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Wang P, Cui Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Huang X, Li X, Zhao Q, Lei G, Li B, Wei W. A Review of Pedal Peptide/Orcokinin-type Neuropeptides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 22:41-49. [PMID: 33167831 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666201109112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are endogenous active substances that play important roles in a number of physiological processes and are ubiquitous in the nervous tissue in vivo. The gene encoding pedal peptide/orcokinin-type (PP/OK-type) neuropeptide is an important member of the neuropeptide gene family and is ubiquitous in invertebrates of Bilateria; orcokinin (OK) is mainly found in Arthropoda, while pedal peptide (PP) is mainly found in Mollusca. OK and PP are also present in other animals. PP/OK-type neuropeptides are a kind of multifunctional neuropeptides predominantly expressed in the nervous tissue and play important roles in the nerve regulation of movement. Moreover, OK has a number of other physiological functions. This review describes the distribution, expression, function and maturation of PP/OK-type neuropeptides to facilitate investigations of new functions and receptors of PP/OK-type neuropeptides, providing the theoretical foundation for the potential use of PP/OK-type neuropeptides in the prevention and control of agricultural and forestry pests, as an additive for skin care products and in the screening of drugs for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyang Wang
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Qiuying Cui
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultrual Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Guisheng Lei
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Biao Li
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangxi Central Laboratory of Sericultural Genetic Improvement and Technological Innovation, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, Guangxi Nanning 530007, China
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Pan X, Connacher RP, O'Connor MB. Control of the insect metamorphic transition by ecdysteroid production and secretion. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:11-20. [PMID: 32950745 PMCID: PMC7965781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are a class of steroid hormones that controls molting and metamorphic transitions in Ecdysozoan species including insects, in which ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its regulation have been extensively studied. Insect ecdysteroids are produced from dietary sterols by a series of reduction-oxidation reactions in the prothoracic gland and in Drosophila they are released into the hemolymph via vesicle-mediated secretion at the time of metamorphosis. To initiate precisely controlled ecdysteroid pulses, the prothoracic gland functions as a central node integrating both intrinsic and extrinsic signals to control ecdysteroid biosynthesis and secretion. In this review, we outline recent progress in the characterization of ecdysone biosynthesis and steroid trafficking pathways and the discoveries of novel factors regulating prothoracic gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Robert P Connacher
- Department Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, USA.
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Hara C, Morishita K, Takayanagi-Kiya S, Mikami A, Uchino K, Sakurai T, Kanzaki R, Sezutsu H, Iwami M, Kiya T. Refinement of ectopic protein expression through the GAL4/UAS system in Bombyx mori: application to behavioral and developmental studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11795. [PMID: 28924263 PMCID: PMC5603595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkmoth, Bombyx mori, is one of the important model insects in which transgenic techniques and the GAL4/UAS system are applicable. However, due to cytotoxicity and low transactivation activity of GAL4, effectiveness of the GAL4/UAS system and its application in B. mori are still limited. In the present study, we refined the previously reported UAS vector by exploiting transcriptional and translational enhancers, and achieved 200-fold enhancement of reporter GFP fluorescence in the GAL4/UAS system. Enhanced protein expression of membrane-targeted GFP and calcium indicator protein (GCaMP5G) drastically improved visualization of fine neurite structures and neural activity, respectively. Also, with the refined system, we generated a transgenic strain that expresses tetanus toxin light chain (TeTxLC), which blocks synaptic transmission, under the control of GAL4. Ectopic TeTxLC expression in the sex pheromone receptor neurons inhibited male courtship behavior, proving effectiveness of TeTxLC on loss-of-function analyses of neural circuits. In addition, suppression of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) or insulin-like peptide (bombyxin) secretion impaired developmental timing and growth rate, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed that larval growth is sex-differentially regulated by these peptide hormones. The present study provides important technical underpinnings of transgenic approaches in silkmoths and insights into mechanisms of postembryonic development in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Hara
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Koudai Morishita
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Seika Takayanagi-Kiya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akihisa Mikami
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masafumi Iwami
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kiya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Shimada-Niwa Y, Niwa R. Serotonergic neurons respond to nutrients and regulate the timing of steroid hormone biosynthesis in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5778. [PMID: 25502946 PMCID: PMC4284655 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal transition of development is flexibly coordinated in the context of the nutrient environment, and this coordination is essential for organisms to increase their survival fitness and reproductive success. Steroid hormone, a key player of the juvenile-to-adult transition, is biosynthesized in a nutrient-dependent manner; however, the underlying genetic mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that the biosynthesis of insect steroid hormone, ecdysteroid, is regulated by a subset of serotonergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. These neurons directly innervate the prothoracic gland (PG), an ecdysteroid-producing organ and share tracts with the stomatogastric nervous system. Interestingly, the projecting neurites morphologically respond to nutrient conditions. Moreover, reduced activity of the PG-innervating neurons or of serotonin signalling in the PG strongly correlates with a delayed developmental transition. Our results suggest that serotonergic neurons form a link between the external environment and the internal endocrine system by adaptively tuning the timing of steroid hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimada-Niwa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- 1] Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan [2] PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Iga M, Nakaoka T, Suzuki Y, Kataoka H. Pigment dispersing factor regulates ecdysone biosynthesis via bombyx neuropeptide G protein coupled receptor-B2 in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103239. [PMID: 25072638 PMCID: PMC4114559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysone is the key hormone regulating insect growth and development. Ecdysone synthesis occurs in the prothoracic glands (PGs) and is regulated by several neuropeptides. Four prothoracicotropic and three prothoracicostatic factors have been identified to date, suggesting that ecdysone biosynthesis is intricately regulated. Here, we demonstrate that the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) stimulates ecdysone biosynthesis and that this novel signaling pathway partially overlaps with the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) signaling pathway. We performed transcriptome analysis and focused on receptors predominantly expressed in the PGs. From this screen, we identified a candidate orphan G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Bombyx neuropeptide GPCR-B2 (BNGR-B2). BNGR-B2 was predominantly expressed in ecdysteroidogenic tissues, and the expression pattern in the PGs corresponded to the ecdysteroid titer in the hemolymph. Furthermore, we identified PDF as a ligand for BNGR-B2. PDF stimulated ecdysone biosynthesis in the PGs, but the stimulation was only observed in the PGs during a specific larval stage. PDF did not affect the transcript level of known ecdysone biosynthetic enzymes, and inhibiting transcription did not suppress ecdysone biosynthesis, suggesting that the effects of PDF might be mediated by translational regulation and/or post-translational modification. In addition, the participation of protein kinase A (PKA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), target of rapamycin (TOR) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein (4E-BP) in the PDF signaling pathway was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Iga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (HK)
| | - Takayoshi Nakaoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (HK)
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Nijhout HF, Riddiford LM, Mirth C, Shingleton AW, Suzuki Y, Callier V. The developmental control of size in insects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:113-34. [PMID: 24902837 PMCID: PMC4048863 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control the sizes of a body and its many parts remain among the great puzzles in developmental biology. Why do animals grow to a species-specific body size, and how is the relative growth of their body parts controlled to so they grow to the right size, and in the correct proportion with body size, giving an animal its species-characteristic shape? Control of size must involve mechanisms that somehow assess some aspect of size and are upstream of mechanisms that regulate growth. These mechanisms are now beginning to be understood in the insects, in particular in Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. The control of size requires control of the rate of growth and control of the cessation of growth. Growth is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Insulin and ecdysone, their receptors, and intracellular signaling pathways are the principal genetic regulators of growth. The secretion of these growth hormones, in turn, is controlled by complex interactions of other endocrine and molecular mechanisms, by environmental factors such as nutrition, and by the physiological mechanisms that sense body size. Although the general mechanisms of growth regulation appear to be widely shared, the mechanisms that regulate final size can be quite diverse.
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Hull JJ, Matsumoto S. Molecular mechanisms underlying insect behaviors: receptors, peptides, and biosynthetic pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:120. [PMID: 24062724 PMCID: PMC3770957 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
- *Correspondence:
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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