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Miranda-López DC, Pérez-Rueda E, Rojas-Vargas J, Cortez CH, Saldaña-Padilla A, Castelán-Sánchez HG, Castro-Escarpulli G. Comprehensive comparative analysis of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: exploring the pan-genome, the reconstruction of the gene regulatory network and genome-scale metabolic network. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae048. [PMID: 38769598 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a nonmotile, obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium known for its association with periodontal disease and its involvement in systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. This bacterium produces several virulence factors, including capsules, fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, proteolytic enzymes, and hemagglutinins. A comparative genomic analysis revealed the open pangenome of P. gingivalis and identified complete type IV secretion systems in strain KCOM2805 and almost complete type VI secretion systems in strains KCOM2798 and ATCC49417, which is a new discovery as previous studies did not find the proteins involved in secretion systems IV and VI. Conservation of some virulence factors between different strains was observed, regardless of their genetic diversity and origin. In addition, we performed for the first time a reconstruction analysis of the gene regulatory network, identifying transcription factors and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. In particular, QseB regulates the expression of hemagglutinin and arginine deaminase, while Rex may suppress the release of gingipain through interactions with PorV and the formatum/nitrate transporter. Our study highlights the central role of conserved virulence factors and regulatory pathways, particularly QseB and Rex, in P. gingivalis and provides insights into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Miranda-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Ernesto Pérez-Rueda
- Unidad Académica del Estado de Yucatán, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, México
| | - Jorge Rojas-Vargas
- Department of Biology, University of Western, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Cecilia Hernández Cortez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Andres Saldaña-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Hugo G Castelán-Sánchez
- Programa de Investigadoras e Investigadores por México. Grupo de Genómica y Dinámica Evolutiva de Microorganismos Emergentes, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Ciudad de México 03940, México
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
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Blancas-Luciano BE, Becker-Fauser I, Zamora-Chimal J, Jiménez-García L, Lara-Martínez R, Pérez-Torres A, González del Pliego M, Aguirre-Benítez EL, Fernández-Presas AM. Cystatin C: immunoregulation role in macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17252. [PMID: 38708345 PMCID: PMC11067906 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease, characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory response and a progressive loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key etiologic agent in periodontitis. Cystatin C is an antimicrobial salivary peptide that inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this peptide and its effect on cytokine production, nitric oxide (NO) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and programmed cell death in human macrophages infected with P. gingivalis. Methods Monocyte-derived macrophages generated from peripheral blood were infected with P. gingivalis (MOI 1:10) and stimulated with cystatin C (2.75 µg/ml) for 24 h. The intracellular localization of P. gingivalis and cystatin C was determined by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intracellular antimicrobial activity of cystatin C in macrophages was assessed by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU). ELISA assay was performed to assess inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. The production of nitrites and ROS was analyzed by Griess reaction and incubation with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), respectively. Programmed cell death was assessed with the TUNEL assay, Annexin-V, and caspase activity was also determined. Results Our results showed that cystatin C inhibits the extracellular growth of P. gingivalis. In addition, this peptide is internalized in the infected macrophage, decreases the intracellular bacterial load, and reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines and NO. Interestingly, peptide treatment increased ROS production and substantially decreased bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis. Conclusions Cystatin C has antimicrobial and immuno-regulatory activity in macrophages infected with P. gingivalis. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the properties of cystatin C for its possible therapeutic use against oral infections such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Esther Blancas-Luciano
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker-Fauser
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Hospital General de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jiménez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Reyna Lara-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita González del Pliego
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elsa Liliana Aguirre-Benítez
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Huixquilucan, Universidad Anáhuac, Estado de México, México
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Ye W, Wu J, Jiang Q, Su Z, Liao H, Liu Z, Tao R, Yong X. Antibacterial activity of corydalis saxicola bunting total alkaloids against Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:595-606. [PMID: 38629885 PMCID: PMC11229583 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Corydalis Saxicola bunting total alkaloid (CSBTA) on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: SEM, chemical staining, RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to detect effects of CSBTA on P. gingivalis. Results: CSBTA treatment caused shrinkage and rupture of P. gingivalis morphology, decreased biofilm density and live bacteria in biofilm, as well as reduced mRNA expression of virulence genes hagA, hagB, kgp, rgpA and rgpB of P. gingivalis. Furthermore, NOK cells induced by CSBTA-treated P. gingivalis exhibited lower IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels. Conclusion: CSBTA is able to kill free P. gingivalis, disrupt the biofilm and weaken the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. It has the potential to be developed as a drug against P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ye
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Qiaozhi Jiang
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haiqing Liao
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Renchuan Tao
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangzhi Yong
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention & Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation & Reconstruction, Nanning, China
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Murugaiyan V, Utreja S, Hovey KM, Sun Y, LaMonte MJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Diaz PI, Buck MJ. Defining Porphyromonas gingivalis strains associated with periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6222. [PMID: 38485747 PMCID: PMC10940620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in human subgingival plaque, is a major etiologic agent for periodontitis and has been associated with multiple systemic pathologies. Many P. gingivalis strains have been identified and different strains possess different virulence factors. Current oral microbiome approaches (16S or shotgun) have been unable to differentiate P. gingivalis strains. This study presents a new approach that aims to improve the accuracy of strain identification, using a detection method based on sequencing of the intergenic spacer region (ISR) which is variable between P. gingivalis strains. Our approach uses two-step PCR to amplify only the P. gingivalis ISR region. Samples are then sequenced with an Illumina sequencer and mapped to specific strains. Our approach was validated by examining subgingival plaque from 153 participants with and without periodontal disease. We identified the avirulent strain ATCC33277/381 as the most abundant strain across all sample types. The W83/W50 strain was significantly enriched in periodontitis, with 13% of participants harboring that strain. Overall, this approach can have significant implications not only for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease but also for other diseases where P. gingivalis or its toxins have been implicated, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Murugaiyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Simran Utreja
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hovey
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yijun Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J LaMonte
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- UB Microbiome Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Buck
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Śmiga M, Ślęzak P, Olczak T. Comparative analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains reveals differences in the expression of heme acquisition systems. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0286523. [PMID: 38289063 PMCID: PMC10913741 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02865-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis strains exhibit different phenotypes in vitro, different virulence potential in animal models, and different associations with human diseases, with strains classified as virulent/more virulent (e.g., A7436 and W83) or as less virulent/avirulent (e.g., ATCC 33277). In this study, we comparatively analyzed the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains to better understand their variability. Global gene expression analysis in response to heme and iron limitation revealed more pronounced differences in the A7436 than in the ATCC 33277 strain; however, in both strains, the largest changes were observed in genes encoding hypothetical proteins, genes whose products participate in energy metabolism, and in genes encoding proteins engaged in transport and binding proteins. Our results confirmed that variability between P. gingivalis strains is due to differences in the arrangement of their genomes. Analysis of gene expression of heme acquisition systems demonstrated that not only the availability of iron and heme in the external environment but also the ability to store iron intracellularly can influence the P. gingivalis phenotype. Therefore, we assume that differences in virulence potential may also be due to differences in the production of systems involved in iron and heme acquisition, mainly the Hmu system. In addition, our study showed that hemoglobin, in a concentration-dependent manner, differentially influences the virulence potential of P. gingivalis strains. We conclude that iron and heme homeostasis may add to the variability observed between P. gingivalis strains. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis belongs to a group of multifactorial diseases, characterized by inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. P. gingivalis is one of the most important microbial factors involved in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. To survive in the host, the bacterium must acquire heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX. P. gingivalis strains respond differently to changing iron and heme concentrations, which may be due to differences in the expression of systems involved in iron and heme acquisition. The ability to accumulate iron intracellularly, being different in more and less virulent P. gingivalis strains, may influence their phenotypes, production of virulence factors (including proteins engaged in heme acquisition), and virulence potential of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Cardona-Mendoza A, Roa Molina NS, Castillo DM, Lafaurie GI, Gualtero Escobar DF. Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cell Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 in a Collagen Three-Dimensional Culture Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:248. [PMID: 38399652 PMCID: PMC10892777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
P. gingivalis has been reported to be an endothelial cell inflammatory response inducer that can lead to endothelial dysfunction processes related to atherosclerosis; however, these studies have been carried out in vitro in cell culture models on two-dimensional (2D) plastic surfaces that do not simulate the natural environment where pathology develops. This work aimed to evaluate the pro-inflammatory response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to P. gingivalis in a 3D cell culture model compared with a 2D cell culture. HCAECs were cultured for 7 days on type I collagen matrices in both cultures and were stimulated at an MOI of 1 or 100 with live P. gingivalis W83 for 24 h. The expression of the genes COX-2, eNOS, and vWF and the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines thromboxane A2 (TXA-2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) were evaluated. P. gingivalis W83 in the 2D cell culture increased IL-8 levels at MOI 100 and decreased MCP-1 levels at both MOI 100 and MOI 1. In contrast, the 3D cell culture induced an increased gene expression of COX-2 at both MOIs and reduced MCP-1 levels at MOI 100, whereas the gene expression of eNOS, vWF, and IL-8 and the levels of TXA2 and PGI2 showed no significant changes. These data suggest that in the collagen 3D culture model, P. gingivalis W83 induces a weak endothelial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cardona-Mendoza
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular y Molecular Universidad El Bosque-INMUBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia;
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Nelly Stella Roa Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas (CIO), Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Diego Fernando Gualtero Escobar
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
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Blancas-Luciano BE, Zamora-Chimal J, da Silva-de Rosenzweig PG, Ramos-Mares M, Fernández-Presas AM. Macrophages immunomodulation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral antimicrobial peptides. Odontology 2023; 111:778-792. [PMID: 36897441 PMCID: PMC10492884 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the supporting teeth structure. Macrophages are recruited cells in the inflammatory infiltrate from patients with periodontitis. They are activated by the P. gingivalis virulence factors arsenal, promoting an inflammatory microenvironment characterized by cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), prostaglandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that foster the tissular destruction characteristic of periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppresses the generation of nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial molecule, through its degradation, and incorporating its byproducts as a source of energy. Oral antimicrobial peptides can contribute to controlling the disease due to their antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activity, which allows them to maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the immunopathological role of macrophages activated by P. gingivalis in periodontitis and suggested using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Esther Blancas-Luciano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis, 148 Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gomes da Silva-de Rosenzweig
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mariana Ramos-Mares
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Roldan L, Montoya C, Solanki V, Cai KQ, Yang M, Correa S, Orrego S. A Novel Injectable Piezoelectric Hydrogel for Periodontal Disease Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43441-43454. [PMID: 37672788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial, bacterially induced inflammatory condition characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The successful nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis requires multifunctional technologies offering antibacterial therapies and promotion of bone regeneration simultaneously. For the first time, in this study, an injectable piezoelectric hydrogel (PiezoGEL) was developed after combining gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with biocompatible piezoelectric fillers of barium titanate (BTO) that produce electrical charges when stimulated by biomechanical vibrations (e.g., mastication, movements). We harnessed the benefits of hydrogels (injectable, light curable, conforms to pocket spaces, biocompatible) with the bioactive effects of piezoelectric charges. A thorough biomaterial characterization confirmed piezoelectric fillers' successful integration with the hydrogel, photopolymerizability, injectability for clinical use, and electrical charge generation to enable bioactive effects (antibacterial and bone tissue regeneration). PiezoGEL showed significant reductions in pathogenic biofilm biomass (∼41%), metabolic activity (∼75%), and the number of viable cells (∼2-3 log) compared to hydrogels without BTO fillers in vitro. Molecular analysis related the antibacterial effects to be associated with reduced cell adhesion (downregulation of porP and fimA) and increased oxidative stress (upregulation of oxyR) genes. Moreover, PiezoGEL significantly enhanced bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) viability and osteogenic differentiation by upregulating RUNX2, COL1A1, and ALP. In vivo, PiezoGEL effectively reduced periodontal inflammation and increased bone tissue regeneration compared to control groups in a mice model. Findings from this study suggest PiezoGEL to be a promising and novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of periodontal disease nonsurgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Roldan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
- Bioengineering Research Group (GIB), Universidad EAFIT, Medellín 050037, Colombia
| | - Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Varun Solanki
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Maobin Yang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Santiago Correa
- Bioengineering Research Group (GIB), Universidad EAFIT, Medellín 050037, Colombia
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Gu BL, She Y, Pei GK, Du Y, Yang R, Ma LX, Zhao Q, Gao SG. Systematic analysis of prophages carried by Porphyromonas gingivalis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105489. [PMID: 37572952 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
To systematically investigate the prophages carrying in Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) strains, analyze potential antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes in these prophages. We collected 90 whole genome sequences of P. gingivalis from NCBI and utilized the Prophage Hunter online software to predict prophages; Comprehensive antibiotic research database (CARD) and virulence factors database (VFDB) were adopted to analyze the ARGs and virulence factors (VFs) carried by the prophages. Sixty-nine prophages were identified among 24/90 P. gingivalis strains, including 17 active prophages (18.9%) and 52 ambiguous prophages (57.8%). The proportion of prophages carried by each P. gingivalis genome ranged from 0.5% to 6.7%. A total of 188 antibiotic resistance genes belonging to 25 phenotypes and 46 different families with six mechanisms of antibiotic resistance were identified in the 17 active prophages. Three active prophages encoded 4 virulence genes belonging to type III and type VI secretion systems. The potential hosts of these virulence genes included Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In conclusion, 26.7% P. gingivalis strains carry prophages, while the proportion of prophage genes in the P. gingivalis genome is relatively low. In addition, approximately 39.7% of the P. gingivalis prophage genes have ARGs identified, mainly against streptogramin, peptides, and aminoglycosides. Only a few prophages carry virulence genes. Prophages may play an important role in the acquisition, dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogenicity evolution in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Y She
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - G K Pei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Y Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - R Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - L X Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Q Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - S G Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China.
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10
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Morales-Olavarría M, Nuñez-Belmar J, González D, Vicencio E, Rivas-Pardo JA, Cortez C, Cárdenas JP. Phylogenomic analysis of the Porphyromonas gingivalis - Porphyromonas gulae duo: approaches to the origin of periodontitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1226166. [PMID: 37538845 PMCID: PMC10394638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1226166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral human pathogen associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis, a chronic immune-inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the teeth-supporting tissue. P. gingivalis belongs to the genus Porphyromonas, which is characterized by being composed of Gram-negative, asaccharolytic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, obligatory anaerobic species, inhabiting niches such as the oral cavity, urogenital tract, gastrointestinal tract and infected wound from different mammals including humans. Among the Porphyromonas genus, P. gingivalis stands out for its specificity in colonizing the human oral cavity and its keystone pathogen role in periodontitis pathogenesis. To understand the evolutionary process behind P. gingivalis in the context of the Pophyoromonas genus, in this study, we performed a comparative genomics study with publicly available Porphyromonas genomes, focused on four main objectives: (A) to confirm the phylogenetic position of P. gingivalis in the Porphyromonas genus by phylogenomic analysis; (B) the definition and comparison of the pangenomes of P. gingivalis and its relative P. gulae; and (C) the evaluation of the gene family gain/loss events during the divergence of P. gingivalis and P. gulae; (D) the evaluation of the evolutionary pressure (represented by the calculation of Tajima-D values and dN/dS ratios) comparing gene families of P. gingivalis and P. gulae. Our analysis found 84 high-quality assemblies representing P. gingivalis and 14 P. gulae strains (from a total of 233 Porphyromonas genomes). Phylogenomic analysis confirmed that P. gingivalis and P. gulae are highly related lineages, close to P. loveana. Both organisms harbored open pangenomes, with a strong core-to-accessory ratio for housekeeping genes and a negative ratio for unknown function genes. Our analyses also characterized the gene set differentiating P. gulae from P. gingivalis, mainly associated with unknown functions. Relevant virulence factors, such as the FimA, Mfa1, and the hemagglutinins, are conserved in P. gulae, P. gingivalis, and P. loveana, suggesting that the origin of those factors occurred previous to the P. gulae - P. gingivalis divergence. These results suggest an unexpected evolutionary relationship between the P. gulae - P. gingivalis duo and P. loveana, showing more clues about the origin of the role of those organisms in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Morales-Olavarría
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefa Nuñez-Belmar
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dámariz González
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emiliano Vicencio
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jaime Andres Rivas-Pardo
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan P. Cárdenas
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Visentin D, Gobin I, Maglica Ž. Periodontal Pathogens and Their Links to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37513004 PMCID: PMC10385044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that play a role in the development and progression of periodontitis have gained significant attention due to their implications in the onset of various systemic diseases. Periodontitis is characterized as an inflammatory disease of the gingival tissue that is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia are regarded as the main periodontal pathogens. These pathogens elicit the release of cytokines, which in combination with their virulence factors induce chronic systemic inflammation and subsequently impact neural function while also altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the existing information regarding periodontal pathogens, their virulence factors, and their potential association with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies that investigated the association between periodontal disease and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Out of the 24 studies examined, 20 showed some degree of positive correlation between periodontal disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with studies focusing on cognitive function demonstrating the most robust effects. Therefore, periodontal pathogens might represent an exciting new approach to develop novel preventive treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Visentin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željka Maglica
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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12
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Contribution of -Omics Technologies in the Study of Porphyromonas gingivalis during Periodontitis Pathogenesis: A Minireview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010620. [PMID: 36614064 PMCID: PMC9820714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a non-communicable chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible breakdown of the soft periodontal tissues and resorption of teeth-supporting alveolar bone. The etiology of periodontitis involves dysbiotic shifts in the diversity of microbial communities inhabiting the subgingival crevice, which is dominated by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Indeed, P. gingivalis is a keystone pathogen with a repertoire of attributes that allow it to colonize periodontal tissues and influence the metabolism, growth rate, and virulence of other periodontal bacteria. The pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis has been traditionally analyzed using classical biochemical and molecular approaches. However, the arrival of new techniques, such as whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, allowed the generation of high-throughput data, offering a suitable option for bacterial analysis, allowing a deeper understanding of the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and its interaction with the host. In the present review, we revise the use of the different -omics technologies and techniques used to analyze bacteria and discuss their potential in studying the pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis.
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13
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Ghods S, Moradali MF, Duryea D, Walker AR, Davey ME. Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human serum albumin triggers programmed cell death. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 15:2161182. [PMID: 36570975 PMCID: PMC9788703 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) constitutes the primary growth substrate for Porphyromonas gingivalis in vivo. The goal of this work was to evaluate the growth of different strains of P. gingivalis on human serum albumin (HSA), a major constituent of GCF. Methods Growth of five different strains of P. gingivalis in the HSA medium was examined and, surprisingly, three of the strains underwent autolysis within 24 h. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was used to identify genes involved in autolysis. Results Two highly related reference strains (W50 and W83) differed dramatically in their survival when grown on HSA. Strain W83 grew fast and lysed within 24 h, while W50 survived for an additional 20 h. Differential gene expression analysis led us to a gene cluster containing enzymes involved in arginine metabolism and a gene predicted to be lytic murein transglycosylase, which are known to play a role in autolysis. Deletion of this gene (PG0139) resulted in a mutant that did not lyse, and complementation restored the HSA lysis phenotype, indicating that this enzyme plays a central role in the autolysis of P. gingivalis. Conclusions P. gingivalis undergoes autolysis when provided with HSA as a substrate for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mary E. Davey
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,CONTACT Mary E. Davey The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA02142, USA
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14
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Veloso P, Fernández A, Astorga J, González-Quintanilla D, Castro A, Escobar A, Hoare A, Hernández M. Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis, but Not from Porphyromonas endodontalis, Induces Macrophage M1 Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710011. [PMID: 36077408 PMCID: PMC9456100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical Lesions of Endodontic Origin (ALEO) are initiated by polymicrobial endodontic canal infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Porphyromonas endodontalis (Pe) lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can induce a pro-inflammatory macrophage response through their recognition by TLR2 and TLR4. However, polarization responses induced by Pg and/or Pe LPS in macrophages are not fully understood. We aimed to characterize the polarization profiles of macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells following Pg and/or Pe LPS stimulation from reference strain and clinical isolates. A modified LPS purification protocol was implemented and the electrophoretic LPS profiles were characterized. THP-1 human monocytes differentiated to macrophages were stimulated with Pg and Pe LPS. Polarization profiles were characterized through cell surface markers and secreted cytokines levels after 24 h of stimulation. TLR2 and TLR4 cell surfaces and transcriptional levels were determined after 24 or 2 h of LPS stimulation, respectively. LPS from Pg induced a predominant M1 profile in macrophages evidenced by changes in the expression of the surface marker CD64 and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. Pe LPS was unable to induce a significant response. TLR2 and TLR4 expressions were neither modified by Pg or Pe LPS. Pg LPS, but not Pe LPS, induced a macrophage M1 Profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Veloso
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Alejandra Fernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile
| | - Jessica Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - David González-Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- School of Health Sciences, Dentistry, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2580022, Chile
| | - Alfredo Castro
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kowalski J, Górska R, Cieślik M, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. What Are the Potential Benefits of Using Bacteriophages in Periodontal Therapy? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040446. [PMID: 35453197 PMCID: PMC9027636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, which may result in tooth loss, constitutes both a serious medical and social problem. This pathology, if not treated, can contribute to the development of, among others, pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular diseases or Alzheimer’s disease. The available treatment methods are expensive but not always fully effective. For this reason, the search for and isolation of bacteriophages specific to bacterial strains causing periodontitis seems to be a great opportunity to target persistent colonization by bacterial pathogens and lower the use of antibiotics consequently limiting further development of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a growing challenge in periodontal therapy as resistant pathogens may be isolated from more than 70% of patients with periodontitis. The aim of this review is to present the perspective of phage application in the prevention and/or treatment of periodontitis alongside its complicated multifactorial aetiology and emphasize the challenges connecting composition and application of effective phage preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kowalski
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Martyna Cieślik
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Infant Jesus Hospital, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Uppin R, Varghese S. Estimation of serum, salivary, and gingival crevicular uric acid of individuals with and without periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2022; 12:393-403. [PMID: 36312583 PMCID: PMC9615931 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_84_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Uric acid (UA) levels in serum, salivary, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be associated with periodontal diseases. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the UA concentration in serum, saliva, and GCF of periodontal disease and non-periodontal disease subjects by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the reported studies. Materials and Methods: A review of the available literature was searched in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, and EBSCO for the relevant publications. All the related case–control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies reporting the UA levels in the blood, salivary, and GCF between periodontal disease patients and healthy controls were analyzed. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the studies. Hence, a continuous random-effects model was used. The findings are described in forest plots with the point estimations and 95% confidence interval (CI). A value of P less than 5% was considered as a significant heterogeneity test. Results: Of the initial 166 study titles screened, 14 reported papers were eligible for quantitative review. The subgroup analysis of serum UA revealed a mean difference of 0.299 (95% CI: 0.029–0.569, I2=85.64%, P<0.001), indicating an increase in the UA levels in periodontal disease. However, the subgroup analysis by salivary UA demonstrated a mean difference of −0.783 (95% CI: −1.577–0.011, I2= 94.62%, P<0.001), suggesting a lower side of the UA level in periodontal diseases. The subgroup analysis based on case–control studies showed a mean difference of 0.004 (95% CI: −0.286–0.294, I2=84.99%, P<0.001), indicating no changes in UA levels in periodontal disease. On the contrary, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies showed a mean difference : 95% CI: −1.016, −3.272–1.241, I2=97.84%, P<0.001 and 95%: −1.230, −4.410–1.949, I2=97.7%, P<0.001, indicating reduction in UA levels in periodontal disease cases. Conclusion: The current review suggests an increase in the serum UA levels in periodontal disease than in healthy controls. Contrarily, the salivary UA levels decreased in periodontal disease patients. It is unknown why UA levels are opposite in the blood and saliva of periodontal disease patients requiring further explanation.
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17
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PPAD Activity Promotes Outer Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis and Surface Translocation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00343-20. [PMID: 33257525 PMCID: PMC7847538 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00343-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria produce nanosized OMVs that are actively released into their surroundings. The oral anaerobe P. gingivalis is prolific in OMV production, and many of the proteins packaged in these vesicles are proteolytic or protein-modifying enzymes. Many bacteria switch between a sessile and a motile mode in response to environmental and host-related signals. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral anaerobe implicated in the etiology of chronic periodontal disease, has long been described as a nonmotile bacterium. And yet, recent studies have shown that under certain conditions, P. gingivalis is capable of surface translocation. Considering these findings, this work aimed to increase our understanding of how P. gingivalis transitions between sessile growth and surface migration. Here, we show that the peptidylarginine deiminase secreted by P. gingivalis (PPAD), an enzyme previously shown to be upregulated during surface translocation and to constrain biofilm formation, promotes surface translocation. In the absence of PPAD, the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) was drastically reduced. In turn, there was a reduction in gingipain-mediated proteolysis and a reduced zone of hydration around the site of inoculation. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and metabolomics analyses also showed that these changes corresponded to a shift in arginine metabolism. Overall, this report provides new evidence for the functional relevance of PPAD and proteases, as well as the importance of PPAD activity in OMV biogenesis and release. Our findings support the model that citrullination is a critical mechanism during lifestyle transition between surface-attached growth and surface translocation by modulating OMV-mediated proteolysis and arginine metabolism. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria produce nanosized OMVs that are actively released into their surroundings. The oral anaerobe P. gingivalis is prolific in OMV production, and many of the proteins packaged in these vesicles are proteolytic or protein-modifying enzymes. This includes key virulence determinants, such as the gingipains and PPAD (a unique peptidylarginine deiminase). Here, we show that PPAD activity (citrullination) is involved in OMV biogenesis. The study revealed an unusual mechanism that allows this bacterium to transform its surroundings. Since OMVs are detected in circulation and in systemic tissues, our study results also support the notion that PPAD activity may be a key factor in the correlation between periodontitis and systemic diseases, further supporting the idea of PPAD as an important therapeutic target.
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18
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Yu S, Fan X, Zheng S, Lin L, Liu J, Pan Y, Li C. The sialidase inhibitor, DANA, reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity and exerts anti-inflammatory effects: An in vitro and in vivo experiment. J Periodontol 2020; 92:286-297. [PMID: 32609876 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialidase has an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis is a sialidase-producing organism implicated in periodontitis development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-virulence and anti-inflammatory properties of the sialidase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The effects of DANA on P. gingivalis sialidase and cell viability were determined, and the effects of DANA on P. gingivalis virulence were evaluated by assessment of growth curves, cell morphology, biofilm formation, fimbriae gene expression, and gingipains and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity. Anti-inflammatory effects of DANA on LPS-induced macrophages were assessed by measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) secretions. The effect of DANA on P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats was analyzed by radiography, stereoscopic microscopy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sialidase inhibition rate of 1mM DANA was 72.01%. Compared with untreated controls, treatment with DANA inhibited P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation, and significantly decreased expression of the fimA, fimR, and fimS genes, as well as gingipains activity. DANA did not influence macrophage viability, but significantly inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the periodontitis rat model, DANA prevented alveolar bone absorption and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production. CONCLUSION DANA can reduce the growth, the biofilm formation and the virulence of P. gingivalis and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, as well as effects against rat periodontitis, suggesting that DANA should be considered for development as a new adjunctive treatment for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Yu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaowen Zheng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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