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Pozza A, Zanella L, Castaldi B, Di Salvo G. How Will Artificial Intelligence Shape the Future of Decision-Making in Congenital Heart Disease? J Clin Med 2024; 13:2996. [PMID: 38792537 PMCID: PMC11122569 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Improvements in medical technology have significantly changed the management of congenital heart disease (CHD), offering novel tools to predict outcomes and personalize follow-up care. By using sophisticated imaging modalities, computational models and machine learning algorithms, clinicians can experiment with unprecedented insights into the complex anatomy and physiology of CHD. These tools enable early identification of high-risk patients, thus allowing timely, tailored interventions and improved outcomes. Additionally, the integration of genetic testing offers valuable prognostic information, helping in risk stratification and treatment optimisation. The birth of telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring devices facilitates customised follow-up care, enhancing patient engagement and reducing healthcare disparities. Taking into consideration challenges and ethical issues, clinicians can make the most of the full potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to further refine prognostic models, personalize care and improve long-term outcomes for patients with CHD. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive illustration of how AI has been implemented as a new technological method for enhancing the management of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pozza
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Luca Zanella
- Heart Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Biagio Castaldi
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.P.)
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Huang N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wei Y, Yang J, Zhao Y. Amniotic fluid metabolic fingerprinting contributes to shaping the unfavourable intrauterine environment in monochorionic diamniotic twins. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:111-123. [PMID: 38035859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Amniotic fluid (AF) is the primary intrauterine environment for fetal growth throughout gestation. Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) is an adverse complication characterized by unequal growth in twins with nearly identical genetic makeup. However, the influence of AF-mediated intrauterine environment on the development and progression of sFGR remains unexplored. METHODS High-throughput targeted metabolomics analysis (G350) was performed on AF samples collected from sFGR (n = 18) and MCDA twins with birth weight concordance (MCDA-C, n = 20) cases. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify clinical features that may influence the metabolite composition in AF. Subsequently, partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to compare the different types of sFGR and MCDA-C twins. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and multivariate ROC curves were utilized to explore potential AF markers in twins with sFGR. RESULTS In our study, 182 metabolites were quantified in 76 AF samples. WGCNA indicated that the metabolite composition in late AF may not be influenced by gestational age. PLSDA demonstrated distinct variations between the metabolite profiles of AF in the sFGR and MCDA-C twins, with a significant emphasis on amino acids as the primary differential metabolite. The dissimilarities observed in sFGR twins were predominantly attributed to lipid metabolism-related metabolites. In particular, the KEGG enrichment metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant associations of both types of sFGR twins with central carbon metabolism in cancer. The multivariate ROC curves indicated that the combination of carnosine, sarcosine, l-alanine, beta-alanine, and alpha-n-phenylacetylglutamine significantly improved the AUC to 0.928. Notably, the ROC curves highlighted creatine (AUC:0.934) may be a potential biomarker for severe sFGR. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study offer a comprehensive metabolic map of the AF in cases of sFGR, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with fetal growth and development in MCDA twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Youzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiya Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
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Jain M, Singh N, Fatima R, Nachanekar A, Pradhan M, Nityanand S, Chaturvedi CP. Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Fetuses with Isolated Cardiac Defects Exhibit Decreased Proliferation and Cardiomyogenic Potential. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040552. [PMID: 37106752 PMCID: PMC10136182 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal cells (AF-MSCs) represent an autologous cell source to ameliorate congenital heart defects (CHDs) in children. The AF-MSCs, having cardiomyogenic potential and being of fetal origin, may reflect the physiological and pathological changes in the fetal heart during embryogenesis. Hence, the study of defects in the functional properties of these stem cells during fetal heart development will help obtain a better understanding of the cause of neonatal CHDs. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the proliferative and cardiomyogenic potential of AF-MSCs derived from ICHD fetuses (ICHD AF-MSCs) with AF-MSCs from structurally normal fetuses (normal AF-MSCs). Compared to normal AF-MSCs, the ICHD AF-MSCs showed comparable immunophenotypic MSC marker expression and adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential, with decreased proliferation, higher senescence, increased expression of DNA-damaged genes, and osteogenic differentiation potential. Furthermore, the expression of cardiac progenitor markers (PDGFR-α, VEGFR-2, and SSEA-1), cardiac transcription factors (GATA-4, NKx 2-5, ISL-1, TBX-5, TBX-18, and MeF-2C), and cardiovascular markers (cTNT, CD31, and α-SMA) were significantly reduced in ICHD AF-MSCs. Overall, these results suggest that the AF-MSCs of ICHD fetuses have proliferation defects with significantly decreased cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. Thus, these defects in ICHD AF-MSCs highlight that the impaired heart development in ICHD fetuses may be due to defects in the stem cells associated with heart development during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Jain
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Neeta Singh
- Department of Maternal Reproductive Health, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Raunaq Fatima
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Aditya Nachanekar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Mandakini Pradhan
- Department of Maternal Reproductive Health, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Chaturvedi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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Liem DA, Cadeiras M, Setty SP. Insights and perspectives into clinical biomarker discovery in pediatric heart failure and congenital heart disease-a narrative review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2023; 13:83-99. [PMID: 36864972 PMCID: PMC9971290 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-22-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Heart failure (HF) in the pediatric population is a multi-factorial process with a wide spectrum of etiologies and clinical manifestations, that are distinct from the adult HF population, with congenital heart disease (CHD) as the most common cause. CHD has high morbidity/mortality with nearly 60% developing HF during the first 12 months of life. Hence, early discovery and diagnosis of CHD in neonates is pivotal. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is an increasingly popular clinical marker in pediatric HF, however, in contrast to adult HF, it is not yet included in pediatric HF guidelines and there is no standardized reference cut-off value. We explore the current trends and prospects of biomarkers in pediatric HF, including CHD that can aid in diagnosis and management. Methods As a narrative review, we will analyze biomarkers with respect to diagnosis and monitoring in specific anatomical types of CHD in the pediatric population considering all English PubMed publications till June 2022. Key Content and Findings We present a concise description of our own experience in applying plasma BNP as a clinical biomarker in pediatric HF and CHD (tetralogy of fallot vs. ventricular septal defect) in the context of surgical correction, as well as untargeted metabolomics analyses. In the current age of Information Technology and large data sets we also explored new biomarker discovery using Text Mining of 33M manuscripts currently on PubMed. Conclusions (Multi) Omics studies from patient samples as well as Data Mining can be considered for the discovery of potential pediatric HF biomarkers useful in clinical care. Future research should focus on validation and defining evidence-based value limits and reference ranges for specific indications using the most up-to-date assays in parallel to commonly used studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Liem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin Cadeiras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shaun P. Setty
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital and Long Beach Memorial Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA
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Metabolomics: A New Tool in Our Understanding of Congenital Heart Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121803. [PMID: 36553246 PMCID: PMC9776621 DOI: 10.3390/children9121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic origins underpinning congenital heart disease (CHD) have been extensively studied, genes, by themselves, do not entirely predict phenotypes, which result from the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Consequently, genes merely suggest the potential occurrence of a specific phenotype, but they cannot predict what will happen in reality. This task can be revealed by metabolomics, the most promising of the "omics sciences". Though metabolomics applied to CHD is still in its infant phase, it has already been applied to CHD prenatal diagnosis, as well as to predict outcomes after cardiac surgery. Particular metabolomic fingerprints have been identified for some of the specific CHD subtypes. The hallmarks of CHD-related pulmonary arterial hypertension have also been discovered. This review, which is presented in a narrative format, due to the heterogeneity of the selected papers, aims to provide the readers with a synopsis of the literature on metabolomics in the CHD setting.
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Yuan X, Li L, Kang H, Wang M, Zeng J, Lei Y, Li N, Yu P, Li X, Liu Z. Biomarkers for isolated congenital heart disease based on maternal amniotic fluid metabolomics analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:495. [PMID: 36404327 PMCID: PMC9677635 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent birth defects in the world. The pathogenesis of CHD is complex and unclear. With the development of metabolomics technology, variations in metabolites may provide new clues about the causes of CHD and may serve as a biomarker during pregnancy. METHODS Sixty-five amniotic fluid samples (28 cases and 37 controls) during the second and third trimesters were utilized in this study. The metabolomics of CHD and normal fetuses were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics technology. Differential comparison and randomForest were used to screen metabolic biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 2472 metabolites were detected, and they were distributed differentially between the cases and controls. Setting the selection criteria of fold change (FC) ≥ 2, P value < 0.01 and variable importance for the projection (VIP) ≥ 1.5, we screened 118 differential metabolites. Within the prediction model by random forest, PE(MonoMe(11,5)/MonoMe(13,5)), N-feruloylserotonin and 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone showed good prediction effects. Differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in aldosterone synthesis and secretion, drug metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways, which may be related to the occurrence and development of CHD. CONCLUSION This study provides a new database of CHD metabolic biomarkers and mechanistic research. These results need to be further verified in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yuan
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Lu Li
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Hong Kang
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Meixian Wang
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Longchang Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Neijiang, Sichuan China
| | - Yanfang Lei
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhaotong Second People’s Hospital, Zhaotong, Yunnan China
| | - Nana Li
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ping Yu
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Zhen Liu
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China ,Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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Taylor K, McBride N, Zhao J, Oddie S, Azad R, Wright J, Andreassen OA, Stewart ID, Langenberg C, Magnus MC, Borges MC, Caputo M, Lawlor DA. The Relationship of Maternal Gestational Mass Spectrometry-Derived Metabolites with Offspring Congenital Heart Disease: Results from Multivariable and Mendelian Randomization Analyses. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:237. [PMID: 36005401 PMCID: PMC9410051 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is plausible that maternal pregnancy metabolism influences the risk of offspring congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to explore this through a systematic approach using different methods and data. Methods: We undertook multivariable logistic regression of the odds of CHD for 923 mass spectrometry (MS)-derived metabolites in a sub-sample of a UK birth cohort (Born in Bradford (BiB); N = 2605, 46 CHD cases). We considered metabolites reaching a p-value threshold <0.05 to be suggestively associated with CHD. We sought validation of our findings, by repeating the multivariable regression analysis within the BiB cohort for any suggestively associated metabolite that was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or clinical chemistry (N = 7296, 87 CHD cases), and by using genetic risk scores (GRS: weighted genetic risk scores of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with any suggestive metabolite) in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. The MR analyses were performed in BiB and two additional European birth cohorts (N = 38,662, 319 CHD cases). Results: In the main multivariable analyses, we identified 44 metabolites suggestively associated with CHD, including those from the following super pathways: amino acids, lipids, co-factors and vitamins, xenobiotics, nucleotides, energy, and several unknown molecules. Of these 44, isoleucine and leucine were available in the larger BiB cohort (NMR), and for these the results were validated. The MR analyses were possible for 27/44 metabolites and for 11 there was consistency with the multivariable regression results. Conclusions: In summary, we have used complimentary data sources and statistical techniques to construct layers of evidence. We found that pregnancy amino acid metabolism, androgenic steroid lipids, and levels of succinylcarnitine could be important contributing factors for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Taylor
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nancy McBride
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jian Zhao
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- The Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sam Oddie
- The Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (R.A.); (J.W.)
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (R.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway;
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Isobel D. Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK; (I.D.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK; (I.D.S.); (C.L.)
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité University Medicine, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Christine Magnus
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Carolina Borges
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Massimo Caputo
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
- Translational Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (N.M.); (J.Z.); (M.C.M.); (M.C.B.); (D.A.L.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
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Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Yang P, Guan X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Hu P, Jiang T, Xu Z. Relationship between amniotic fluid metabolic profile with fetal gender, maternal age, and gestational week. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:638. [PMID: 34537001 PMCID: PMC8449898 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amniotic fluid (AF) provides vital information on fetal development, which is also valuable in identifying fetal abnormalities during pregnancy. However, the relationship between the metabolic profile of AF in the second trimester of a normal pregnancy with several maternal-fetal parameters remains poorly understood, which therefore limits its application in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to explore the association between the metabolic profile of AF with fetal gender, maternal age, and gestational week using an untargeted metabolomics method. METHODS A total of 114 AF samples were analyzed in this study. Clinical data on fetal gender, maternal age, and gestational week of these samples were collected. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least square discrimination analysis(OPLS-DA) or partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) were conducted to compare metabolic profiles, and differential metabolites were obtained by univariate analysis. RESULTS Both PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated no significant separation trend between the metabolic profiles of male and female fetuses, and there were only 7 differential metabolites. When the association between the maternal age on AF metabolic profile was explored, both PCA and PLS-DA revealed that the maternal age in the range of 21 to 40 years had no significant effect on the metabolic profile of AF, and only four different metabolites were found. There was no significant difference in the metabolic profiles of AF from fetuses of 17-22 weeks, and 23 differential metabolites were found. CONCLUSIONS In the scope of our study, there was no significant correlation between the AF metabolic profile and the fetal gender, maternal age and gestational week of a small range. Nevertheless, few metabolites appeared differentially expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Peiying Yang
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Xianwei Guan
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Huaian No, 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, P. R. China.
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