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Granata V, Possetti V, Parente R, Bottazzi B, Inforzato A, Sobacchi C. The osteoblast secretome in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048505. [PMID: 36483565 PMCID: PMC9723341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infectious disease of the bone predominantly caused by the opportunistic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Typically established upon hematogenous spread of the pathogen to the musculoskeletal system or contamination of the bone after fracture or surgery, osteomyelitis has a complex pathogenesis with a critical involvement of both osteal and immune components. Colonization of the bone by S. aureus is traditionally proposed to induce functional inhibition and/or apoptosis of osteoblasts, alteration of the RANKL/OPG ratio in the bone microenvironment and activation of osteoclasts; all together, these events locally subvert tissue homeostasis causing pathological bone loss. However, this paradigm has been challenged in recent years, in fact osteoblasts are emerging as active players in the induction and orientation of the immune reaction that mounts in the bone during an infection. The interaction with immune cells has been mostly ascribed to osteoblast-derived soluble mediators that add on and synergize with those contributed by professional immune cells. In this respect, several preclinical and clinical observations indicate that osteomyelitis is accompanied by alterations in the local and (sometimes) systemic levels of both pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., TGF-β1) cytokines. Here we revisit the role of osteoblasts in bacterial OM, with a focus on their secretome and its crosstalk with cellular and molecular components of the bone microenvironment and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Granata
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Possetti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Cristina Sobacchi,
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2
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Xing F, Geng L, Guan H, Liu D, Li Y, Zeng L, Chen Y, Tian R, Li Z, Cao R, Zhao Y, Yan P, Qiang H, Kong N, Wang K, Yang P. Astragalin mitigates inflammatory osteolysis by negatively modulating osteoclastogenesis via ROS and MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Wagner JM, Steubing Y, Dadras M, Wallner C, Lotzien S, Huber J, Sogorski A, Sacher M, Reinkemeier F, Dittfeld S, Becerikli M, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Wnt3a and ASCs are capable of restoring mineralization in staph aureus-infected primary murine osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:20-28. [PMID: 34562154 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone infections are one of the main reasons for impaired bone regeneration and non-union formation. In previous experimental animal studies we could already demonstrate that bone defects due to prior infections showed a markedly reduced healing capacity, which could effectively be enhanced via application of Wnt3a and Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). For a more in-depth analysis, we investigated proliferation and mineralization of cultured osteoblasts infected with staph aureus and sought to investigate effects of Wnt3a and ASCs on infected osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary murine osteoblasts were isolated from calvariae and infected with staph aureus. Infected osteoblasts received treatment via application of recombinant Wnt3a, ASC conditioned medium and were furthermore cocultured with ASCs. Osteoblasts were evaluated by Alamar blue assay for metabolic activity, TUNEL-assay for apoptosis, ALP and Alizarin Red staining for mineralization. In addition, immunoflourescent staining (IF) and qRT-PCR analyses were performed. RESULTS Infected osteoblasts showed a markedly reduced ability for mineralization and increased apoptosis, which could be restored to physiological levels by Wnt3a and ASC treatment. Interestingly, metabolic activity of osteoblasts seemed to be unaffected by staph aureus infection. Additional analyses of Wnt-pathway activity revealed effective enhancement of canonical Wnt-pathway activity in Wnt3a-treated osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we gained further osteoblast-related insights into pathomechanisms of reduced bone healing capacity upon infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonca Steubing
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mehran Dadras
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lotzien
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julika Huber
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Sogorski
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maxi Sacher
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix Reinkemeier
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Dittfeld
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mustafa Becerikli
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- University Hospital BG Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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4
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El-Mahdy TS, Mongaret C, Varin-Simon J, Lamret F, Vernet-Garnier V, Rammal H, Mauprivez C, Kerdjoudj H, Gangloff SC, Reffuveille F. Interaction of implant infection-related commensal bacteria with mesenchymal stem cells: a comparison between Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6134754. [PMID: 33580963 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes are involved in several tissue infections and can encounter mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during their role in tissue regenerative process. C. acnes and S. aureus internalization by three types of MSCs derived from bone marrow, dental pulp and Wharton's jelly; and bacterial biofilm production were compared. Internalization rates ranged between 1.7-6.3% and 0.8-2.7% for C. acnes and S. aureus, respectively. While C. acnes strains exhibited limited cytotoxic effect on MSCs, S. aureus were more virulent with marked effect starting after only 3 h of interaction. Both bacteria were able to produce biofilms with respectively aggregated and monolayered structures for C. acnes and S. aureus. The increase in C. acnes capacity to develop biofilm following MSCs' internalization was not linked to the significant increase in number of live bacteria, except for bone marrow-MSCs/C. acnes CIP 53.117 with 79% live bacteria compared to the 36% before internalization. On the other hand, internalization of S. aureus had no impact on its ability to form biofilms composed mainly of living bacteria. The present study underlined the complexity of MSCs-bacteria cross-interaction and brought insights into understanding the MSCs behavior in response to bacterial infection in tissue regeneration context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid S El-Mahdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Céline Mongaret
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51100 Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service Pharmacie, France
| | - Jennifer Varin-Simon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France
| | - Fabien Lamret
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France
| | | | - Hassan Rammal
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Cedric Mauprivez
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Halima Kerdjoudj
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Fany Reffuveille
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, 51100 Reims, France
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5
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Deng Z, Hu W, Ai H, Chen Y, Dong S. The Dramatic Role of IFN Family in Aberrant Inflammatory Osteolysis. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:112-129. [PMID: 33245272 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666201127114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal system has been considered a highly dynamic system, in which bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts go through a continuous remodeling cycle to maintain homeostasis of bone matrix. It has been well acknowledged that interferons (IFNs), acting as a subgroup of cytokines, not only have crucial effects on regulating immunology but also could modulate the dynamic balance of bone matrix. In the light of different isoforms, IFNs have been divided into three major categories in terms of amino acid sequences, recognition of specific receptors and biological activities. Currently, type I IFNs consist of a multi-gene family with several subtypes, of which IFN-α exerts pro-osteoblastogenic effects to activate osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclast fusion to maintain bone matrix integrity. Meanwhile, IFN-β suppresses osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling as well as exhibits inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation to attenuate bone resorption. Type II IFN constitutes the only type, IFN-γ, which exerts regulatory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation by biphasic ways. Interestingly, type III IFNs are regarded as new members of IFN family composed of four members, including IFN-λ1 (IL-29), IFN-λ2 (IL-28A), IFN-λ3 (IL-28B) and IFN-λ4, which have been certified to participate in bone destruction. However, the direct regulatory mechanisms underlying how type III IFNs modulate the metabolic balance of bone matrix, remains poorly elucidated. In this review, we have summarized functions of IFN family during physiological and pathological conditions and described the mechanisms by which IFNs maintain bone matrix homeostasis via affecting the osteoclast-osteoblast crosstalk. In addition, the potential therapeutic effects of IFNs on inflammatory bone destruction diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and infectious bone diseases are also well displayed, which are based on the predominant role of IFNs in modulating the dynamic equilibrium of bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Deng
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Ai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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6
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Tang RH, Yang J, Fei J. New perspectives on traumatic bone infections. Chin J Traumatol 2020; 23:314-318. [PMID: 32847694 PMCID: PMC7718542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we review the results of previous studies and summarize the effects of various factors on the regulation of bone metabolism in traumatic bone infections. Infection-related bone destruction incorporates pathogens and iatrogenic factors in the process of bone resorption dominated by the skeletal and immune systems. The development of bone immunology has established a bridge of communication between the skeletal system and the immune system. Exploring the effects of pathogens, skeletal systems, immune systems, and antibacterials on bone repair in infectious conditions can help improve the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Hui Tang
- Health Team of 96824 Troops of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Emergency Department, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Fei
- Emergency Department, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,Corresponding author. Emergency Department, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Oliveira TC, Gomes MS, Gomes AC. The Crossroads between Infection and Bone Loss. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111765. [PMID: 33182721 PMCID: PMC7698271 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis, based on a tight balance between bone formation and bone degradation, is affected by infection. On one hand, some invading pathogens are capable of directly colonizing the bone, leading to its destruction. On the other hand, immune mediators produced in response to infection may dysregulate the deposition of mineral matrix by osteoblasts and/or the resorption of bone by osteoclasts. Therefore, bone loss pathologies may develop in response to infection, and their detection and treatment are challenging. Possible biomarkers of impaired bone metabolism during chronic infection need to be identified to improve the diagnosis and management of infection-associated osteopenia. Further understanding of the impact of infections on bone metabolism is imperative for the early detection, prevention, and/or reversion of bone loss. Here, we review the mechanisms responsible for bone loss as a direct and/or indirect consequence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Carvalho Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.C.O.); (M.S.G.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.C.O.); (M.S.G.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cordeiro Gomes
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.C.O.); (M.S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cutibacterium acnes Biofilm Study during Bone Cells Interaction. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091409. [PMID: 32932750 PMCID: PMC7564252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is an opportunistic pathogen involved in Bone and Prosthesis Infections (BPIs). In this study, we observed the behavior of commensal and BPI C. acnes strains in the bone environment through bacterial internalization by osteoblast-like cells and biofilm formation. For the commensal strains, less than 1% of the bacteria were internalized; among them, about 32.7 ± 3.9% persisted intracellularly for up to 48 h. C. acnes infection seems to have no cytotoxic effect on bone cells as detected by LDH assay. Interestingly, commensal C. acnes showed a significant increase in biofilm formation after osteoblast-like internalization for 50% of the strains (2.8-fold increase). This phenomenon is exacerbated on a titanium support, a material used for medical devices. For the BPI clinical strains, we did not notice any increase in biofilm formation after internalization despite a similar internalization rate by the osteoblast-like cells. Furthermore, fluorescent staining revealed more live bacteria within the biofilm after osteoblast-like cell interaction, for all strains (BPIs and commensal). The genomic study did not reveal any link between their clinical origin and phylotype. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time the possible influence of internalization by osteoblast-like cells on commensal C. acnes.
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9
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Ji Z, Su J, Hou Y, Yao Z, Yu B, Zhang X. EGFR/FAK and c-Src signalling pathways mediate the internalisation of Staphylococcus aureus by osteoblasts. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13240. [PMID: 32584493 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Internalisation of Staphylococcus aureus in osteoblasts plays a critical role in the persistence and recurrence of osteomyelitis, the mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. In the present study, evidence of internalised S. aureus in osteoblasts was found in long bone of haematogenous osteomyelitis in mice after 2 weeks of infection. Meanwhile, eliminating extracellular S. aureus by gentamicin can partially rescue bone loss, whereas the remaining intracellular S. aureus in osteoblasts may be associated with continuous bone destruction. In osteoblastic MC3T3 cells, intracellular S. aureus was detectable as early as 15 min after infection, and the internalisation rates increased with the extension of infection time. Additionally, S. aureus invasion stimulated the expression of phosphor-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphor-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphor-c-Src in a time-dependent way, and blocking EGFR/FAK or c-Src signalling significantly reduced the internalisation rate of S. aureus in osteoblasts. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of S. aureus internalisation in osteoblast and raise the potential of targeting EGFR/FAK and c-Src as adjunctive therapeutics for treating chronic S. aureus osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Ji
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Su
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilong Hou
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Yao
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianrong Zhang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Bongiorno D, Musso N, Lazzaro LM, Mongelli G, Stefani S, Campanile F. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus persistence in osteoblasts using imaging flow cytometry. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1017. [PMID: 32237200 PMCID: PMC7221431 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus has been reported as the main pathogen involved in chronic infections, osteomyelitis, and prosthetic joint infections. The host/pathogen interaction is dynamic and requires several changes to promote bacterial survival. Here, we focused on the internalization and persistence behavior of well-characterized Staphylococcus aureus invasive strains belonging to the main ST-MRSA-SCCmec clones. To overcome the limitations of the cell culture method, we comparatively analyzed the ability of internalization within human MG-63 osteoblasts with imaging flow cytometry (IFC). After evaluation by cell culture assay, the MRSA clones in the study were all able to readily internalize at 3h postinfection, the persistence of intracellular bacteria was evaluated at 24h both by routine cell culture and IFC assay, after vancomycin-BODIPY staining. A statistical difference of persistence was found in ST5-SCCmecII (26.59%), ST228-SCCmecI (20.25%), ST8-SCCmecIV (19.52%), ST239-SCCmecIII (47.82%), and ST22-SCCmecIVh (50.55%) showing the same ability to internalize as ATCC12598 (51%), the invasive isolate used as control strain for invasion and persistence assays. We demonstrated that the intracellular persistence process depends on the total number of infected cells. Comparing our data obtained by IFC with those of the cell culture assay, we obtained greater reproducibility rates and a number of intracellular bacteria, with the advantage of analyzing live host cells. Moreover, with some limitations related to the lack of whole-genome sequencing analysis, we validated the different proclivities to persist in the main Italian HA-MRSA invasive isolates and our results highlighted the heterogeneity of the different clones to persist during cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Bongiorno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Bio-nanotech Research and Innovation Tower (BRIT), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gino Mongelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Bio-nanotech Research and Innovation Tower (BRIT), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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11
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Saint-Pastou Terrier C, Gasque P. Bone responses in health and infectious diseases: A focus on osteoblasts. J Infect 2017; 75:281-292. [PMID: 28778751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, bone was thought to be immunologically inactive with the sole function of supporting locomotion and ensuring stromaness functions as a major lymphoid organ. However, a myriad of pathogens (bacteria such as staphylococcus as well as viruses including alphaviruses, HIV or HCV) can invade the bone. These pathogens can cause apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis of osteoblasts and lead to lymphopenia and immune paralysis. There are now several detailed studies on how osteoblasts contribute to innate immune and inflammatory responses; indeed, osteoblasts in concert with resident macrophages can engage an armory of defense mechanisms capable of detecting and controlling pathogen evasion mechanisms. Osteoblasts can express the so-called pattern recognition receptors such as TOLL-like receptors involved in the detection for example of lipids and unique sugars (polysaccharides and polyriboses) expressed by bacteria or viruses (e.g. LPS and RNA respectively). Activated osteoblasts can produce interferon type I, cytokines, chemokines and interferon-stimulated proteins through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms to control for viral replication and to promote phagocytosis or lysis of bacteria for example by defensins. Uncontrolled and sustained innate immune activation of infected osteoblasts will also lead to an imbalance in the production of osteoclastogenic factors such as RANKL and osteoprotegerin involved in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Saint-Pastou Terrier
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; Laboratoire de Biologie, secteur Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique et expérimentale ZOI (LICE OI), CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France.
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12
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Mbalaviele G, Novack DV, Schett G, Teitelbaum SL. Inflammatory osteolysis: a conspiracy against bone. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2030-2039. [PMID: 28569732 DOI: 10.1172/jci93356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many causes of inflammatory osteolysis, but regardless of etiology and cellular contexts, the osteoclast is the bone-degrading cell. Thus, the impact of inflammatory cytokines on osteoclast formation and function was among the most important discoveries advancing the treatment of focal osteolysis, leading to development of therapeutic agents that either directly block the bone-resorptive cell or do so indirectly via cytokine arrest. Despite these advances, a substantial number of patients with inflammatory arthritis remain resistant to current therapies, and even effective anti-inflammatory drugs frequently do not repair damaged bone. Thus, insights into events such as those impacted by inflammasomes, which signal through cytokine-dependent and -independent mechanisms, are needed to optimize treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, and.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, and.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Wang Y, Liu X, Dou C, Cao Z, Liu C, Dong S, Fei J. Staphylococcal protein A promotes osteoclastogenesis through MAPK signaling during bone infection. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2396-2406. [PMID: 28185243 PMCID: PMC5485048 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bone infection is a common and serious complication in the orthopedics field, which often leads to excessive bone destruction and non‐union. Osteoclast is the only type of cells which have the function of bone resorption. Its over activation is closely related to excessive bone loss. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen causing bone infection, which can produce a large number of strong pathogenic substances staphylococcal protein A (SPA). However, few studies were reported about the effects of SPA on osteoclastogenesis. In our study, we observed that S. aureus activated osteoclasts and promoted bone loss in bone infection specimens. Then, we investigated the effects of SPA on RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro, the results revealed that SPA promoted osteoclastic differentiation and fusion, and enhanced osteoclastic bone resorption. In addition, we also showed that SPA upregulated the expression of NFATc1 and c‐FOS through the activation of MAPK signaling to promote osteoclastogenesis. Our findings might help us better understand the pathogenic role of S. aureus in bone infection and develop new therapeutic strategies for infectious bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Center of Trauma of Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Center of Trauma of Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Fei
- Center of Trauma of Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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