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Ye ZT, Tseng SF, Tsou SX, Tsai CW. Spectral analysis with highly collimated mini-LEDs as light sources for quantitative detection of direct bilirubin. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38238545 PMCID: PMC10796896 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Because the human eye cannot visually detect the results of direct bilirubin test papers accurately and quantitatively, this study proposes four different highly collimated mini light-emitting diodes (HC mini-LEDs) as light sources for detection. First, different concentrations of bilirubin were oxidized to biliverdin by FeCl3 on the test paper, and pictures were obtained with a smartphone. Next, the red, green, and blue (RGB) channels of the pictures were separated to average grayscale values, and their linear relationship with the direct bilirubin concentration was analyzed to detect bilirubin on the test paper noninvasively and quantitatively. The experimental results showed that when green HC mini-LEDs were used as the light sources and image analysis was performed using the G channel, for a direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1-2 mg/dL, the G channel determination coefficient (R2) reached 0.9523 and limit of detection was 0.459 mg/dL. The detection method proposed herein has advantages such as rapid analysis, noninvasive detection, and digitization according to RGB grayscale changes in the images of the detection test paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ting Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shen Fu Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang Xuan Tsou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun Wei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106319, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kuo HC, Ye ZT, Tseng SF, Tsou SX, Huang SW, Tsai CW. Noninvasive direct bilirubin detection by spectral analysis of color images using a Mini-LED light source. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:16. [PMID: 36795165 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Urine test paper is a standard, noninvasive detection method for direct bilirubin, but this method can only achieve qualitative analysis and cannot achieve quantitative analysis. This study used Mini-LEDs as the light source, and direct bilirubin was oxidized to biliverdin by an enzymatic method with ferric chloride (FeCl3) for labeling. Images were captured with a smartphone and evaluated for red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors to analyze the linear relationship between the spectral change of the test paper image and the direct bilirubin concentration. This method achieved noninvasive detection of bilirubin. The experimental results demonstrated that Mini-LEDs can be used as the light source to analyze the grayscale value of the image RGB. For the direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1-2 mg/dL, the green channel had the highest coefficient of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9313 and a limit of detection of 0.56 mg/dL. With this method, direct bilirubin concentrations higher than 1.86 mg/dL can be quantitatively analyzed with the advantage of rapid and noninvasive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ching Kuo
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Ting Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shen Fu Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang Xuan Tsou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Tsai
- Department of Engineering, i-Wavefront Technology Ltd., 6F.-5, NO. 95, Minquan Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei City, 231625, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lakshmi Devi A, Resmi PE, Pradeep A, Suneesh PV, Nair BG, Satheesh Babu TG. A paper-based point-of-care testing device for the colourimetric estimation of bilirubin in blood sample. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122045. [PMID: 36327811 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A paper-based colourimetric assay for the Point-of-Care Testing (PoCT) of bilirubin has been developed based on the formation of a green-coloured copper-bilirubin complex from a blue-coloured tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate complex. The reaction was studied and optimized by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and translated onto a paper strip. Hydrophobic circular well patterns on Whatman chromatography paper were created by wax printing. The tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate complex was drop cast and dried on the reagent zones in the wax-patterned paper. The images of reagent zones captured using a scanner were analyzed using ImageJ software. Bilirubin spiked blood serum was tested in the concentration range of 1.2 to 950 µM. The PAD exhibited sensitivities of 0.4197 a.u/μM and 0.1040 a.u/μM for concentration ranges of bilirubin 1.2 to 96 μM and 105 to 950 μM respectively and a low detection limit of 0.799 µM. The method is highly selective to bilirubin, even in the presence of other biomarkers in serum. A plasma separation membrane incorporated PAD was fabricated for the final testing and quantification of bilirubin from whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakshmi Devi
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India.
| | - P E Resmi
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India.
| | - Aarathi Pradeep
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India.
| | - P V Suneesh
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India.
| | - Bipin G Nair
- Amrita Biomedical Engineering Centre, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri 690 525, India.
| | - T G Satheesh Babu
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India; Amrita Biomedical Engineering Centre, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641 112, India.
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