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Antunes M, Sá-Correia I. The role of ion homeostasis in adaptation and tolerance to acetic acid stress in yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae016. [PMID: 38658183 PMCID: PMC11092280 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of asymmetric ion concentrations across cellular membranes is crucial for proper yeast cellular function. Disruptions of these ionic gradients can significantly impact membrane electrochemical potential and the balance of other ions, particularly under stressful conditions such as exposure to acetic acid. This weak acid, ubiquitous to both yeast metabolism and industrial processes, is a major inhibitor of yeast cell growth in industrial settings and a key determinant of host colonization by pathogenic yeast. Acetic acid toxicity depends on medium composition, especially on the pH (H+ concentration), but also on other ions' concentrations. Regulation of ion fluxes is essential for effective yeast response and adaptation to acetic acid stress. However, the intricate interplay among ion balancing systems and stress response mechanisms still presents significant knowledge gaps. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governing ion homeostasis, including H+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+/3+, and acetate, in the context of acetic acid toxicity, adaptation, and tolerance. While focus is given on Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to its extensive physiological characterization, insights are also provided for biotechnologically and clinically relevant yeast species whenever available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Antunes
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Characterization of the Candida glabrata Transcription Factor CgMar1: Role in Azole Susceptibility. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010061. [PMID: 35050001 PMCID: PMC8779156 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antifungal resistance in Candida glabrata, especially against azole drugs, results in difficult-to-treat and potentially life-threatening infections. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in C. glabrata is crucial to designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. In this study, the role of the transcription factor encoded by ORF CAGL0B03421g, here denominated as CgMar1 (Multiple Azole Resistance 1), in azole susceptibility was explored. Using RNA-sequencing, CgMar1 was found to regulate 337 genes under fluconazole stress, including several related to lipid biosynthesis pathways. In this context, CgMar1 and its target CgRSB1, encoding a predicted sphingoid long-chain base efflux transporter, were found to contribute to plasma membrane sphingolipid incorporation and membrane permeability, decreasing fluconazole accumulation. CgMar1 was found to associate with the promoter of CgRSB1, which contains two instances of the CCCCTCC consensus, found to be required for CgRSB1 activation during fluconazole stress. Altogether, a regulatory pathway modulating azole susceptibility in C. glabrata is proposed, resulting from what appears to be a neofunctionalization of a Hap1-like transcription factor.
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3
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Hernando-Ortiz A, Eraso E, Quindós G, Mateo E. Candidiasis by Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis in Galleria mellonella: Virulence and Therapeutic Responses to Echinocandins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7120998. [PMID: 34946981 PMCID: PMC8708380 DOI: 10.3390/jof7120998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the major etiological agent of invasive candidiasis but the increasing prevalence of emerging species of Candida, such as Candida glabrata and phylogenetically closely related species, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis, requires special attention. Differences in virulence among these species and their therapeutic responses using in vivo non-mammalian models are scarcely analysed. The aim of this study was analyse the survival of G. mellonella and host-pathogen interactions during infection by C. glabrata, C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis. Moreover, therapeutic responses to echinocandins were also assessed in the G. mellonella model of candidiasis. These three species produced lethal infection in G. mellonella; C. glabrata was the most virulent species and C. bracarensis the less. Haemocytes of G. mellonella phagocytised C. bracarensis cells more effectively than those of the other two species. Treatment with caspofungin and micafungin was most effective to protect larvae during C. glabrata and C. nivariensis infections while anidulafungin was during C. bracarensis infection. The model of candidiasis in G. mellonella is simple and appropriate to assess the virulence and therapeutic response of these emerging Candida species. Moreover, it successfully allows for detecting differences in the immune system of the host depending on the virulence of pathogens.
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Pais P, Vagueiro S, Mil-Homens D, Pimenta AI, Viana R, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Fialho AM, Teixeira MC. A new regulator in the crossroads of oxidative stress resistance and virulence in Candida glabrata: The transcription factor CgTog1. Virulence 2021; 11:1522-1538. [PMID: 33135521 PMCID: PMC7605352 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1839231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a prominent pathogenic yeast which exhibits a unique ability to survive the harsh environment of host immune cells. In this study, we describe the role of the transcription factor encoded by the gene CAGL0F09229g, here named CgTog1 after its Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog, as a new determinant of C. glabrata virulence. Interestingly, Tog1 is absent in the other clinically relevant Candida species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. auris), being exclusive to C. glabrata. CgTog1 was found to be required for oxidative stress resistance and for the modulation of reactive oxygen species inside C. glabrata cells. Also, CgTog1 was observed to be a nuclear protein, whose activity up-regulates the expression of 147 genes and represses 112 genes in C. glabrata cells exposed to H2O2, as revealed through RNA-seq-based transcriptomics analysis. Given the importance of oxidative stress response in the resistance to host immune cells, the effect of CgTOG1 expression in yeast survival upon phagocytosis by Galleria mellonella hemocytes was evaluated, leading to the identification of CgTog1 as a determinant of yeast survival upon phagocytosis. Interestingly, CgTog1 targets include many whose expression changes in C. glabrata cells after engulfment by macrophages, including those involved in reprogrammed carbon metabolism, glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation. In summary, CgTog1 is a new and specific regulator of virulence in C. glabrata, contributing to oxidative stress resistance and survival upon phagocytosis by host immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Vagueiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dalila Mil-Homens
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia I Pimenta
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University , Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University , Chiba, Japan
| | - Arsénio M Fialho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Role of CgTpo4 in Polyamine and Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance: Determining Virulence in Candida glabrata. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031376. [PMID: 33573089 PMCID: PMC7866538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an emerging fungal pathogen whose success depends on its ability to resist antifungal drugs but also to thrive against host defenses. In this study, the predicted multidrug transporter CgTpo4 (encoded by ORF CAGL0L10912g) is described as a new determinant of virulence in C. glabrata, using the infection model Galleria mellonella. The CgTPO4 gene was found to be required for the C. glabrata ability to kill G. mellonella. The transporter encoded by this gene is also necessary for antimicrobial peptide (AMP) resistance, specifically against histatin-5. Interestingly, G. mellonella’s AMP expression was found to be strongly activated in response to C. glabrata infection, suggesting AMPs are a key antifungal defense. CgTpo4 was also found to be a plasma membrane exporter of polyamines, especially spermidine, suggesting that CgTpo4 is able to export polyamines and AMPs, thus conferring resistance to both stress agents. Altogether, this study presents the polyamine exporter CgTpo4 as a determinant of C. glabrata virulence, which acts by protecting the yeast cells from the overexpression of AMPs, deployed as a host defense mechanism.
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Pais P, Califórnia R, Galocha M, Viana R, Ola M, Cavalheiro M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Butler G, Teixeira MC. Candida glabrata Transcription Factor Rpn4 Mediates Fluconazole Resistance through Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Plasma Membrane Permeability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00554-20. [PMID: 32571817 PMCID: PMC7449212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00554-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. Targets comprise several proteasome and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, including ERG1, ERG2, ERG3, and ERG11 The localization of CgRpn4 to the nucleus increases upon fluconazole stress. Consistent with a role in ergosterol and plasma membrane homeostasis, CgRpn4 is required for the maintenance of ergosterol levels upon fluconazole stress, which is associated with a role in the upkeep of cell permeability and decreased intracellular fluconazole accumulation. We provide evidence that CgRpn4 directly regulates ERG11 expression through the TTGCAAA binding motif, reinforcing the relevance of this regulatory network in azole resistance. In summary, CgRpn4 is a new regulator of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in C. glabrata, contributing to plasma membrane homeostasis and, thus, decreasing azole drug accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Califórnia
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mihaela Ola
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Monteiro PT, Oliveira J, Pais P, Antunes M, Palma M, Cavalheiro M, Galocha M, Godinho CP, Martins LC, Bourbon N, Mota MN, Ribeiro RA, Viana R, Sá-Correia I, Teixeira MC. YEASTRACT+: a portal for cross-species comparative genomics of transcription regulation in yeasts. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D642-D649. [PMID: 31586406 PMCID: PMC6943032 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The YEASTRACT+ information system (http://YEASTRACT-PLUS.org/) is a wide-scope tool for the analysis and prediction of transcription regulatory associations at the gene and genomic levels in yeasts of biotechnological or human health relevance. YEASTRACT+ is a new portal that integrates the previously existing YEASTRACT (http://www.yeastract.com/) and PathoYeastract (http://pathoyeastract.org/) databases and introduces the NCYeastract (Non-Conventional Yeastract) database (http://ncyeastract.org/), focused on the so-called non-conventional yeasts. The information in the YEASTRACT database, focused on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was updated. PathoYeastract was extended to include two additional pathogenic yeast species: Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Furthermore, the NCYeastract database was created, including five biotechnologically relevant yeast species: Zygosaccharomyces baillii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Yarrowia lipolytica and Komagataella phaffii. The YEASTRACT+ portal gathers 289 706 unique documented regulatory associations between transcription factors (TF) and target genes and 420 DNA binding sites, considering 247 TFs from 10 yeast species. YEASTRACT+ continues to make available tools for the prediction of the TFs involved in the regulation of gene/genomic expression. In this release, these tools were upgraded to enable predictions based on orthologous regulatory associations described for other yeast species, including two new tools for cross-species transcription regulation comparison, based on multi-species promoter and TF regulatory network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T Monteiro
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,INESC-ID, R. Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Antunes
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Palma
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís C Martins
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bourbon
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta N Mota
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Ribeiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens such as Candida species can use carboxylic acids, like acetate and lactate, to survive and successfully thrive in different environmental niches. These nonfermentable substrates are frequently the major carbon sources present in certain human body sites, and their efficient uptake by regulated plasma membrane transporters plays a critical role in such nutrient-limited conditions. Here, we cover the physiology and regulation of these proteins and their potential role in Candida virulence. Opportunistic pathogens such as Candida species can use carboxylic acids, like acetate and lactate, to survive and successfully thrive in different environmental niches. These nonfermentable substrates are frequently the major carbon sources present in certain human body sites, and their efficient uptake by regulated plasma membrane transporters plays a critical role in such nutrient-limited conditions. Here, we cover the physiology and regulation of these proteins and their potential role in Candida virulence. This review also presents an evolutionary analysis of orthologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Jen1 lactate and Ady2 acetate transporters, including a phylogenetic analysis of 101 putative carboxylate transporters in twelve medically relevant Candida species. These proteins are assigned to distinct clades according to their amino acid sequence homology and represent the major carboxylic acid uptake systems in yeast. While Jen transporters belong to the sialate:H+ symporter (SHS) family, the Ady2 homologue members are assigned to the acetate uptake transporter (AceTr) family. Here, we reclassify the later members as ATO (acetate transporter ortholog). The new nomenclature will facilitate the study of these transporters, as well as the analysis of their relevance for Candida pathogenesis.
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Santos R, Cavalheiro M, Costa C, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Screening the Drug:H + Antiporter Family for a Role in Biofilm Formation in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32117803 PMCID: PMC7010593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and drug resistance are two key pathogenesis traits exhibited by Candida glabrata as a human pathogen. Interestingly, specific pathways appear to be in the crossroad between the two phenomena, making them promising targets for drug development. In this study, the 10 multidrug resistance transporters of the Drug:H+ Antiporter family of C. glabrata were screened for a role in biofilm formation. Besides previously identified players in this process, namely CgTpo1_2 and CgQdr2, two others are shown to contribute to biofilm formation: CgDtr1 and CgTpo4. The deletion of each of these genes was found to lead to lower biofilm formation, in both SDB and RPMI media, while their expression was found to increase during biofilm development and to be controlled by the transcription factor CgTec1, a predicted key regulator of biofilm formation. Additionally, the deletion of CgDTR1, CgTPO4, or even CgQDR2 was found to increase plasma membrane potential and lead to decreased expression of adhesin encoding genes, particularly CgALS1 and CgEPA1, during biofilm formation. Although the exact role of these drug transporters in biofilm formation remains elusive, our current model suggests that their control over membrane potential by the transport of charged molecules, may affect the perception of nutrient availability, which in turn may delay the triggering of adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets! Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070332. [PMID: 30004464 PMCID: PMC6071111 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are an increasing problem worldwide, associated with very high mortality rates. The successful prevalence of these human pathogens is due to their ability to thrive in stressful host niche colonization sites, to tolerate host immune system-induced stress, and to resist antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the key role played by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and the major facilitator superfamilies (MFS), in mediating fungal resistance to pathogenesis-related stresses. These clearly include the extrusion of antifungal drugs, with C. albicans CDR1 and MDR1 genes, and corresponding homologs in other fungal pathogens, playing a key role in this phenomenon. More recently, however, clues on the transcriptional regulation and physiological roles of MDR transporters, including the transport of lipids, ions, and small metabolites, have emerged, linking these transporters to important pathogenesis features, such as resistance to host niche environments, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and virulence. The wider view of the activity of MDR transporters provided in this review highlights their relevance beyond drug resistance and the need to develop therapeutic strategies that successfully face the challenges posed by the pleiotropic nature of these transporters.
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