited by Cu@Ag-CPX nanocomposite, and makes it as a new promising antimicrobial agent. Modification of nanocomposite in terms of nanoparticle and complex can improve its blocking activities.

Advances in the greener synthesis of chromopyrimidine derivatives by a multicomponent tandem oxidation process

A hydrophilic cobalt/copper heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst named mTEG-CS-Co/Cu-Schiff-base/IL was successfully synthesized from chitosan polysaccharide. The new catalyst was investigated and confirmed using various techniques including FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX-EDS, XRD, TEM, TGA, AFM, NMR and ICP. The catalyst exhibited powerful catalyst activity for the tandem one pot oxidative chromopyrimidine reaction from benzyl alcohols under mild conditions, utilizing air as a clean source in a green protocol. The catalyst was compatible with a wide range of benzyl alcohols, and aldehydes formed in situ, and bis-aldehydes synthesized were condensed with urea/4‑hydroxycumarin to provide favorable products in good yields for all derivatives (14 new derivatives). The presence of tri-ethylene glycol and imidazolium moieties with hydrophilic properties on the mTEG-CS-Co/Cu-Schiff-base/IL nanohybrid provides dispersion of the nanohybrid particles in water, leading to higher catalytic performance. Furthermore, the reaction exhibited several other notable features, including low catalyst loading, the ability to be recycled for up to 6 stages, high atom economy, a simple work procedure, short reaction time, utilization of an environmentally friendly nanohybrid, and the replacement of volatile and organic solvents with water solvent.

TiO2/g-C3N4/SO3H(IL): Unique Usage of Ionic Liquid-Based Sulfonic Acid as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Preparation of 5-HMF from Cellulose and Glucose

Upgrading of biomass wastes to value-added materials has been incessantly pursued worldwide with diverse applications, especially deploying photocatalytic composites encompassing metal oxides with acidic and carbon compounds. Herein, the fabrication of a morphologically unique acidic catalyst encompassing a two-dimensional (2D) TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction feature is described for the generation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), which exploits the acidic/ionic liquid (IL) bifunctional photocatalysis under visible light. The structural integrity of the synthesized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/SO₃H(IL) was corroborated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-vis, Tauc plots, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BET-BJH) analyses. Keeping environmental impact in mind, there are compelling advantages in the development of bio-derived pathways to access ILs from natural renewable resources. The outcomes of environmental assessments have revealed that the incorporation of TiO₂ in g-C₃N₄ and ClSO₃H can reduce the probability of recombination due to ionic charges present, therefore enhancing the photocatalytic activity via the transformation of cellulose and glucose to produce 5-HMF in higher yields, with the optimum conditions being reaction in water under a blue light-emitting diode (LED), at 100 °C, for 1-1.5 h. The main advantages of this production method include minimum number of synthetic steps as well as ample availability of and easy access to primary ingredients. While a significant volume of 5-HMF was produced under blue light-emitting diode (LED) radiation, the selectivity was drastically reduced in the dark. The salient attributes of the catalyst comprise stability in air, robustness, reusability, and its overall superior activity that is devoid of hazardous additives or agents. This inimitable method has uncovered a newer strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic attributes of deployed semiconducting materials for numerous photocatalytic functions while adhering to the tenets of environmental friendliness.

BioMOF-Mn: An Antimicrobial Agent and an Efficient Nanocatalyst for Domino One-Pot Preparation of Xanthene Derivatives

In this paper, a new Mn-based metal-organic framework [UoB-6] was obtained via a one-step ultrasonic irradiation method with the ligand (H₂bdda: 4,4'-(1,4-phenylenebis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene))dibenzoic acid. The structural integrity of the synthesized BioMOF-Mn was corroborated by FT-IR, EDX, ICP, XRD, TEM, DLS, FESEM, and BET-BJH analyses. The aerobic oxidative domino reaction of benzyl alcohols or aldehydes with dimedone derivatives was performed in the presence of the UoB-6 catalyst to produce xanthene derivatives in good yields. Hot filtration and Hg poisoning tests proved the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst. Novel synthesized xanthene-based bis-aldehydes were introduced as potent HDAC1 inhibitors according to molecular docking calculations. Finally, the inhibitory activities of Mn-MOF nanoparticles were evaluated on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The MIC, MBC, and MFC values were determined from 2048 to 4096 μg·mL^-1 according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. The inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents can be exacerbated when loaded on BioMOFs.

New Acetamidine Cu(II) Schiff base complex supported on magnetic nanoparticles pectin for the synthesis of triazoles using click chemistry

In this project, the new catalyst copper defines as Fe₃O₄@Pectin@(CH₂)₃-Acetamide-Cu(II) was successfully manufactured and fully characterized by different techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FESEM, EDX, VSM, TGA, and ICP analysis. All results showed that copper was successfully supported on the polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles. One of the most important properties of a catalyst is the ability to be prepared from simple materials such as pectin that’s a biopolymer that is widely found in nature. The catalytic activity of Fe₃O₄@Pectin@(CH₂)₃-Acetamide-Cu(II) was examined in a classical, one pot, and the three-component reaction of terminal alkynes, alkyl halides, and sodium azide in water and observed, proceeding smoothly and completed in good yields and high regioselectivity. The critical potential interests of the present method include high yields, recyclability of catalyst, easy workup, using an eco-friendly solvent, and the ability to sustain a variety of functional groups, which give economical as well as ecological rewards. The capability of the nanocomposite was compared with previous works, and the nanocomposite was found more efficient, economical, and reproducible. Also, the catalyst can be easily removed from the reaction solution using an external magnet and reused for five runs without reduction in catalyst activity.