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Zhou L, Simonian AL. CRISPR/Cas Technology: The Unique Synthetic Biology Genome-Editing Tool Shifting the Paradigm in Viral Diagnostics, Defense, and Therapeutics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:247-272. [PMID: 38346278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081723-013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has starkly exposed our significantly limited ability to promptly identify and respond to emergent biological threats. Consequently, there is an urgent need to advance biotechnological methods for addressing both known and unforeseen biological hazards. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized genetic engineering, enabling precise and efficient synthetic biology applications. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles underlying the CRISPR/Cas system and assess the advantages and limitations of various CRISPR/Cas-based techniques applicable to the detection of, defense against, and treatment of viral infections. These techniques include viral diagnostics, the development of antiviral vaccines, B cell engineering for antibody production, viral activation/interference, and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, this review delves into the challenges and bioethical considerations associated with use of the CRISPR/Cas system. With the continuous evolution of technology, the CRISPR/Cas system holds considerable promise for addressing both existing and unforeseen biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhou
- Department of Materials Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
| | - Aleksandr L Simonian
- Department of Materials Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
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2
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Raheem MA, Rahim MA, Gul I, Reyad-Ul-Ferdous M, Zhang CY, Yu D, Pandey V, Du K, Wang R, Han S, Han Y, Qin P. COVID-19: Post infection implications in different age groups, mechanism, diagnosis, effective prevention, treatment, and recommendations. Life Sci 2024:122861. [PMID: 38925222 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious pathogen that predominantly caused the COVID-19 pandemic. The persistent effects of COVID-19 are defined as an inflammatory or host response to the virus that begins four weeks after initial infection and persists for an undetermined length of time. Chronic effects are more harmful than acute ones thus, this review explored the long-term effects of the virus on various human organs, including the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and neurological, reproductive, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and lymphoid systems and found that SARS-CoV-2 adversely affects these organs of older adults. Regarding diagnosis, the RT-PCR is a gold standard method of diagnosing COVID-19; however, it requires specialized equipment and personnel for performing assays and a long time for results production. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, artificial intelligence employed in imaging and microfluidics technologies is the most promising in diagnosing COVID-19. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are the most effective treatment for reducing the persistent impacts of COVID-19 by providing immunity to post-COVID-19 patients by reducing cytokine release syndrome, improving the T cell response, and increasing the circulation of activated natural killer and CD8 T cells in blood and tissues, which ultimately reduces fever, nausea, fatigue, and muscle weakness and pain. Vaccines such as inactivated viral, live attenuated viral, protein subunit, viral vectored, mRNA, DNA, or nanoparticle vaccines significantly reduce the adverse long-term virus effects in post-COVID-19 patients; however, no vaccine was reported to provide lifetime protection against COVID-19; consequently, protective measures such as physical separation, mask use, and hand cleansing are promising strategies. This review provides a comprehensive knowledge of the persistent effects of COVID-19 on people of varying ages, as well as diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and future preventative measures against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akmal Raheem
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ajwad Rahim
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ahnui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ijaz Gul
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Md Reyad-Ul-Ferdous
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Can Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Runming Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Yuxing Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, PR China.
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Mojtaba Mousavi S, Alireza Hashemi S, Yari Kalashgrani M, Rahmanian V, Riazi M, Omidifar N, Hamed Althomali R, Rahman MM, Chiang WH, Gholami A. Recent Progress in Prompt Molecular Detection of Exosomes Using CRISPR/Cas and Microfluidic-Assisted Approaches Toward Smart Cancer Diagnosis and Analysis. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300359. [PMID: 37916531 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are essential indicators of molecular mechanisms involved in interacting with cancer cells and the tumor environment. As nanostructures based on lipids and nucleic acids, exosomes provide a communication pathway for information transfer by transporting biomolecules from the target cell to other cells. Importantly, these extracellular vesicles are released into the bloodstream by the most invasive cells, i. e., cancer cells; in this way, they could be considered a promising specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis. In this matter, CRISPR-Cas systems and microfluidic approaches could be considered practical tools for cancer diagnosis and understanding cancer biology. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a genome editing approach, provide a way to inactivate or even remove a target gene from the cell without affecting intracellular mechanisms. These practical systems provide vital information about the factors involved in cancer development that could lead to more effective cancer treatment. Meanwhile, microfluidic approaches can also significantly benefit cancer research due to their proper sensitivity, high throughput, low material consumption, low cost, and advanced spatial and temporal control. Thereby, employing CRISPR-Cas- and microfluidics-based approaches toward exosome monitoring could be considered a valuable source of information for cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review assesses the recent progress in these promising diagnosis approaches toward accurate cancer therapy and in-depth study of cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
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Singh K, Bhushan B, Kumar S, Singh S, Macadangdang RR, Pandey E, Varma AK, Kumar S. Precision Genome Editing Techniques in Gene Therapy: Current State and Future Prospects. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:377-394. [PMID: 38258771 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232279528240115075352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Precision genome editing is a rapidly evolving field in gene therapy, allowing for the precise modification of genetic material. The CRISPR and Cas systems, particularly the CRISPRCas9 system, have revolutionized genetic research and therapeutic development by enabling precise changes like single-nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. This technology has the potential to correct disease-causing mutations at their source, allowing for the treatment of various genetic diseases. Programmable nucleases like CRISPR-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) can be used to restore normal gene function, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions. However, challenges, such as off-target effects, unintended modifications, and ethical concerns surrounding germline editing, require careful consideration and mitigation strategies. Researchers are exploring innovative solutions, such as enhanced nucleases, refined delivery methods, and improved bioinformatics tools for predicting and minimizing off-target effects. The prospects of precision genome editing in gene therapy are promising, with continued research and innovation expected to refine existing techniques and uncover new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, P.K. University, Thanra, Karera, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Faizabaad road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ekta Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Varma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Aravind Kumar N, Aradhana S, Harleen, Vishnuraj MR. SARS-CoV-2 in digital era: Diagnostic techniques and importance of nucleic acid quantification with digital PCRs. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2471. [PMID: 37529971 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies related to clinical diagnosis and research of SARS-CoV-2 are important in the current pandemic era. Although molecular biology has emphasised the importance of qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis with nucleic acids in relation to SARS-CoV-2 needs to be clearly emphasised, which can provide perspective for viral dynamic studies of SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, the requirement and utilization of digital PCR in COVID-19 research has substantially increased during the pandemic, necessitating the aggregation of its cardinal applications and future scopes. Hence, this meta-review comprehensively addresses and emphasises the importance of nucleic acid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with digital PCR (dPCR). Various quantitative techniques of clinical significance like immunological, proteomic and nucleic acid-based diagnosis and quantification, have been comparatively discussed. Furthermore, the core part of the article focusses on the working principle and advantages of digital PCR, along with its applications in COVID-19 research. Several important applications like viral load quantitation, environmental surveillance and assay validation have been extensively investigated and discussed. Certain key future scopes of clinical importance, like mortality prediction, viral/variant-symbiosis, and antiviral studies were also identified, suggesting several possible digital PCR applications in COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aravind Kumar
- Meat Species Identification Laboratory, ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Aradhana
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences & Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harleen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - M R Vishnuraj
- Meat Species Identification Laboratory, ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Sagoe KO, Kyama MC, Maina N, Kamita M, Njokah M, Thiong'o K, Kanoi BN, Wandera EA, Ndegwa D, Kinyua DM, Gitaka J. Application of Hybridization Chain Reaction/CRISPR-Cas12a for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091644. [PMID: 37175035 PMCID: PMC10178590 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on life. The need for ongoing SARS-CoV-2 screening employing inexpensive and quick diagnostic approaches is undeniable, given the ongoing pandemic and variations in vaccine administration in resource-constrained regions. This study presents results as proof of concept to use hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a complex for detecting SARS-CoV-2. HCR hairpin probes were designed using the NUPACK web-based program and further used to amplify the SARS-CoV-2 N gene in archived nasopharyngeal samples. The results were visualized using agarose gels and CRISPR Cas12a-based lateral flow strips. The assay was evaluated using the gold standard, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results show the comparative efficiency of HCR to RT-PCR. This study shows that HCR and CRISPR are viable alternatives for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 in samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Obaayaa Sagoe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Mutinda Cleophas Kyama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Moses Kamita
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika P.O. Box 342-01000, Kenya
| | - Muturi Njokah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Kelvin Thiong'o
- Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika P.O. Box 342-01000, Kenya
| | - Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika P.O. Box 342-01000, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Davies Ndegwa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi P.O. Box 30195-00100, Kenya
| | - Dickson Mwenda Kinyua
- Department of Physical Sciences, Meru University of Science & Technology, Meru P.O. Box 972-60200, Kenya
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya P.O. Box 143-10300, Kenya
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika P.O. Box 342-01000, Kenya
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Dey A, Prakash J, Das R, Shelar S, Saini A, Cherian S, Patel SC, Hassan PA, Khandekar A, Dasgupta K, Misra HS, Uppal S. Development of a rapid and ultra-sensitive RNA:DNA hybrid immunocapture based biosensor for visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad031. [PMID: 36909823 PMCID: PMC9998032 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Development of reliable and field-compatible detection methods is essential to monitoring and controlling the spread of any global pandemic. We herein report a novel anti-RNA:DNA hybrid (anti-RDH) antibody-based biosensor for visual, colorimetric lateral flow assay, using gold nanoparticles, coupled with transcription-mediated-isothermal-RNA-amplification (TMIRA) for specific and sensitive detection of viral RNA. We have demonstrated its utility for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. This technique, which we have named RDH-LFA (anti-RNA:DNA hybrid antibody-based lateral flow assay), exploits anti-RDH antibody for immunocapture of viral RNA hybridized with specific DNA probes in lateral flow assay. This method uses biotinylated-oligonucleotides (DNAB) specific to SARS-CoV-2 RNA (vRNA) to generate a vRNA-DNAB hybrid. The biotin-tagged vRNA-DNAB hybrid molecules bind to streptavidin conjugated with gold nanoparticles. This hybrid complex is trapped by the anti-RDH antibody immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane resulting in pink color signal leading to visual naked-eye detection in 1 minute. Combining RDH-LFA with isothermal RNA amplification (TMIRA) significantly improves the sensitivity (LOD:10 copies/µl) with a total turnaround time of an hour. More importantly, RDH-LFA coupled with the TMIRA method showed 96.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity for clinical samples when compared to a commercial gold standard reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay. Thus, the present study reports a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple method for visual detection of viral RNA, which can be used at the point-of-care without requiring sophisticated instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Dey
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash
- Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Rituparna Das
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sandeep Shelar
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ajay Saini
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Susan Cherian
- Medical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sofia C Patel
- Medical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Puthusserickal A Hassan
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Ashwini Khandekar
- Medical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kinshuk Dasgupta
- Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Hari Sharan Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sheetal Uppal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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Shao F, Park JS, Zhao G, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Elucidating the Role of CRISPR/Cas in Single-Step Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing Assays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3873-3882. [PMID: 36745596 PMCID: PMC10884613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing assays that combine CRISPR/Cas and isothermal nucleic acid amplification has become a burgeoning research area due to the novelty and simplicity of CRISPR/Cas and the potential for point-of-care uses. Most current research explores various two-step assays by appending different CRISPR/Cas effectors to the end of different isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods. However, efforts in integrating both components into more ideal single-step assays are scarce, and poor-performing single-step assays have been reported. Moreover, lack of investigations into CRISPR/Cas in single-step assays results in incomplete understanding. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic investigation by developing and comparing assays that share the identical recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) but differ in CRISPR/Cas12a. We found that the addition of CRISPR/Cas12a indeed unlocks signal amplification but, at the same time, impedes RPA and that CRISPR/Cas12a concentration is a key parameter for attenuating RPA impediment and ensuring assay performance. Accordingly, we found that our protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-free CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted RPA assay, which only moderately impeded RPA at its optimal CRISPR/Cas12a concentration, outperformed its counterparts in assay design, signal, sensitivity, and speed. We also discovered that a new commercial Cas12a effector could also drive our PAM-free CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted RPA assay and reduce its cost, though simultaneously lowering its signal. Our study and the new insights can be broadly applied to steer and facilitate further advances in CRISPR/Cas-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joon Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Guojie Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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COVID-19 diagnostic approaches with an extensive focus on computed tomography in accurate diagnosis, prognosis, staging, and follow-up. Pol J Radiol 2023; 88:e53-e64. [PMID: 36819223 PMCID: PMC9907165 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2023.124597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a long time has passed since its outbreak, there is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19, and it seems that the most appropriate strategy to combat this pandemic is to identify and isolate infected individuals. Various clinical diagnosis methods such as molecular techniques, serologic assays, and imaging techniques have been developed to identify suspected patients. Although reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has emerged as a reference standard method for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the high rate of false-negative results and limited supplies to meet current demand are the main shortcoming of this technique. Based on a comprehensive literature review, imaging techniques, particularly computed tomography (CT), show an acceptable level of sensitivity in the diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19. Indeed, because lung infection or pneumonia is a common complication of COVID-19, the chest CT scan can be an alternative testing method in the early diagnosis and treatment assessment of the disease. In this review, we summarize all the currently available frontline diagnostic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and highlight the value of chest CT scan in the diagnosis, prognosis, staging, management, and follow-up of infected patients.
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Promja S, Puenpa J, Achakulvisut T, Poovorawan Y, Lee SY, Athamanolap P, Lertanantawong B. Machine Learning-Assisted Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and High-Resolution Melt Analysis for SARS-CoV-2 Variant Identification. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2102-2109. [PMID: 36633573 PMCID: PMC9843624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic in early 2020, multiple variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have been detected. The emergence of multiple variants has raised concerns due to their impact on public health. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between different viral variants. Here, we developed a machine learning web-based application for SARS-CoV-2 variant identification via duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with high-resolution melt (qPCR-HRM) analysis. As a proof-of-concept, we investigated the platform's ability to identify the Alpha, Delta, and wild-type strains using two sets of primers. The duplex qPCR-HRM could identify the two variants reliably in as low as 100 copies/μL. Finally, the platform was validated with 167 nasopharyngeal swab samples, which gave a sensitivity of 95.2%. This work demonstrates the potential for use as automated, cost-effective, and large-scale viral variant surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutossarat Promja
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center
of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Titipat Achakulvisut
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center
of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Su Yin Lee
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
| | - Pornpat Athamanolap
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Integrative
Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Benchaporn Lertanantawong
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Coronavirus: a comparative analysis of detection technologies in the wake of emerging variants. Infection 2023; 51:1-19. [PMID: 35471631 PMCID: PMC9038995 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of the coronavirus disease caused by a novel pathogen created havoc and continues to affect the entire world. As the pandemic progressed, the scientific community was faced by the limitations of existing diagnostic methods. In this review, we have compared the existing diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen and antibody detection, computed tomography scan, etc. and techniques in the research phase like microarray, artificial intelligence, and detection using novel materials; on the prospect of sample preparation, detection procedure (qualitative/quantitative), detection time, screening efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to detect different variants. A detailed comparison of different techniques showed that RT-PCR is still the most widely used and accepted coronavirus detection method despite certain limitations (single gene targeting- in context to mutations). New methods with similar efficiency that could overcome the limitations of RT-PCR may increase the speed, simplicity, and affordability of diagnosis. In addition to existing devices, we have also discussed diagnostic devices in the research phase showing high potential for clinical use. Our approach would be of enormous benefit in selecting a diagnostic device under a given scenario, which would ultimately help in controlling the current pandemic caused by the coronavirus, which is still far from over with new variants emerging.
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13
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Ahmad A, Aslam S, Munir A, Ahmed FK, Abd-Elsalam KA. CRISPR/Cas Systems: A New Biomedical and Agricultural Diagnostic Devices for Viral Diseases. NANOROBOTICS AND NANODIAGNOSTICS IN INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 2023:383-410. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-16084-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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14
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COVID-19 diagnostics: Molecular biology to nanomaterials. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 538:139-156. [PMID: 36403665 PMCID: PMC9673061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has claimed around 6.4 million lives worldwide. The disease symptoms range from mild flu-like infection to life-threatening complications. The widespread infection demands rapid, simple, and accurate diagnosis. Currently used methods include molecular biology-based approaches that consist of conventional amplification by RT-PCR, isothermal amplification-based techniques such as RT-LAMP, and gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas. Other methods include immunological detection including ELISA, lateral flow immunoassay, chemiluminescence, etc. Radiological-based approaches are also being used. Despite good analytical performance of these current methods, there is an unmet need for less costly and simpler tests that may be performed at point of care. Accordingly, nanomaterial-based testing has been extensively pursued. In this review, we discuss the currently used diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2, their usefulness, and limitations. In addition, nanoparticle-based approaches have been highlighted as another potential means of detection. The review provides a deep insight into the current diagnostic methods and future trends to combat this deadly menace.
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Kua JM, Azizi MMF, Abdul Talib MA, Lau HY. Adoption of analytical technologies for verification of authenticity of halal foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1906-1932. [PMID: 36252206 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Halal authentication has become essential in the food industry to ensure food is free from any prohibited ingredients according to Islamic law. Diversification of food origin and adulteration issues have raised concerns among Muslim consumers. Therefore, verification of food constituents and their quality is paramount. From conventional methods based on physical and chemical properties, various diagnostic methods have emerged relying on protein or DNA measurements. Protein-based methods that have been used in halal detection including electrophoresis, chromatographic-based methods, molecular spectroscopy and immunoassays. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are DNA-based techniques that possess better accuracy and sensitivity. Biosensors are miniatured devices that operate by converting biochemical signals into a measurable quantity. CRISPR-Cas is one of the latest novel emerging nucleic acid detection tools in halal food analysis as well as quantification of stable isotopes method for identification of animal species. Within this context, this review provides an overview of the various techniques in halal detection along with their advantages and limitations. The future trend and growth of detection technologies are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Mie Kua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Afendy Abdul Talib
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Han Yih Lau
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Prajapati A, Tandon A, Nain V. Towards the diagnosis of dengue virus and its serotypes using designed CRISPR/Cas13 gRNAs. Bioinformation 2022; 18:661-668. [PMID: 37323556 PMCID: PMC10266368 DOI: 10.6026/97320630018661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue Virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is prevalent in the world's tropical and subtropical regions. Therefore, early detection and surveillance can help in the management of this disease. Current diagnostic methods rely primarily on ELISA, PCR, and RT-PCR, among others, which can only be performed in specialized laboratories and require sophisticated instruments and technical expertise. CRISPR-based technologies on the other hand have field-deployable viral diagnostics capabilities that could be used in the development of point-of-care molecular diagnostics. The first step in the field of CRISPR-based virus diagnosis is to design and screen gRNAs for high efficiency and specificity. In the present study, we employed a bioinformatics approach to design and screen DENV CRISPR/Cas13 gRNAs for conserved and serotype-specific variable genomic regions in the DENV genome. We identified one gRNA sequence specific for each of the lncRNA and NS5 regions and identified one gRNA against each of DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4 to distinguish the four DENV serotypes. These CRISPR/Cas13 gRNA sequences will be useful in diagnosing the dengue virus and its serotypes for in vitro validation and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Prajapati
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida-201312, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashmita Tandon
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida-201312, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikrant Nain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida-201312, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Samanta D, Ebrahimi SB, Ramani N, Mirkin CA. Enhancing CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Detection of Nucleic Acid and Non-nucleic Acid Targets Using Enzyme-Labeled Reporters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16310-16315. [PMID: 36040193 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new method to generate an amplified signal in CRISPR-Cas-based detection. Target recognition activates a CRISPR-Cas complex, leading to catalytic cleavage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled oligonucleotides from the surface of microbeads. We show that the HRP released into solution can be monitored through colorimetric, fluorometric, or luminescent approaches, yielding up to ∼75-fold turn-on signal and limits of detection (LODs) as low as ∼10 fM. Compared to Cas-based detection with a conventional fluorophore/quencher reporter, this strategy improves the LOD by ∼30-fold. As a proof-of-concept, we show the rapid (<1 h), PCR-free, and room temperature (25 °C) detection of a nucleic acid marker for the SARS-CoV-2 virus with the naked eye at clinically relevant concentrations. We further show that the probe set can be programmed to be recognized and activated in the presence of non-nucleic acid targets. Specifically, we show adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding to an aptamer can activate CRISPR-Cas and trigger a colorimetric readout, enabling the analysis of ATP in human serum samples with sensitivity on par with that of several commercially available kits. Taken together, the strategy reported herein offers a simple and sensitive platform to detect analytes where target amplification is either inconvenient (e.g., PCR under point-of-care settings) or impossible.
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18
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CRISPR/Cas9 system: a reliable and facile genome editing tool in modern biology. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12133-12150. [PMID: 36030476 PMCID: PMC9420241 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genome engineering has always been a versatile technique in biological research and medicine, with several applications. In the last several years, the discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology has swept the scientific community and revolutionised the speed of modern biology, heralding a new era of disease detection and rapid biotechnology discoveries. It enables successful gene editing by producing targeted double-strand breaks in virtually any organism or cell type. So, this review presents a comprehensive knowledge about the mechanism and structure of Cas9-mediated RNA-guided DNA targeting and cleavage. In addition, genome editing via CRISPR-Cas9 technology in various animals which are being used as models in scientific research including Non-Human Primates Pigs, Dogs, Zebra, fish and Drosophila has been discussed in this review. This review also aims to understand the applications, serious concerns and future perspective of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.
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Li X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Song Y, Shi X, Zhao C, Wang J. Diagnostic accuracy of CRISPR technology for detecting SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:655-663. [PMID: 35902079 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2107425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CRISPR-Cas technology for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS In our study, RT-qPCR is defined as the reference standard. Data was collected independently and assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 tool. A bivariate model for pooling was employed to estimates of sensitivity and specificity and subgroups analysis was used to explore heterogeneity. RESULTS 2264 samples and 6 countries from 28 articles were extracted for evaluating the accuracy of CRISPR technology for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of CRISPR technology were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95-0.99) and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.98-1.00), respectively. As for literature quality assessment, high risks in patient selection bias and unclear risk of index test bias may affect accuracy. Subgroup analysis draws significant conclusions. CRISPR-Cas12 is more applicable for molecular diagnostics for its active editing characteristics. RT-LAMP and RT-RPA are usually used for pre-amplification and combined with fluorescence detection to output results quantitatively. Nasopharyngeal swabs and dual-genes perform greatly in our study. CONCLUSION The results concluded from all studies showed that CRISPR technology is a promising and accurate molecular method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Standard methods including comparable sample material, patient selection, operating procedure and operators should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Song
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xuening Shi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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20
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Saravanan KA, Panigrahi M, Kumar H, Rajawat D, Nayak SS, Bhushan B, Dutt T. Role of genomics in combating COVID-19 pandemic. Gene 2022; 823:146387. [PMID: 35248659 PMCID: PMC8894692 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly swept over the world, becoming one of the most devastating outbreaks in human history. Being the first pandemic in the post-genomic era, advancements in genomics contributed significantly to scientific understanding and public health response to COVID-19. Genomic technologies have been employed by researchers all over the world to better understand the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and its origin, genomic diversity, and evolution. Worldwide genomic resources have greatly aided in the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has ushered in a new era of genomic surveillance, wherein scientists are tracking the changes of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in real-time at the international and national levels. Availability of genomic and proteomic information enables the rapid development of molecular diagnostics and therapeutics. The advent of high-throughput sequencing and genome editing technologies led to the development of modern vaccines. We briefly discuss the impact of genomics in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Saravanan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Harshit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Sonali Sonejita Nayak
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
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21
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Rando HM, Brueffer C, Lordan R, Dattoli AA, Manheim D, Meyer JG, Mundo AI, Perrin D, Mai D, Wellhausen N, Gitter A, Greene CS. Molecular and Serologic Diagnostic Technologies for SARS-CoV-2. ARXIV 2022:arXiv:2204.12598v2. [PMID: 35547240 PMCID: PMC9094103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges that have spurred biotechnological research to address specific problems. Diagnostics is one area where biotechnology has been critical. Diagnostic tests play a vital role in managing a viral threat by facilitating the detection of infected and/or recovered individuals. From the perspective of what information is provided, these tests fall into two major categories, molecular and serological. Molecular diagnostic techniques assay whether a virus is present in a biological sample, thus making it possible to identify individuals who are currently infected. Additionally, when the immune system is exposed to a virus, it responds by producing antibodies specific to the virus. Serological tests make it possible to identify individuals who have mounted an immune response to a virus of interest and therefore facilitate the identification of individuals who have previously encountered the virus. These two categories of tests provide different perspectives valuable to understanding the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Within these categories, different biotechnological approaches offer specific advantages and disadvantages. Here we review the categories of tests developed for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the role of diagnostics in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
| | | | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Ada Dattoli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Manheim
- 1DaySooner, Delaware, United States of America; Risk and Health Communication Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel · Funded by Center for Effective Altruism, Long Term Future Fund
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM142502)
| | - Ariel I Mundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by John W. and Jeanne M. Rowe Center for Research in Virology
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
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22
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Gupta R, Ghosh A, Chakravarti R, Singh R, Ravichandiran V, Swarnakar S, Ghosh D. Cas13d: A New Molecular Scissor for Transcriptome Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:866800. [PMID: 35433685 PMCID: PMC9008242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.866800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated Cas endonucleases in bacterial and archaeal species allowed scientists to modify, utilized, and revolutionize this tool for genetic alterations in any species. Especially the type II CRISPR-Cas9 system has been extensively studied and utilized for precise and efficient DNA manipulation in plant and mammalian systems over the past few decades. Further, the discovery of the type V CRISPR-Cas12 (Cpf1) system provides more flexibility and precision in DNA manipulation in prokaryotes, plants, and animals. However, much effort has been made to employ and utilize the above CRISPR tools for RNA manipulation but the ability of Cas9 and Cas12 to cut DNA involves the nuisance of off-target effects on genes and thus may not be employed in all RNA-targeting applications. Therefore, the search for new and diverse Cas effectors which can precisely detect and manipulate the targeted RNA begins and this led to the discovery of a novel RNA targeting class 2, type VI CRISPR-Cas13 system. The CRISPR-Cas13 system consists of single RNA-guided Cas13 effector nucleases that solely target single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in a programmable way without altering the DNA. The Cas13 effectors family comprises four subtypes (a-d) and each subtype has distinctive primary sequence divergence except the two consensuses Higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding domain (HEPN) that includes RNase motifs i.e. R-X4-6-H. These two HEPN domains are solely responsible for executing targetable RNA cleavage activity with high efficiency. Further, recent studies have shown that Cas13d exhibits higher efficiency and specificity in cleaving targeted RNA in the mammalian system compared to other Cas13 endonucleases of the Cas13 enzyme family. In addition to that, Cas13d has shown additional advantages over other Cas13 variants, structurally as well as functionally which makes it a prominent and superlative tool for RNA engineering and editing. Therefore considering the advantages of Cas13d over previously characterized Cas13 subtypes, in this review, we encompass the structural and mechanistic properties of type VI CRISPR-Cas13d systems, an overview of the current reported various applications of Cas13d, and the prospects to improve Cas13d based tools for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Dipanjan Ghosh, ; Snehasikta Swarnakar, ; Velayutham Ravichandiran,
| | - Snehasikta Swarnakar
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Dipanjan Ghosh, ; Snehasikta Swarnakar, ; Velayutham Ravichandiran,
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Dipanjan Ghosh, ; Snehasikta Swarnakar, ; Velayutham Ravichandiran,
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23
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Wan Y, Zong C, Li X, Wang A, Li Y, Yang T, Bao Q, Dubow M, Yang M, Rodrigo LA, Mao C. New Insights for Biosensing: Lessons from Microbial Defense Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8126-8180. [PMID: 35234463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have gained defense systems during the lengthy process of evolution over millions of years. Such defense systems can protect them from being attacked by invading species (e.g., CRISPR-Cas for establishing adaptive immune systems and nanopore-forming toxins as virulence factors) or enable them to adapt to different conditions (e.g., gas vesicles for achieving buoyancy control). These microorganism defense systems (MDS) have inspired the development of biosensors that have received much attention in a wide range of fields including life science research, food safety, and medical diagnosis. This Review comprehensively analyzes biosensing platforms originating from MDS for sensing and imaging biological analytes. We first describe a basic overview of MDS and MDS-inspired biosensing platforms (e.g., CRISPR-Cas systems, nanopore-forming proteins, and gas vesicles), followed by a critical discussion of their functions and properties. We then discuss several transduction mechanisms (optical, acoustic, magnetic, and electrical) involved in MDS-inspired biosensing. We further detail the applications of the MDS-inspired biosensors to detect a variety of analytes (nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, pathogens, cells, small molecules, and metal ions). In the end, we propose the key challenges and future perspectives in seeking new and improved MDS tools that can potentially lead to breakthrough discoveries in developing a new generation of biosensors with a combination of low cost; high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision; and fast detection. Overall, this Review gives a historical review of MDS, elucidates the principles of emulating MDS to develop biosensors, and analyzes the recent advancements, current challenges, and future trends in this field. It provides a unique critical analysis of emulating MDS to develop robust biosensors and discusses the design of such biosensors using elements found in MDS, showing that emulating MDS is a promising approach to conceptually advancing the design of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Chengli Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall 303C, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Aimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Michael Dubow
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198 CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus C.N.R.S, Bâtiment 12, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mingying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ledesma-Amaro Rodrigo
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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24
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Dubey AK, Kumar Gupta V, Kujawska M, Orive G, Kim NY, Li CZ, Kumar Mishra Y, Kaushik A. Exploring nano-enabled CRISPR-Cas-powered strategies for efficient diagnostics and treatment of infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 12:833-864. [PMID: 35194511 PMCID: PMC8853211 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-022-00472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical researchers have subsequently been inspired the development of new approaches for precisely changing an organism's genomic DNA in order to investigate customized diagnostics and therapeutics utilizing genetic engineering techniques. Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is one such technique that has emerged as a safe, targeted, and effective pharmaceutical treatment against a wide range of disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, as well as genetic abnormalities. The recent discovery of very flexible engineered nucleic acid binding proteins has changed the scientific area of genome editing in a revolutionary way. Since current genetic engineering technique relies on viral vectors, issues about immunogenicity, insertional oncogenesis, retention, and targeted delivery remain unanswered. The use of nanotechnology has the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 component distribution by employing tailored polymeric nanoparticles. The combination of two (CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology) offers the potential to open new therapeutic paths. Considering the benefits, demand, and constraints, the goal of this research is to acquire more about the biology of CRISPR technology, as well as aspects of selective and effective diagnostics and therapies for infectious illnesses and other metabolic disorders. This review advocated combining nanomedicine (nanomedicine) with a CRISPR/Cas enabled sensing system to perform early-stage diagnostics and selective therapy of specific infectious disorders. Such a Nano-CRISPR-powered nanomedicine and sensing system would allow for successful infectious illness control, even on a personal level. This comprehensive study also discusses the current obstacles and potential of the predicted technology. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40097-022-00472-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Nanobiocel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, RFIC Bio Centre, NDAC Centre, RFIC Bio Centre, NDAC Centre, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897 South Korea
| | - Chen-zhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alison 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL-33805 USA
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25
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Roy RK, Debashree I, Srivastava S, Rishi N, Srivastava A. CRISPR/ Cas9 Off-targets: Computational Analysis of Causes, Prediction,
Detection, and Overcoming Strategies. Curr Bioinform 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893616666210708150439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a highly flexible RNA-guided endonuclease (RGEN)
based gene-editing tool that has transformed the field of genomics, gene therapy, and genome/
epigenome imaging. Its wide range of applications provides immense scope for understanding
as well as manipulating genetic/epigenetic elements. However, the RGEN is prone to
off-target mutagenesis that leads to deleterious effects. This review details the molecular and cellular
mechanisms underlying the off-target activity, various available detection tools and prediction
methodology ranging from sequencing to machine learning approaches, and the strategies to
overcome/minimise off-targets. A coherent and concise method increasing target precision would
prove indispensable to concrete manipulation and interpretation of genome editing results that
can revolutionise therapeutics, including clarity in genome regulatory mechanisms during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar Roy
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Ipsita Debashree
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313,India
| | - Narayan Rishi
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313,India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313,India
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26
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Abdeldayem OM, Dabbish AM, Habashy MM, Mostafa MK, Elhefnawy M, Amin L, Al-Sakkari EG, Ragab A, Rene ER. Viral outbreaks detection and surveillance using wastewater-based epidemiology, viral air sampling, and machine learning techniques: A comprehensive review and outlook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149834. [PMID: 34525746 PMCID: PMC8379898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A viral outbreak is a global challenge that affects public health and safety. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading globally, affecting millions of people worldwide, and led to significant loss of lives and deterioration of the global economy. The current adverse effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic demands finding new detection methods for future viral outbreaks. The environment's transmission pathways include and are not limited to air, surface water, and wastewater environments. The wastewater surveillance, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), can potentially monitor viral outbreaks and provide a complementary clinical testing method. Another investigated outbreak surveillance technique that has not been yet implemented in a sufficient number of studies is the surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the air. Artificial intelligence (AI) and its related machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies are currently emerging techniques for detecting viral outbreaks using global data. To date, there are no reports that illustrate the potential of using WBE with AI to detect viral outbreaks. This study investigates the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and provides current updates on the surveillance of viral outbreaks using WBE, viral air sampling, and AI. It also proposes a novel framework based on an ensemble of ML and DL algorithms to provide a beneficial supportive tool for decision-makers. The framework exploits available data from reliable sources to discover meaningful insights and knowledge that allows researchers and practitioners to build efficient methods and protocols that accurately monitor and detect viral outbreaks. The proposed framework could provide early detection of viruses, forecast risk maps and vulnerable areas, and estimate the number of infected citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Abdeldayem
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Areeg M Dabbish
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Habashy
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed K Mostafa
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhefnawy
- CanmetENERGY, 1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lobna Amin
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Eslam G Al-Sakkari
- Chemical Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo University Road, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ragab
- CanmetENERGY, 1615 Lionel-Boulet Blvd, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada; Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, 32952, Menouf, Egypt
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
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27
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Srivastava A, Gupta T, Srivastava S, Dhir S, Kumar P, Singhal T, Rani A, Rishi N. Development of a new Collateral Cleavage-independent CRISPR/Cas12a based easy detection system for plant viruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114432. [PMID: 34919973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant virus spread through various means, from mechanically to the insect vectors and act as obligate parasite, therefore, are extremely challenging to eradicate. Geminiviruses are an important class of viruses which have reported extensively in last two decades on several new hosts. They infect wide range of annual crops and perineal shrubs, therefore, essentially required to detect them on field and dispose to check their vector transmission to healthy crops. In this study, we have chosen two important begomovirus viz. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus which infect wide range of leguminous crops while Ageratum enation virus is reported to infect a wide range of crops from weed to opium poppy. Here, we have utilized the binding and cleaving ability of LbaCas12a protein with target to detect the virus infection on field. We proposed here a new Collateral Cleavage Independent CRISPR/Cas12a based detection system (CCI-CRISPR) for plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Taruna Gupta
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Sunny Dhir
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Tripti Singhal
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Asha Rani
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Narayan Rishi
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
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28
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Alcántara R, Peñaranda K, Mendoza-Rojas G, Nakamoto JA, Dueñas E, Alvarez D, Adaui V, Milón P. UnCovid: A versatile, low-cost, and open-source protocol for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100878. [PMID: 34604812 PMCID: PMC8463329 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-PCR-mediated amplification and CRISPR/Cas-based visualization. The optimized assay uses basic molecular biology equipment such as conventional thermocyclers and transilluminators for qualitative detection. Alternatively, a fluorescence plate reader can be used for quantitative measurements. The protocol detects two regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in addition to the human RNaseP sample control. Aiming to reach remote regions, this work was developed to use the portable molecular workstation from BentoLab. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Alcántara et al., 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alcántara
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Katherin Peñaranda
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Gabriel Mendoza-Rojas
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Jose A. Nakamoto
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Eva Dueñas
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Daniela Alvarez
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
| | - Pohl Milón
- Centre for Research and Innovation, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru
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29
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Sharma A, Balda S, Apreja M, Kataria K, Capalash N, Sharma P. COVID-19 Diagnosis: Current and Future Techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1835-1844. [PMID: 34774862 PMCID: PMC8585557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a global threat, affecting more than 200 countries/territories at both human and economic level. This necessitates the rapid development of highly reliable diagnostic methods in order to effectively and accurately diagnose the pathology to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Currently, RT-PCR is the most widely used method worldwide for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Serological assays are being used for sero-surveys of SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in the community. Radiology imaging has been useful in the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. These methods have their own limitations and there are continued efforts to develop easier, economic, highly sensitive and specific, point-of-care methods. Reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), CRISPR-Cas-based detection, and digital PCR are such techniques being employed in research laboratories, with many awaiting diagnostic approval from competent authorities. This review highlights the rapidly expanding array of existing and in-development diagnostic tests/strategies that may be used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarjoo Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Balda
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mansi Apreja
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kirti Kataria
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India,Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, South Campus, Basic Medical Science (Block I), Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
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30
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Luthra R, Kaur S, Bhandari K. Applications of CRISPR as a potential therapeutic. Life Sci 2021; 284:119908. [PMID: 34453943 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities are present in 2-5% of births all over the world and can cause up to 50% of all early childhood deaths. The establishment of sophisticated and controlled techniques for customizing DNA manipulation is significant for the therapeutic role in such disorders and further research on them. One such technique is CRISPR that is significant towards optimizing genome editing and therapies, metabolic fluxes as well as artificial genetic systems. CRISPR-Cas9 is a molecular appliance that is applied in the areas of genetic and protein engineering. The CRISPR-CAS system is an integral element of prokaryotic adaptive immunity that allows prokaryotic cells to identify and kill any foreign DNA. The Gene editing property of CRISPR finds various applications like diagnostics and therapeutics in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, genetic diseases, blindness, etc. This review discusses applications of CRISPR as a therapeutic in various disorders including several genetic diseases (including sickle cell anemia, blindness, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, hereditary tyrosinemia type I, duchenne muscular dystrophy, mitochondrial disorders), Cancer, Huntington's disease and viral infections (like HIV, COVID, etc.) along with the prospects concerning them. CRISPR-based therapy is also being researched and defined for COVID-19. The related mechanism of CRISPR has been discussed alongside highlighting challenges involved in therapeutic applications of CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Luthra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Kriti Bhandari
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
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31
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Guaman-Bautista LP, Moreta-Urbano E, Oña-Arias CG, Torres-Arias M, Kyriakidis NC, Malcı K, Jonguitud-Borrego N, Rios-Solis L, Ramos-Martinez E, López-Cortés A, Barba-Ostria C. Tracking SARS-CoV-2: Novel Trends and Diagnostic Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1981. [PMID: 34829328 PMCID: PMC8621220 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on economies and health systems globally, therefore a top priority is the development of increasingly better diagnostic and surveillance alternatives to slow down the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In order to establish massive testing and contact tracing policies, it is crucial to have a clear view of the diagnostic options available and their principal advantages and drawbacks. Although classical molecular methods such as RT-qPCR are broadly used, diagnostic alternatives based on technologies such as LAMP, antigen, serological testing, or the application of novel technologies such as CRISPR-Cas for diagnostics, are also discussed. The present review also discusses the most important automation strategies employed to increase testing capability. Several serological-based diagnostic kits are presented, as well as novel nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods. In summary, this review provides a clear diagnostic landscape of the most relevant tools to track COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda P. Guaman-Bautista
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Erick Moreta-Urbano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Claudia G. Oña-Arias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Marbel Torres-Arias
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Quito 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada a Biomedicina (BIOMED), Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Nestor Jonguitud-Borrego
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Espiridion Ramos-Martinez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 4510, Mexico;
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador;
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Quito, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador
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32
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Gupta N, Augustine S, Narayan T, O’Riordan A, Das A, Kumar D, Luong JHT, Malhotra BD. Point-of-Care PCR Assays for COVID-19 Detection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:141. [PMID: 34062874 PMCID: PMC8147281 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics has been the front runner in the world's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the quantitative variant (qRT-PCR) have been the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. However, faster antigen tests and other point-of-care (POC) devices have also played a significant role in containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by facilitating mass screening and delivering results in less time. Thus, despite the higher sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR assays, the impact of POC tests cannot be ignored. As a consequence, there has been an increased interest in the development of miniaturized, high-throughput, and automated PCR systems, many of which can be used at point-of-care. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of miniaturized PCR systems with an emphasis on COVID-19 detection. The distinct features of digital PCR and electrochemical PCR are detailed along with the challenges. The potential of CRISPR/Cas technology for POC diagnostics is also highlighted. Commercial RT-PCR POC systems approved by various agencies for COVID-19 detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India; (N.G.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Shine Augustine
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India; (N.G.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Tarun Narayan
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (T.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Alan O’Riordan
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (T.N.); (A.O.)
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India; (N.G.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - D. Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, New Delhi 110042, India;
| | - John H. T. Luong
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India; (N.G.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
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33
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The impact of COVID-19 on the cell and gene therapies industry: Disruptions, opportunities, and future prospects. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2269-2281. [PMID: 33892148 PMCID: PMC8057929 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant disruption to the cell and gene therapy (CGT) industry, which has historically faced substantial complexities in supply of materials, and manufacturing and logistics processes. As decision-makers shifted their priorities to COVID-19-related issues, the challenges in market authorisation, and price and reimbursement of CGTs were amplified. Nevertheless, it is encouraging to see that some CGT developers are adapting their efforts toward the development of promising COVID-19-related therapeutics and vaccines. Manufacturing resilience, digitalisation, telemedicine, value-based pricing, and innovative payment mechanisms will be increasingly harnessed to ensure that market access of CGTs is not severely disrupted.
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34
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Li C, Brant E, Budak H, Zhang B. CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:253-284. [PMID: 33835761 PMCID: PMC8042526 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since it was first recognized in bacteria and archaea as a mechanism for innate viral immunity in the early 2010s, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has rapidly been developed into a robust, multifunctional genome editing tool with many uses. Following the discovery of the initial CRISPR/Cas-based system, the technology has been advanced to facilitate a multitude of different functions. These include development as a base editor, prime editor, epigenetic editor, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activator (CRISPRa) gene regulators. It can also be used for chromatin and RNA targeting and imaging. Its applications have proved revolutionary across numerous biological fields, especially in biomedical and agricultural improvement. As a diagnostic tool, CRISPR has been developed to aid the detection and screening of both human and plant diseases, and has even been applied during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CRISPR/Cas is also being trialed as a new form of gene therapy for treating various human diseases, including cancers, and has aided drug development. In terms of agricultural breeding, precise targeting of biological pathways via CRISPR/Cas has been key to regulating molecular biosynthesis and allowing modification of proteins, starch, oil, and other functional components for crop improvement. Adding to this, CRISPR/Cas has been shown capable of significantly enhancing both plant tolerance to environmental stresses and overall crop yield via the targeting of various agronomically important gene regulators. Looking to the future, increasing the efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and limiting off-target activity are two major challenges for wider application of the technology. This review provides an in-depth overview of current CRISPR development, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, recent applications, and future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Eleanor Brant
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Montana BioAgriculture, Inc., Missoula, MT 59802, USA.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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35
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Chakraborty D, Agrawal A, Maiti S. Rapid identification and tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Lancet 2021; 397:1346-1347. [PMID: 33765408 PMCID: PMC7984862 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Chakraborty
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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El Jaddaoui I, Allali M, Raoui S, Sehli S, Habib N, Chaouni B, Al Idrissi N, Benslima N, Maher W, Benrahma H, Hamamouch N, El Bissati K, El Kasmi S, Hamdi S, Bakri Y, Nejjari C, Amzazi S, Ghazal H. A review on current diagnostic techniques for COVID-19. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:141-160. [PMID: 33593219 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1886927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-Cov-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread all over the world soon after that. Given the infectious nature ofSARS-CoV-2, fast and accurate diagnosis tools are important to detect the virus. In this review, we discuss the different diagnostic tests that are currently being implemented in laboratories and provide a description of various COVID-19 kits. AREAS COVERED We summarize molecular techniques that target the viral load, serological methods used for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies detection as well as newly developed faster assays for the detection of SARS-COV 2 in various biological samples. EXPERT OPINION In the light of the widespread pandemic, the massive diagnosis of COVID-19, using various detection techniques, appears to be the most effective strategy for monitoring and containing its propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El Jaddaoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Malika Allali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Research, Institut Pasteur Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sanae Raoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sofia Sehli
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nihal Habib
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Chaouni
- , Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Najib Al Idrissi
- , Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najwa Benslima
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Wissal Maher
- Research Center, Abulcasis University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houda Benrahma
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Hamamouch
- , Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Coalition Center for Innovation and Prevention of Epidemies in Morocco (CIPEM), Mohammed VI Polytechnical University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Sahar El Kasmi
- Faculty of Scineces, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Salsabil Hamdi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Research, Institut Pasteur Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chakib Nejjari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,Scientific Department, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST),Rabat, Morocco
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Kyosei Y, Yamura S, Namba M, Yoshimura T, Watabe S, Ito E. Antigen tests for COVID-19. Biophys Physicobiol 2021; 18:28-39. [PMID: 33954080 PMCID: PMC8049777 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR diagnosis has been considered as the gold standard for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other many diseases. However, there are many problems in using PCR, such as non-specific (i.e., false-positive) and false-negative amplifications, the limits of a target sample volume, deactivation of the enzymes used, complicated techniques, difficulty in designing probe sequences, and the expense. We, thus, need an alternative to PCR, for example an ultrasensitive antigen test. In the present review, we summarize the following three topics. (1) The problems of PCR are outlined. (2) The antigen tests are surveyed in the literature that was published in 2020, and their pros and cons are discussed for commercially available antigen tests. (3) Our own antigen test on the basis of an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is introduced. Finally, we discuss the possibility that our antigen test by an ultrasensitive ELISA technique will become the gold standard for diagnosis of COVID-19 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Sanmin, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Optical technologies for the detection of viruses like COVID-19: Progress and prospects. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113004. [PMID: 33497877 PMCID: PMC7832448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of life-threatening pandemic like COVID-19 necessitated the development of novel, rapid and cost-effective techniques that facilitate detection of viruses like SARS-CoV-2. The presently popular approach of a collection of samples using the nasopharyngeal swab method and subsequent detection of RNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction suffers from false-positive results and a longer diagnostic time scale. Alternatively, various optical techniques namely optical sensing, spectroscopy, and imaging shows a great promise in virus detection. Herein, a comprehensive review of the various photonics technologies employed for virus detection, particularly the SARS-CoV family, is discussed. The state-of-art research activities in utilizing the photonics tools such as near-infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence-based techniques, super-resolution microscopy, surface plasmon resonance-based detection, for virus detection accounted extensively with an emphasis on coronavirus detection. Further, an account of emerging photonics technologies of SARS-CoV-2 detection and future possibilities is also explained. The progress in the field of optical techniques for virus detection unambiguously show a great promise in the development of rapid photonics-based devices for COVID-19 detection.
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