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Trinkley KE, An R, Maw AM, Glasgow RE, Brownson RC. Leveraging artificial intelligence to advance implementation science: potential opportunities and cautions. Implement Sci 2024; 19:17. [PMID: 38383393 PMCID: PMC10880216 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-024-01346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of implementation science was developed to address the significant time delay between establishing an evidence-based practice and its widespread use. Although implementation science has contributed much toward bridging this gap, the evidence-to-practice chasm remains a challenge. There are some key aspects of implementation science in which advances are needed, including speed and assessing causality and mechanisms. The increasing availability of artificial intelligence applications offers opportunities to help address specific issues faced by the field of implementation science and expand its methods. MAIN TEXT This paper discusses the many ways artificial intelligence can address key challenges in applying implementation science methods while also considering potential pitfalls to the use of artificial intelligence. We answer the questions of "why" the field of implementation science should consider artificial intelligence, for "what" (the purpose and methods), and the "what" (consequences and challenges). We describe specific ways artificial intelligence can address implementation science challenges related to (1) speed, (2) sustainability, (3) equity, (4) generalizability, (5) assessing context and context-outcome relationships, and (6) assessing causality and mechanisms. Examples are provided from global health systems, public health, and precision health that illustrate both potential advantages and hazards of integrating artificial intelligence applications into implementation science methods. We conclude by providing recommendations and resources for implementation researchers and practitioners to leverage artificial intelligence in their work responsibly. CONCLUSIONS Artificial intelligence holds promise to advance implementation science methods ("why") and accelerate its goals of closing the evidence-to-practice gap ("purpose"). However, evaluation of artificial intelligence's potential unintended consequences must be considered and proactively monitored. Given the technical nature of artificial intelligence applications as well as their potential impact on the field, transdisciplinary collaboration is needed and may suggest the need for a subset of implementation scientists cross-trained in both fields to ensure artificial intelligence is used optimally and ethically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E Trinkley
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Ruopeng An
- Brown School and Division of Computational and Data Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna M Maw
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- School of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Russell E Glasgow
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ross C Brownson
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Grujić-Milanović J, Rajković J, Milanović S, Jaćević V, Miloradović Z, Nežić L, Novaković R. Natural Substances vs. Approved Drugs in the Treatment of Main Cardiovascular Disorders-Is There a Breakthrough? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2088. [PMID: 38136208 PMCID: PMC10740850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases with a very high rate of morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation of CVDs can vary from asymptomatic to classic symptoms such as chest pain in patients with myocardial infarction. Current therapeutics for CVDs mainly target disease symptoms. The most common CVDs are coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, and valvular heart disease. In their treatment, conventional therapies and pharmacological therapies are used. However, the use of herbal medicines in the therapy of these diseases has also been reported in the literature, resulting in a need for critical evaluation of advances related to their use. Therefore, we carried out a narrative review of pharmacological and herbal therapeutic effects reported for these diseases. Data for this comprehensive review were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Conventional therapy requires an individual approach to the patients, as when patients do not respond well, this often causes allergic effects or various other unwanted effects. Nowadays, medicinal plants as therapeutics are frequently used in different parts of the world. Preclinical/clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common CVDs. The natural products analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in CVDs pharmacotherapy, and some of them have already been approved by the FDA. There are insufficient clinical studies to compare the effectiveness of natural products compared to approved therapeutics for the treatment of CVDs. Further long-term studies are needed to accelerate the potential of using natural products for these diseases. Despite this undoubted beneficence on CVDs, there are no strong breakthroughs supporting the implementation of natural products in clinical practice. Nevertheless, they are promising agents in the supplementation and co-therapy of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Grujić-Milanović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Rajković
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjan Milanović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Biomechanics, Biomedical Engineering and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 002 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zoran Miloradović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Radmila Novaković
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Center for Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatics, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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