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Badura K, Buławska D, Dąbek B, Witkowska A, Lisińska W, Radzioch E, Skwira S, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Primary Electrical Heart Disease-Principles of Pathophysiology and Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1826. [PMID: 38339103 PMCID: PMC10855675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary electrical heart diseases, often considered channelopathies, are inherited genetic abnormalities of cardiomyocyte electrical behavior carrying the risk of malignant arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Approximately 54% of sudden, unexpected deaths in individuals under the age of 35 do not exhibit signs of structural heart disease during autopsy, suggesting the potential significance of channelopathies in this group of age. Channelopathies constitute a highly heterogenous group comprising various diseases such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), short QT syndrome (SQTS), idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF), Brugada syndrome (BrS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and early repolarization syndromes (ERS). Although new advances in the diagnostic process of channelopathies have been made, the link between a disease and sudden cardiac death remains not fully explained. Evolving data in electrophysiology and genetic testing suggest previously described diseases as complex with multiple underlying genes and a high variety of factors associated with SCD in channelopathies. This review summarizes available, well-established information about channelopathy pathogenesis, genetic basics, and molecular aspects relative to principles of the pathophysiology of arrhythmia. In addition, general information about diagnostic approaches and management is presented. Analyzing principles of channelopathies and their underlying causes improves the understanding of genetic and molecular basics that may assist general research and improve SCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Badura
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Dominika Buławska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Bartłomiej Dąbek
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Alicja Witkowska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Wiktoria Lisińska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Ewa Radzioch
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Sylwia Skwira
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (S.S.)
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Schulze-Bahr E, Dittmann S. Human Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:1033-1055. [PMID: 38884768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Inherited forms of cardiac arrhythmias mostly are rare diseases (prevalence <1:2000) and considered to be either "primary electrical heart disorders" due to the absence of structural heart abnormalities or "cardiac ion channel disorders" due to the myocellular structures involved. Precise knowledge of the electrocardiographic features of these diseases and their genetic classification will enable early disease recognition and prevention of cardiac events including sudden cardiac death.The genetic background of these diseases is complex and heterogeneous. In addition to the predominant "private character" of a mutation in each family, locus heterogeneity involving many ion channel genes for the same familial arrhythmia syndrome is typical. Founder pathogenic variants or mutational hot spots are uncommon. Moreover, phenotypes may vary and overlap even within the same family and mutation carriers. For the majority of arrhythmias, the clinical phenotype of an ion channel mutation is restricted to cardiac tissue, and therefore, the disease is nonsyndromic.Recent and innovative methods of parallel DNA analysis (so-called next-generation sequencing, NGS) will enhance further mutation and other variant detection as well as arrhythmia gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulze-Bahr
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sven Dittmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Zeng B, Zhang X, Schimpf R, Powers A, Glikson M, Antzelevitch C, Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H. Functional identification of hot-spot mutations in cardiac calcium channel genes associated with the J wave syndromes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220286. [PMID: 37122210 PMCID: PMC10150203 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
J wave syndrome (JWS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), which comprises early repolarization syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Here, we explore the association between variants in the L-type calcium channel gene subunits, α1C (CACNA1C) and β2b (CACNB2b), and the JWS phenotype. Using next-generation genetic sequencing of 402 JWS probands and their family members, we identified a CACNA1C-G37R (p.Gly37Arg) mutation in five individuals in four families, two of which had a family history of SCD as well as a CACNB2b-S143F (p.Ser143Phe) mutation in seven individuals in three families, two of which had a family history of SCD. The variants were located in exon 2 in CACNA1C and exon 5 in CACNB2b; both were in highly conserved amino acid residues. Whole-cell patch-clamp results showed that compared with the wild-type group, calcium current density of CACNB2b-S143F and CACNA1C-G37R were significantly lower displaying a dominant-negative effect. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that variants in CACNA1C and CACNB2b are associated with JWS. The results suggest that mutations in these two genes lead to loss-of-function of the cardiac calcium channel current warranting their inclusion in genetic screening protocols. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Rainer Schimpf
- Cardiology Practice Clinic, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 11, Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen-Neustadt, 67071, Germany
| | - Andrew Powers
- Department of Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Michael Glikson
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91031, Israel
| | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, and Lankenau Heart Institute, Wynnwood, Pennsylvania, PA, 19096, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hector Barajas-Martinez
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, and Lankenau Heart Institute, Wynnwood, Pennsylvania, PA, 19096, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060943. [PMID: 35326393 PMCID: PMC8945986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions are the major signaling ions in the cells. They regulate muscle contraction, neurotransmitter secretion, cell growth and migration, and the activity of several proteins including enzymes and ion channels and transporters. They participate in various signal transduction pathways, thereby regulating major physiological functions. Calcium ion entry into the cells is regulated by specific calcium channels and transporters. There are mainly six types of calcium channels, of which only two are prominent in the heart. In cardiac tissues, the two types of calcium channels are the L type and the T type. L-type channels are found in all cardiac cells and T-type are expressed in Purkinje cells, pacemaker and atrial cells. Both these types of channels contribute to atrioventricular conduction as well as pacemaker activity. Given the crucial role of calcium channels in the cardiac conduction system, mutations and dysfunctions of these channels are known to cause several diseases and disorders. Drugs targeting calcium channels hence are used in a wide variety of cardiac disorders including but not limited to hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. This review summarizes the type of cardiac calcium channels, their function, and disorders caused by their mutations and dysfunctions. Finally, this review also focuses on the types of calcium channel blockers and their use in a variety of cardiac disorders.
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ATAD3B and SKIL polymorphisms associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change in patients with schizophrenia: a genome-wide association study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:56. [PMID: 35136033 PMCID: PMC8825824 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
QTc interval prolongation is one of the most common antipsychotic-induced side effects which could lead to ventricular tachycardia or Torsade de Pointes, even cardiac arrest. There is very limited understanding on the genetic factors that associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 2040 patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to six groups (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and first-generation antipsychotics; first-generation antipsychotics including haloperidol or perphenazine were also assigned randomly) and received 6-week antipsychotic treatment. We identified two novel loci (rs200050752 in ATAD3B and rs186507741 in SKIL) that were associated with antipsychotic-induced QTc interval change at a genome-wide significance level. The combination of polygenic risk score (PRS), based the GWAS of myocardial infarction from BioBank Japan project, and clinical data (sex, heart rate and QTc interval at baseline) could be applied to predict whether patients with schizophrenia have QTc interval prolongation (10 ms was applied as threshold, P < 0.001, area under the curve [AUC] was 0.797), especially for the first episode patients (P < 0.001, AUC was 0.872). We identified two loci located within genes related to mitochondrial function and cell growth and differentiation, which were both associated with schizophrenia and heart function. The combination of PRS and clinical data could predict whether patients with schizophrenia have the side effect of QTc interval prolongation, which could fundamentally guide the choice of antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia, especially for the first-episode patients.
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