Molecular Modeling Study of the Genotoxicity of the Sudan I and Sudan II Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites

Sudan black poisoning resulted in methemoglobinemia in a baby with congenital chyloperitoneum

Treatment of congenital chyloperitoneum is a challenge. Conservative methods may be ineffective. Preoperative visualization of the site of lymphatic leakage is crucial, but radiological imaging is technically complicated and may not provide sufficient information, especially in small patients. To ease the detection of lymphatic leakage during surgery, preoperative feeding with fat-rich formula with Sudan Black has been recommended. However, administration of Sudan Black may result in life-threatening methemoglobinemia and liver damage without any advantage of revealing leakage during surgery. We recommend preoperative feeding with pure fat-rich formula.

Contamination of textile dyes in aquatic environment: Adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystem and human health, and its management using bioremediation

Textile dyes are the burgeoning environmental contaminants across the world. They might be directly disposed of from textile industries into the aquatic bodies, which act as the direct source for the entire ecosystem, ultimately impacting the human beings. Hence, it is essential to dissect the potential adverse outcomes of textile dye exposure on aquatic plants, aquatic fauna, terrestrial entities, and humans. Analysis of appropriate literature has revealed that textile dye effluents could affect the aquatic biota by disrupting their growth and reproduction. Various aquatic organisms are targeted by textile dye effluents. In such organisms, these chemicals affect their development, behavior, and induce oxidative stress. General populations of humans are exposed to textile dyes via the food chain and drinking contaminated water. In humans, textile dyes are biotransformed into electrophilic intermediates and aromatic amines by the enzymes of the cytochrome family. Textile dyes and their biotransformed products form the DNA and protein adducts at sub-cellular moiety. Moreover, these compounds catalyze the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, and trigger the apoptotic cascades to produce lesions in multiple organs. In addition, textile dyes modulate epigenetic factors like DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase to promote carcinogenesis. Several bioremediation approaches involving algae, fungi, bacteria, biomembrane filtration techniques, etc., have been tested and some other hybrid systems are currently under investigation to treat textile dye effluents. However, many such approaches are at the trial stage and require further research to develop more efficient, cost-effective, and easy-to-handle techniques.

HPMC/PVP K90 Dissolving Microneedles Fabricated from 3D-Printed Master Molds: Impact on Microneedle Morphology, Mechanical Strength, and Topical Dissolving Property

Three-dimensional (3D) printing can be used to fabricate custom microneedle (MN) patches instead of the conventional method. In this work, 3D-printed MN patches were utilized to fabricate a MN mold, and the mold was used to prepare dissolving MNs for topical lidocaine HCl (L) delivery through the skin. Topical creams usually take 1-2 h to induce an anesthetic effect, so the delivery of lidocaine HCl from dissolving MNs can allow for a therapeutic effect to be reached faster than with a topical cream. The dissolving-MN-patch-incorporated lidocaine HCl was constructed from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; H) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K90; P) using centrifugation. Additionally, the morphology, mechanical property, skin insertion, dissolving behavior, drug-loading content, drug release of MNs and the chemical interactions among the compositions were also examined. H51P2-L, H501P2-L, and H901P2-L showed an acceptable needle appearance without bent tips or a broken structure, and they had a low % height change (<10%), including a high blue-dot percentage on the skin (>80%). These three formulations exhibited a drug-loading content approaching 100%. Importantly, the composition-dependent dissolving abilities of MNs were revealed. Containing the lowest amount of HPMC in its formulation, H901P2-L showed the fastest dissolving ability, which was related to the high amount of lidocaine HCl released through the skin. Moreover, the results of an FTIR analysis showed no chemical interactions among the two polymers and lidocaine HCl. As a result, HPMC/PVP K90 dissolving microneedles can be used to deliver lidocaine HCl through the skin, resulting in a faster onset of anesthetic action.

Natural waste-derived nano photocatalysts for azo dye degradation

Due to their widespread application in water purification, there is a significant interest in synthesising nanoscale photocatalysts. Nanophotocatalysts are primarily manufactured through chemical methods, which can lead to side effects like pollution, high-energy usage, and even health issues. To address these issues, "green synthesis" was developed, which involves using plant extracts as reductants or capping agents rather than industrial chemical agents. Green fabrication has the benefits of costs less, pollution reduction, environmental protection and human health safety, compared to the traditional methods. This article summarises recent advances in the environmentally friendly synthesis of various nanophotocatalysts employed in the degradation of azo dyes. This study compiles critical findings on natural and artificial methods to achieve the goal. Green synthesis is constrained by the time and place of production and issues with low purity and poor yield, reflecting the complexity of plants' geographical and seasonal distributions and their compositions. However, green photocatalyst synthesis provides additional growth opportunities and potential uses.