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Saw PE, Liu Q, Wong PP, Song E. Cancer stem cell mimicry for immune evasion and therapeutic resistance. Cell Stem Cell 2024:S1934-5909(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38925125 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are heterogeneous, possess self-renewal attributes, and orchestrate important crosstalk in tumors. We propose that the CSC state represents "mimicry" by cancer cells that leads to phenotypic plasticity. CSC mimicry is suggested as CSCs can impersonate immune cells, vasculo-endothelia, or lymphangiogenic cells to support cancer growth. CSCs facilitate both paracrine and juxtracrine signaling to prime tumor-associated immune and stromal cells to adopt pro-tumoral phenotypes, driving therapeutic resistance. Here, we outline the ingenuity of CSCs' mimicry in their quest to evade immune detection, which leads to immunotherapeutic resistance, and highlight CSC-mimicry-targeted therapeutic strategies for robust immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Nanhai Clinical Translational Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Pui Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Nanhai Clinical Translational Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Nanhai Clinical Translational Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Zenith Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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2
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Haake SM, Rios BL, Pozzi A, Zent R. Integrating integrins with the hallmarks of cancer. Matrix Biol 2024; 130:20-35. [PMID: 38677444 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells adhere to a specialized extracellular matrix called the basement membrane which allows them to polarize and form epithelial tissues. The extracellular matrix provides essential physical scaffolding and biochemical and biophysical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, function, and homeostasis. Epithelial cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (i.e., basement membrane) plays a critical role in organizing epithelial tissues, separating the epithelial cells from the stroma. Epithelial cell detachment from the basement membrane classically results in death, though detachment or invasion through the basement membrane represents a critical step in carcinogenesis. Epithelial cells bind to the extracellular matrix via specialized matrix receptors, including integrins. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that form a mechanical linkage between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton and are required for anchorage-dependent cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. The role of integrins in the development, growth, and dissemination of multiple types of carcinomas has been investigated by numerous methodologies, which has led to great complexity. To organize this vast array of information, we have utilized the "Hallmarks of Cancer" from Hanahan and Weinberg as a convenient framework to discuss the role of integrins in the pathogenesis of cancers. This review explores this biology and how its complexity has impacted the development of integrin-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Haake
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Brenda L Rios
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y, Yang L. Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2023; 21:686. [PMID: 37784157 PMCID: PMC10546755 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby compromising the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The reciprocal communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is observed, with the TME providing a supportive niche for CSC survival and self-renewal, while CSCs, in turn, influence the polarization and persistence of the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive state. Consequently, these interactions hinder the efficacy of current cancer therapies, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to modulate the TME and target CSCs. In this review, we highlight the intricate strategies employed by CSCs to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to therapies. Furthermore, we examine the dynamic interplay between CSCs and the TME, shedding light on how this interaction impacts cancer progression. Moreover, we provide an overview of advanced therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and the TME, which hold promise for future clinical and translational studies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Phenotypic Discovery of Thiocarbohydrazone with Anticancer Properties and Catalytic Inhibition of Human DNA Topoisomerase IIα. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030341. [PMID: 36986441 PMCID: PMC10054454 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic screening of α-substituted thiocarbohydrazones revealed promising activity of 1,5-bis(salicylidene)thiocarbohydrazide against leukemia and breast cancer cells. Supplementary cell-based studies indicated an impairment of DNA replication via the ROS-independent pathway. The structural similarity of α-substituted thiocarbohydrazone to previously published thiosemicarbazone catalytic inhibitors targeting the ATP-binding site of human DNA topoisomerase IIα prompted us to investigate the inhibition activity on this target. Thiocarbohydrazone acted as a catalytic inhibitor and did not intercalate the DNA molecule, which validated their engagement with this cancer target. A comprehensive computational assessment of molecular recognition for a selected thiosemicarbazone and thiocarbohydrazone provided useful information for further optimization of this discovered lead compound for chemotherapeutic anticancer drug discovery.
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Polat B, Wohlleben G, Kosmala R, Lisowski D, Mantel F, Lewitzki V, Löhr M, Blum R, Herud P, Flentje M, Monoranu CM. Differences in stem cell marker and osteopontin expression in primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:87. [PMID: 35183162 PMCID: PMC8858483 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite of a multimodal approach, recurrences can hardly be prevented in glioblastoma. This may be in part due to so called glioma stem cells. However, there is no established marker to identify these stem cells. Methods Paired samples from glioma patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of the following stem cell markers: CD133, Musashi, Nanog, Nestin, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), and sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2). In addition, the expression of osteopontin (OPN) was investigated. The relative number of positively stained cells was determined. By means of Kaplan–Meier analysis, a possible association with overall survival by marker expression was investigated. Results Sixty tissue samples from 30 patients (17 male, 13 female) were available for analysis. For Nestin, Musashi and OPN a significant increase was seen. There was also an increase (not significant) for CD133 and Oct4. Patients with mutated Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1/2 (IDH-1/2) status had a reduced expression for CD133 and Nestin in their recurrent tumors. Significant correlations were seen for CD133 and Nanog between OPN in the primary and recurrent tumor and between CD133 and Nestin in recurrent tumors. By confocal imaging we could demonstrate a co-expression of CD133 and Nestin within recurrent glioma cells. Patients with high CD133 expression had a worse prognosis (22.6 vs 41.1 months, p = 0.013). A similar trend was seen for elevated Nestin levels (24.9 vs 41.1 months, p = 0.08). Conclusions Most of the evaluated markers showed an increased expression in their recurrent tumor. CD133 and Nestin were associated with survival and are candidate markers for further clinical investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02510-4.
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Shmakova AA, Klimovich PS, Rysenkova KD, Popov VS, Gorbunova AS, Karpukhina AA, Karagyaur MN, Rubina KA, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Urokinase Receptor uPAR Downregulation in Neuroblastoma Leads to Dormancy, Chemoresistance and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040994. [PMID: 35205745 PMCID: PMC8870350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary uPAR is a membrane receptor that contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling and controls cellular adhesion, proliferation, survival, and migration. We demonstrate that the initially high uPAR expression predicts poor survival in neuroblastoma. However, relapsed neuroblastomas have a significantly decreased uPAR expression. uPAR downregulation in neuroblastoma cells leads to dormancy and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In mice, low uPAR-expressing neuroblastoma cells formed smaller primary tumors but more frequent metastasis. Abstract uPAR is a membrane receptor that binds extracellular protease urokinase, contributes to matrix remodeling and plays a crucial role in cellular adhesion, proliferation, survival, and migration. uPAR overexpression in tumor cells promotes mitogenesis, opening a prospective avenue for targeted therapy. However, uPAR targeting in cancer has potential risks. We have recently shown that uPAR downregulation in neuroblastoma promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially associated with metastasis and chemoresistance. We used data mining to evaluate the role of uPAR expression in primary and relapsed human neuroblastomas. To model the decreased uPAR expression, we targeted uPAR using CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells and evaluated their chemosensitivity in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. We demonstrate that the initially high PLAUR expression predicts poor survival in human neuroblastoma. However, relapsed neuroblastomas have a significantly decreased PLAUR expression. uPAR targeting in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells leads to p38 activation and an increased p21 expression (suggesting a dormant phenotype). The dormancy in neuroblastoma cells can be triggered by the disruption of uPAR-integrin interaction. uPAR-deficient cells are less sensitive to cisplatin and doxorubicin treatment and exhibit lower p53 activation. Finally, low uPAR-expressing Neuro2a cells formed smaller primary tumors, but more frequent metastasis in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the pathological role of dormant uPAR-deficient cancer cells having a chemoresistant and motile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shmakova
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Polina S. Klimovich
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Karina D. Rysenkova
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Vladimir S. Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Anna S. Gorbunova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Anna A. Karpukhina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 117334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maxim N. Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Kseniya A. Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Vsevolod A. Tkachuk
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Semina
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Zhang P, Wu Q, Fang H, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Cong M, Wang T, He Y, Ma C, Tian P, Liang Y, Qin LX, Yang Q, Yang Q, Liao L, Hu G. Long non-coding RNA NR2F1-AS1 induces breast cancer lung metastatic dormancy by regulating NR2F1 and ΔNp63. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5232. [PMID: 34475402 PMCID: PMC8413371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells often fall into a long term of dormant stage, characterized by decreased proliferation but sustained survival, in distant organs before awakening for metastatic growth. However, the regulatory mechanism of metastatic dormancy and awakening is largely unknown. Here, we show that the epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like subpopulations of breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) demonstrate different levels of dormancy and tumorigenicity in lungs. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) NR2F1-AS1 (NAS1) is up-regulated in the dormant mesenchymal-like BCSCs, and functionally promotes tumor dissemination but reduces proliferation in lungs. Mechanistically, NAS1 binds to NR2F1 mRNA and recruits the RNA-binding protein PTBP1 to promote internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated NR2F1 translation, thus leading to suppression of ΔNp63 transcription by NR2F1. Furthermore, ΔNp63 downregulatio results in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduced tumorigenicity and enhanced dormancy of cancer cells in lungs. Overall, the study links BCSC plasticity with metastatic dormancy, and reveals the lncRNA as an important regulator of both processes. Disseminated tumor cells often become dormant before awakening for metastatic growth. Here, the authors report that the lncRNA, NR2F1-AS1, is upregulated in dormant mesenchymal-like breast cancer stem-like cells and promotes dissemination but inhibits proliferation, leading to metastatic dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houqin Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansen Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengxin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lujian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang S, Yang J, Shen L. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of tumor angiogenesis- implications for anti-angiogenesis therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2776-2785. [PMID: 33586248 PMCID: PMC7957215 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumour progression. However, anti‐angiogenesis therapy of inhibiting pro‐angiogenic factors failed to meet expectations in certain types of tumour in clinical trials. Recent studies reveal that tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential in tumour angiogenesis and anti‐angiogenesis drug resistance. This function has most commonly been attributed to EV contents including proteins and non‐coding RNAs. Here, we summarize the recent findings of tumour‐derived EV contents associated with regulating angiogenesis and illustrate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the roles of EVs in tumour microenvironmental cells are also illustrated with a focus on how EVs participate in cell‐cell communication, contributing to tumour‐mediated angiogenesis. It will help offer new perspectives on developing targets of anti‐angiogenesis drugs and improve the efficacy of anti‐angiogenesis therapies based on tumour‐derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mandal S, Gamit N, Varier L, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S. Inhibition of breast cancer stem-like cells by a triterpenoid, ursolic acid, via activation of Wnt antagonist, sFRP4 and suppression of miRNA-499a-5p. Life Sci 2021; 265:118854. [PMID: 33278391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, one of the leading causes of death in the world, has been largely considered to be drug resistant because of a small population of drug refractory cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSCs are tightly regulated by self-renewal pathways such as the Wnt pathway, which is further regulated by a gamut of microRNAs. In this study, we investigated the effect of ursolic acid (UA), a natural triterpene, on breast CSCs enriched from breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and T47D and analysed the interplay of the Wnt inhibitor, sFRP4 and an miRNA, miR-499a-5p, in mediating the effect of UA. By using caspase 3/7, ROS, migration, TCF/LEF and CAM assays, overexpressing and inhibiting miR-499a-5p and NanoString PanCancer analysis, we observed that UA had significant anti-CSC ability. There was a link between UA and Wnt/β-catenin pathway wherein, Wnt was suppressed by upregulation of the antagonist, sFRP4. Furthermore, expression of the oncogenic miR-499a-5p was substantially diminished in CSCs after UA treatment. Notably, the axis by which miR-499a-5p acts is via the TCF/LEF machinery of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our findings indicate for the first time that UA can target breast CSCs via Wnt by suppressing miR-499a-5p and upregulating the Wnt antagonist, sFRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mandal
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | | | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 116, India
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
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Apken LH, Oeckinghaus A. The RAL signaling network: Cancer and beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:21-105. [PMID: 34074494 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The RAL proteins RALA and RALB belong to the superfamily of small RAS-like GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases). RAL GTPases function as molecular switches in cells by cycling through GDP- and GTP-bound states, a process which is regulated by several guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and two heterodimeric GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Since their discovery in the 1980s, RALA and RALB have been established to exert isoform-specific functions in central cellular processes such as exocytosis, endocytosis, actin organization and gene expression. Consequently, it is not surprising that an increasing number of physiological functions are discovered to be controlled by RAL, including neuronal plasticity, immune response, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. The critical importance of RAL GTPases for oncogenic RAS-driven cellular transformation and tumorigenesis still attracts most research interest. Here, RAL proteins are key drivers of cell migration, metastasis, anchorage-independent proliferation, and survival. This chapter provides an overview of normal and pathological functions of RAL GTPases and summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of RAL in human disease as well as current therapeutic targeting strategies. In particular, molecular mechanisms that specifically control RAL activity and RAL effector usage in different scenarios are outlined, putting a spotlight on the complexity of the RAL GTPase signaling network and the emerging theme of RAS-independent regulation and relevance of RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Apken
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Oeckinghaus
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Craig M, Jenner AL, Namgung B, Lee LP, Goldman A. Engineering in Medicine To Address the Challenge of Cancer Drug Resistance: From Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Computational and Mathematical Modeling. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3352-3389. [PMID: 33152247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance has profoundly limited the success of cancer treatment, driving relapse, metastasis, and mortality. Nearly all anticancer drugs and even novel immunotherapies, which recalibrate the immune system for tumor recognition and destruction, have succumbed to resistance development. Engineers have emerged across mechanical, physical, chemical, mathematical, and biological disciplines to address the challenge of drug resistance using a combination of interdisciplinary tools and skill sets. This review explores the developing, complex, and under-recognized role of engineering in medicine to address the multitude of challenges in cancer drug resistance. Looking through the "lens" of intrinsic, extrinsic, and drug-induced resistance (also referred to as "tolerance"), we will discuss three specific areas where active innovation is driving novel treatment paradigms: (1) nanotechnology, which has revolutionized drug delivery in desmoplastic tissues, harnessing physiochemical characteristics to destroy tumors through photothermal therapy and rationally designed nanostructures to circumvent cancer immunotherapy failures, (2) bioengineered tumor models, which have benefitted from microfluidics and mechanical engineering, creating a paradigm shift in physiologically relevant environments to predict clinical refractoriness and enabling platforms for screening drug combinations to thwart resistance at the individual patient level, and (3) computational and mathematical modeling, which blends in silico simulations with molecular and evolutionary principles to map mutational patterns and model interactions between cells that promote resistance. On the basis that engineering in medicine has resulted in discoveries in resistance biology and successfully translated to clinical strategies that improve outcomes, we suggest the proliferation of multidisciplinary science that embraces engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Craig
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3S 2G4, Canada
| | - Adrianne L Jenner
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3S 2G4, Canada
| | - Bumseok Namgung
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luke P Lee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron Goldman
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Tang Q, Yin D, Wang Y, Du W, Qin Y, Ding A, Li H. Cancer Stem Cells and Combination Therapies to Eradicate Them. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1994-2008. [PMID: 32250222 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406083756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show self-renewal ability and multipotential differentiation, like normal stem or progenitor cells, and which proliferate uncontrollably and can escape the effects of drugs and phagocytosis by immune cells. Traditional monotherapies, such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, cannot eradicate CSCs, however, combination therapy may be more effective at eliminating CSCs. The present review summarizes the characteristics of CSCs and several promising combination therapies to eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Yin
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxuan Du
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhan Qin
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anni Ding
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Bora-Singhal N, Mohankumar D, Saha B, Colin CM, Lee JY, Martin MW, Zheng X, Coppola D, Chellappan S. Novel HDAC11 inhibitors suppress lung adenocarcinoma stem cell self-renewal and overcome drug resistance by suppressing Sox2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4722. [PMID: 32170113 PMCID: PMC7069992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is known to have poor patient outcomes due to development of resistance to chemotherapy agents and the EGFR inhibitors, which results in recurrence of highly aggressive lung tumors. Even with recent success in immunotherapy using the checkpoint inhibitors, additional investigations are essential to identify novel therapeutic strategies for efficacious treatment for NSCLC. Our finding that high levels of histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) in human lung tumor tissues correlate with poor patient outcome and that depletion or inhibition of HDAC11 not only significantly reduces self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs) from NSCLC but also decreases Sox2 expression that is essential for maintenance of CSCs, indicates that HDAC11 is a potential target to combat NSCLC. We find that HDAC11 suppresses Sox2 expression through the mediation of Gli1, the Hedgehog pathway transcription factor. In addition, we have used highly selective HDAC11 inhibitors that not only target stemness and adherence independent growth of lung cancer cells but these inhibitors could also efficiently ablate the growth of drug-insensitive stem-like cells as well as therapy resistant lung cancer cells. These inhibitors were found to be efficacious even in presence of cancer associated fibroblasts which have been shown to contribute in therapy resistance. Our study presents a novel role of HDAC11 in lung adenocarcinoma progression and the potential use of highly selective inhibitors of HDAC11 in combating lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Bora-Singhal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Durairaj Mohankumar
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Biswarup Saha
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Christelle M Colin
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Lee
- FORMA Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal St, Suite 100, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Matthew W Martin
- FORMA Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal St, Suite 100, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Xiaozhang Zheng
- FORMA Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal St, Suite 100, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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14
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Kudo-Saito C, Miyamoto T, Imazeki H, Shoji H, Aoki K, Boku N. IL33 Is a Key Driver of Treatment Resistance of Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1981-1990. [PMID: 32156776 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and treatment resistance are major causes of cancer-associated death. There has been a growing interest in better understanding epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness of cancer cells, and exhaustion and dysfunction of the immune system for which numerous genomic, proteomic, microenvironmental, and immunologic mechanisms have been demonstrated. However, practical treatments for such patients have not yet been established. Here we identified IL33 as a key driver of polyploidy, followed by rapid proliferation after treatment. IL33 induction transformed tumor cells into polyploid giant cells, showing abnormal cell cycle without cell division accompanied by Snail deregulation and p53 inactivation; small progeny cells were generated in response to treatment stress. Simultaneously, soluble IL33 was released from tumor cells, leading to expansion of receptor ST2-expressing cells including IL17RB+GATA3+ cells, which promoted tumor progression and metastasis directly and indirectly via induction of immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Blocking IL33 with a specific mAb in murine IL33+ metastatic tumor models abrogated negative consequences and successfully elicited antitumor efficacy induced by other combined treatments. Ex vivo assays using tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with cancer validated the clinical relevancy of these findings. Together, these data suggest that targeting the IL33-ST2 axis is a promising strategy for diagnosis and treatment of patients likely to be resistant to treatments in the clinical settings. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate that the functional role of IL33 in cancer polyploidy contributes to intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underlying treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Miyamoto
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imazeki
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Shoji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Flüh C, Mafael V, Adamski V, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Dormancy and NKG2D system in brain metastases: Analysis of immunogenicity. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:298-314. [PMID: 31894267 PMCID: PMC6984787 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer (BC) and lung cancer (LC) are prone to developing brain metastases, which are associated with devastating prognoses. Dormant tumor cells, a population of non-apoptotic quiescent cells and immunological escape mechanisms, including the Natural Killer Group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor-ligand system, represent potential mechanisms of tumor recurrence. To date, the immunological characteristics of dormant tumor cells concerning the NKG2D system in cerebral malignancies are mostly unknown. In the present study, an extensive characterization of dormant and NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL)+ cells in cerebral metastases was performed. The expression profiles and localization patterns of various NKG2DL and several dormancy markers were analyzed in solid human brain metastases from patients with BC and LC using immunostaining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Bravais-Pearson correlation analysis. Not only 'peripheral', but also 'central' dormancy markers, which had been previously described in primary brain tumors, were identified in all cerebral metastases at detectable levels at protein and mRNA levels. Notably, the majority of NKG2DL+ cells were also positive for 'central' dormancy markers, but not 'peripheral' dormancy markers in both patient groups. This cell population may represent a promising future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Campus Kiel, D‑24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Victor Mafael
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Campus Kiel, D‑24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivian Adamski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Campus Kiel, D‑24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Campus Kiel, D‑24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig‑Holstein, Campus Kiel, D‑24105 Kiel, Germany
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16
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Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Boriero D, Mariotto S. Tumor Dormancy and Interplay with Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174305. [PMID: 31484342 PMCID: PMC6747268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a key factor in disease progression, local resistance, immune-escaping, and metastasis. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells and the aberrant structure of the blood vessels within tumors result in a marked heterogeneity in the perfusion of the tumor tissue with regions of hypoxia. Although most of the tumor cells die in these hypoxic conditions, a part of them can adapt and survive for many days or months in a dormant state. Dormant tumor cells are characterized by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase as well as a low metabolism, and are refractive to common chemotherapy, giving rise to metastasis. Despite these features, the cells retain their ability to proliferate when conditions improve. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of tumor dormancy is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cell populations. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the mechanisms allowing tumor dormancy and discuss the crucial role of the hypoxic microenvironment in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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17
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Valenzuela Alvarez M, Gutierrez LM, Correa A, Lazarowski A, Bolontrade MF. Metastatic Niches and the Modulatory Contribution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1946. [PMID: 31010037 PMCID: PMC6515194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an interesting population due to their capacity to release a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and due to their motile nature and homing ability. MSCs can be isolated from different sources, like adipose tissue or bone marrow, and have the capacity to differentiate, both in vivo and in vitro, into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, making them even more interesting in the regenerative medicine field. Tumor associated stroma has been recognized as a key element in tumor progression, necessary for the biological success of the tumor, and MSCs represent a functionally fundamental part of this associated stroma. Exosomes represent one of the dominant signaling pathways within the tumor microenvironment. Their biology raises high interest, with implications in different biological processes involved in cancer progression, such as the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. This is critical during the metastatic cascade, given that it is the formation of a permissive context that would allow metastatic tumor cells survival within the new environment. In this context, we explored the role of exosomes, particularly MSCs-derived exosomes as direct or indirect modulators. All this points out a possible new tool useful for designing better treatment and detection strategies for metastatic progression, including the management of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Valenzuela Alvarez
- Remodelative Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB)-CONICET-Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano-Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), C1199ACL Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luciana M Gutierrez
- Remodelative Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB)-CONICET-Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano-Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), C1199ACL Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Alberto Lazarowski
- INFIBIOC, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry (FFyB), University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela F Bolontrade
- Remodelative Processes and Cellular Niches Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB)-CONICET-Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano-Hospital Italiano Buenos Aires (HIBA), C1199ACL Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Liskova A, Kubatka P, Samec M, Zubor P, Mlyncek M, Bielik T, Samuel SM, Zulli A, Kwon TK, Büsselberg D. Dietary Phytochemicals Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050899. [PMID: 30836718 PMCID: PMC6429493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the importance of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables for human health. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized as a subpopulation of cancer cells with aberrant regulation of self-renewal, proliferation or apoptosis leading to cancer progression, invasiveness, metastasis formation, and therapy resistance. Anticancer effects of phytochemicals are also directed to target CSCs. Here we provide a comprehensive review of dietary phytochemicals targeting CSCs. Moreover, we evaluate and summarize studies dealing with effects of dietary phytochemicals on CSCs of various malignancies in preclinical and clinical research. Dietary phytochemicals have a significant impact on CSCs which may be applied in cancer prevention and treatment. However, anticancer effects of plant derived compounds have not yet been fully investigated in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Milos Mlyncek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty Hospital Nitra Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Tibor Bielik
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology and School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 426 01, Korea.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha 24144, Qatar.
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19
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McGrath J, Panzica L, Ransom R, Withers HG, Gelman IH. Identification of Genes Regulating Breast Cancer Dormancy in 3D Bone Endosteal Niche Cultures. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:860-869. [PMID: 30651373 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell dormancy is a significant clinical problem in breast cancer. We used a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of the endosteal bone niche (EN), consisting of endothelial, bone marrow stromal cells, and fetal osteoblasts in a 3D collagen matrix (GELFOAM), to identify genes required for dormancy. Human triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, but not the bone-tropic metastatic variant, BoM1833, established dormancy in 3D-EN cultures in a p38-MAPK-dependent manner, whereas both cell types proliferated on two-dimensional (2D) plastic or in 3D collagen alone. "Dormancy-reactivation suppressor genes" (DRSG) were identified using a genomic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in MDA-MB-231 cells for gene knockdowns that induced proliferation in the 3D-EN. DRSG candidates enriched for genes controlling stem cell biology, neurogenesis, MYC targets, ribosomal structure, and translational control. Several potential DRSG were confirmed using independent shRNAs, including BHLHE41, HBP1, and WNT3. Overexpression of the WNT3/a antagonists secreted frizzled-related protein 2 or 4 (SFRP2/4) and induced MDA-MB-231 proliferation in the EN. In contrast, overexpression of SFRP3, known not to antagonize WNT3/a, did not induce proliferation. Decreased WNT3 or BHLHE41 expression was found in clinical breast cancer metastases compared with primary-site lesions, and the loss of WNT3 or BHLHE41 or gain of SFRP1, 2, and 4 in the context of TP53 loss/mutation correlated with decreased progression-free and overall survival. IMPLICATIONS: These data describe several novel, potentially targetable pathways controlling breast cancer dormancy in the EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie McGrath
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Louis Panzica
- University at Buffalo School of Law, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Henry G Withers
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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20
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Talukdar S, Bhoopathi P, Emdad L, Das S, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Dormancy and cancer stem cells: An enigma for cancer therapeutic targeting. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:43-84. [PMID: 30691685 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy occurs when cells remain viable but stop proliferating. When most of a cancer population undergoes this phenomenon, the result is called tumor dormancy, and when a single cancer cell undergoes this process, it is termed quiescence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share several overlapping characteristics and signaling pathways with dormant cancer cells, including therapy resistance, and an ability to metastasize and evade the immune system. Cancer cells can be broadly grouped into dormancy-competent CSCs (DCCs), cancer-repopulating cells (CRCs), dormancy-incompetent CSCs and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). The settings in which cancer cells exploit the dormancy phase to survive and adapt are: (i) primary cancer dormancy; (ii) metastatic dormancy; (iii) therapy-induced dormancy; and (iv) immunologic dormancy. Dormancy, therapy resistance and plasticity of CSCs are fundamentally interconnected processes mediated through mechanisms involving reversible genetic alterations. Niches including metastatic, bone marrow, and perivascular are known to harbor dormant cancer cells. Mechanisms of dormancy induction are complex and multi-factorial and can involve angiogenic switching, addictive oncogene inhibition, immunoediting, anoikis, therapy, autophagy, senescence, epigenetic, and biophysical regulation. Therapy can have opposing effects on cancer cells with respect to dormancy; some therapies can induce dormancy, while others can reactivate dormant cells. There is a lack of consensus relative to the value of therapy-induced dormancy, i.e., some researchers view dormancy induction as a beneficial strategy as it can lead to metastasis inhibition, while others argue that reactivating dormant cancer cells and then eliminating them through therapy are a better approach. More focused investigations of intrinsic cell kinetics and environmental dynamics that promote and maintain cancer cells in a dormant state, and the long-term consequences of dormancy are critical for improving current therapeutic treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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21
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Zhou Y, Su Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Li X, Dai C, Xu C, Zheng T, Mao C, Chen D. Interleukin-23 receptor signaling mediates cancer dormancy and radioresistance in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells via the Wnt/Notch pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:177-188. [PMID: 30483821 PMCID: PMC6348073 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In the tumor microenvironment, inflammatory cells and molecules influence almost every process; among them, interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory molecule that exhibits pro- or anti-tumor properties, but both activities remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular IL-23 in IL-23 receptor-positive (IL-23R+) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and explored the mechanisms underlying this effect. We analyzed ESCC tumor tissues by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining and found that IL-23, which was highly expressed, co-localized with Oct-4A in IL-23R+ ESCC cells. In addition, IL-23 treatment significantly increased the accumulation of CD133+ cells and activated the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in CD133−IL-23R+ ESCC cell lines. Consistently, CD133−IL-23R+ cells pretreated with IL-23 showed stronger anti-apoptosis activity when exposed to radiation and higher survival than untreated groups. Moreover, the inhibition of Wnt/Notch signaling by a small-molecule inhibitor or siRNA abolished the effect of IL-23-induced dormancy and consequent radioresistance. Taken together, these results suggested that IL-23 facilitates radioresistance in ESCC by activating Wnt/Notch-mediated G0/1 phase arrest, and attenuating these detrimental changes by blocking the formation of dormancy may prove to be an effective pretreatment for radiotherapy. Key messages IL-23/IL-23R is correlated with the acquisition of stem-like potential in ESCC. CD133−IL-23R+ ESCCs acquired dormancy via IL-23. Radioresistance depends on IL-23-mediated Wnt/Notch pathway activation in vitro and vivo.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-018-1724-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuting Su
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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22
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Yen CH, Hsiao HH. NRF2 Is One of the Players Involved in Bone Marrow Mediated Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3503. [PMID: 30405034 PMCID: PMC6274683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma with clonal plasma expansion in bone marrow is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Though the improvement of outcomes from the achievement of novel agents in recent decades, the disease progresses and leads to death eventually due to the elusive nature of myeloma cells and resistance mechanisms to therapeutic agents. In addition to the molecular and genetic basis of resistance pathomechanisms, the bone marrow microenvironment also contributes to disease progression and confers drug resistance in myeloma cells. In this review, we focus on the current state of the literature in terms of critical bone marrow microenvironment components, including soluble factors, cell adhesion mechanisms, and other cellular components. Transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (NRF2), a central regulator for anti-oxidative stresses and detoxification, is implicated in chemoresistance in several cancers. The functional roles of NRF2 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and multiple myeloma cells, and the potential of targeting NRF2 for overcoming microenvironment-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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23
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Gross ETE, Peinado CD, Jung Y, Han S, Liu B, Santosa EK, Bui JD. Identification and editing of stem-like cells in methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1404212. [PMID: 30546937 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1404212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm posits that specific cells within a tumor, so-called CSC-like cells, have differing levels of tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. Original studies of CSCs identified them in human cancers and utilized mouse xenograft models to define the cancer initiating properties of these cells, thereby hampering the understanding of how immunity could affect CSCs. Indeed, few studies have characterized CSCs in the context of cancer immunoediting, and it is currently not clear how immunity could impact on the levels or stem-like behavior of CSCs. Using the well-studied 3'methylcholanthrene (MCA) model of primary sarcoma formation, we have defined a CSC-like population within MCA-induced sarcomas as expressing high levels of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) and low levels of CD90. These Sca-1+CD90- CSC-like cells had higher tumor initiating ability, could spontaneously give rise to Sca-1-negative cells, and formed more sarcospheres than corresponding non-CSC-like cells. Moreover, when examining MCA-induced sarcomas that were in the equilibrium phase of cancer growth, higher levels of CSC-like cells were found compared to MCA-induced sarcomas in the escape phase of cancer progression. Notably, CSC-like cells also emerged during escape from anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA4 therapy, thus suggesting that CSC-like cells could evade immune therapy. Finally, we demonstrate that paradoxically, interferon (IFN)-γ produced in vivo by immune cells could promote the emergence of CSC-like cells. Our findings define the existence of a Sca1+CD90- CSC-like population in the MCA-sarcoma model capable of differentiation, tumorsphere formation, and increased tumor initiation in vivo. These cells may also act as mediators of immune resistance during cancer immunoediting and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T E Gross
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carlos D Peinado
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yujin Jung
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Semi Han
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beichen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Endi K Santosa
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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24
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Tulake W, Yuemaier R, Sheng L, Ru M, Lidifu D, Abudula A. Upregulation of stem cell markers ALDH1A1 and OCT4 as potential biomarkers for the early detection of cervical carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5525-5534. [PMID: 30344706 PMCID: PMC6176262 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the upregulation of stem cell biomarkers that are associated with tumorigenesis, in particular with cancer infiltration, recurrence and metastasis. Infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main etiopathological factor of cervical carcinogenesis, but the expression of stem cell markers in cervical carcinoma and HPV infection have yet to be investigated so far. A total of 94 cases of fresh cervical tissues, 116 cases of paraffin-embedded cervical specimens and 72 cases of peripheral blood samples were collected from Uighur women who were either diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II-III, or from healthy subjects (negative controls, NC). HPV infection was detected in tissue DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a HPV genotyping kit. The mRNA expression levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1), nanog homeobox (NANOG), POU class 5 homeobox 1 (OCT4), SRY-box 2 (SOX2) and twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 (Twist1) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Histological analysis was performed in order to examine the protein expression of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens by immunohistochemical staining and the plasma levels of those two proteins was measured by ELISA. RT-qPCR analysis indicated a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in CIN II-III and SCC tissue specimens compared with NC (P<0.05). Although the expression levels of NANOG, SOX2 and Twist1 were significantly higher in SCC compared with NC (P<0.05), no significant difference was revealed in CIN II-III tissues compared with SCC or NC (P>0.05). Subsequent analysis by immunohistochemistry staining confirmed that the upregulation of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 was also significantly increased in SCC and CIN II-III compared with controls at the protein level. Notably, ELISA analysis detected significantly higher levels of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in the peripheral blood (plasma) of patients with SCC compared with healthy subjects. The upregulation of stem cell markers ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in cervical carcinoma and its precursor lesions, in particular in the peripheral blood, indicates that ALDH1A1 and OCT4 may serve as biomarkers for the early detection of cervical carcinoma or for the monitoring of treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuniqiemu Tulake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Reziwanguli Yuemaier
- Department of Clinical Research, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of The Chinese Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region for High-incident Diseases in Uighur Ethnic Population, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Ru
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Dilare Lidifu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Abulizi Abudula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of The Chinese Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region for High-incident Diseases in Uighur Ethnic Population, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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25
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La Porta CAM, Zapperi S. Explaining the dynamics of tumor aggressiveness: At the crossroads between biology, artificial intelligence and complex systems. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:42-47. [PMID: 30017637 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Facing metastasis is the most pressing challenge of cancer research. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells, highlighting the kinetics of cancer stem cell and the role of the epithelial mesenchymal transition for metastasis. It appears that the tumor micro-environment plays a crucial role in triggering phenotypic transitions, as we illustrate discussing the challenges posed by macrophages and cancer associated fibroblasts. To disentangle the complexity of environmentally induced phenotypic transitions, there is a growing need for novel advanced algorithms as those proposed in our recent work combining single cell data analysis and numerical simulations of gene regulatory networks. We conclude discussing recent developments in artificial intelligence and its applications to personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ICMATE, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
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26
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Wang L, Xu T, Cui M. Are ovarian cancer stem cells the target for innovative immunotherapy? Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2615-2626. [PMID: 29780254 PMCID: PMC5951213 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation, are believed to be responsible for tumor generation, progression, metastasis, and relapse. Ovarian cancer, the most malignant gynecological cancer, has consistent pathology behavior with CSC model, which suggests that therapies based on ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) can gain a more successful prognosis. Much evidence has proved that epigenetic mechanism played an important role in tumor formation and sustainment. Since CSCs are generally resistant to conventional therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), immunotherapy is a more effective method that has been implemented in the clinic. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell, an adoptive cellular immunotherapy, which results in apparent elimination of tumor in both hematologic and solid cancers, could be used for ovarian cancer. This review covers the basic conception of CSCs and OCSCs, the implication of epigenetic mechanism underlying cancer evolution considering CSC model, the immunotherapies reported for ovarian cancer targeting OCSCs currently, and the relationship between immune system and hierarchy cancer organized by CSCs. Particularly, the promising prospects and potential pitfalls of targeting OCSC surface markers to design CAR-T cellular immunotherapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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27
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Yadav AS, Pandey PR, Butti R, Radharani NNV, Roy S, Bhalara SR, Gorain M, Kundu GC, Kumar D. The Biology and Therapeutic Implications of Tumor Dormancy and Reactivation. Front Oncol 2018; 8:72. [PMID: 29616190 PMCID: PMC5868535 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in the early detection of cancer coupled with improved surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant therapy led to substantial increase in patient survival. Nevertheless, cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death in several cancer patients. The majority of these deaths are associated with metastatic relapse kinetics after a variable period of clinical remission. Most of the cancer recurrences are thought to be associated with the reactivation of dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). In this review, we have summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to DTCs and the role of microenvironmental niche. These mechanisms regulate the dormant state and help in the reactivation, which leads to metastatic outgrowth. Identification of novel therapeutic targets to eliminate these dormant tumor cells will be highly useful in controlling the metastatic relapse-related death with several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Poonam R. Pandey
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - N. N. V. Radharani
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shamayita Roy
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shaileshkumar R. Bhalara
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Gopal C. Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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28
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Yen CH, Lai CC, Shia TH, Chen M, Yu HC, Liu YP, Chang FR. Gynura divaricata attenuates tumor growth and tumor relapse after cisplatin therapy in HCC xenograft model through suppression of cancer stem cell growth and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:366-375. [PMID: 28729225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynura divaricata subsp. formosana is a widely used traditional herbal medicine for treating liver disorders such as hepatitis and liver cancer in Taiwan. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer and cancer stabilization effect of water extract of the aerial part of G. divaricata (GD extract) both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative effects of GD extract alone and in combination with cisplatin were determined by alamarBlue and clonogenic assay. Cancer stem cell (CSC) inhibition and the expression of CSC markers were revealed by sphere formation assay and real-time PCR (qPCR). The in vivo anti-cancer effect of GD extract was evaluated in Huh7 xenograft mice model and Ki-67 expression were also measured. The activity of Wnt signalling and the expression level of Wnt target genes and β-catenin were determined by luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, immunoblotting and IHC. RESULTS Moderate cytotoxicity of GD extract in liver cancer cells was observed. GD extract sensitized Huh7 cells to cisplatin treatment. Interestingly, GD extract inhibited cancer sphere formation and reduced the expression of CSC markers. Importantly, GD extract suppressed Huh7 tumor growth, Ki-67 expression and prolonged the anti-liver cancer effect of cisplatin in vivo. Treatment of GD extract resulted in reductions of Wnt reporter activity and the expression of Wnt target genes. Moreover, suppression of β-catenin were observed in both GD extract treated Huh7 spheres and xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION Accordingly, our findings suggest that G. divaricata may target liver CSC by suppressing the Wnt pathway and the combination of G. divaricata and cisplatin could be a candidate regimen for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural products & Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Hsiang Shia
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Department of Urology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei City 11260, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Che Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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29
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and cancer relapse are major clinical challenges attributed to a sub population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The concept of CSCs has been the subject of intense research by the oncology community since evidence for their existence was first published over twenty years ago. Emerging data indicates that they are also able to evade novel therapies such as targeted agents, immunotherapies and anti-angiogenics. The inability to appropriately identify and isolate CSCs is a major hindrance to the field and novel technologies are now being utilized. Agents that target CSC-associated cell surface receptors and signaling pathways have generated promising pre-clinical results and are now entering clinical trial. Here we discuss and evaluate current therapeutic strategies to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Annett
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland.
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30
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Piggott L, Silva A, Robinson T, Santiago-Gómez A, Simões BM, Becker M, Fichtner I, Andera L, Young P, Morris C, Barrett-Lee P, Alchami F, Piva M, Vivanco MDM, Clarke RB, Gee J, Clarkson R. Acquired Resistance of ER-Positive Breast Cancer to Endocrine Treatment Confers an Adaptive Sensitivity to TRAIL through Posttranslational Downregulation of c-FLIP. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2452-2463. [PMID: 29363524 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: One third of ER-positive breast cancer patients who initially respond to endocrine therapy become resistant to treatment. Such treatment failure is associated with poor prognosis and remains an area of unmet clinical need. Here, we identify a specific posttranslational modification that occurs during endocrine resistance and which results in tumor susceptibility to the apoptosis-inducer TRAIL. This potentially offers a novel stratified approach to targeting endocrine-resistant breast cancer.Experimental Design: Cell line and primary-derived xenograft models of endocrine resistance were investigated for susceptibility to TRAIL. Tumor viability, cancer stem cell (CSC) viability (tumorspheres), tumor growth kinetics, and metastatic burden were assessed. Western blots for the TRAIL-pathway inhibitor, c-FLIP, and upstream regulators were performed. Results were confirmed in primary culture of 26 endocrine-resistant and endocrine-naïve breast tumors.Results: Breast cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to tamoxifen (TAMR) or faslodex were more sensitive to TRAIL than their endocrine-sensitive controls. Moreover, TRAIL eliminated CSC-like activity in TAMR cells, resulting in prolonged remission of xenografts in vivo In primary culture, TRAIL significantly depleted CSCs in 85% endocrine-resistant, compared with 8% endocrine-naïve, tumors, whereas systemic administration of TRAIL in endocrine-resistant patient-derived xenografts reduced tumor growth, CSC-like activity, and metastases. Acquired TRAIL sensitivity correlated with a reduction in intracellular levels of c-FLIP, and an increase in Jnk-mediated phosphorylation of E3-ligase, ITCH, which degrades c-FLIP.Conclusions: These results identify a novel mechanism of acquired vulnerability to an extrinsic cell death stimulus, in endocrine-resistant breast cancers, which has both therapeutic and prognostic potential. Clin Cancer Res; 24(10); 2452-63. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Piggott
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreia Silva
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Robinson
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Santiago-Gómez
- Breast Biology Group, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno M Simões
- Breast Biology Group, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Becker
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Ladislav Andera
- Department of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vestec, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philippa Young
- Cardiff and Vale UHB Breast Centre, University Hospital of Llandough, Llandough, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Morris
- Cardiff and Vale UHB Breast Centre, University Hospital of Llandough, Llandough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fouad Alchami
- Cardiff and Vale UHB, Histopathology, University Hospital Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Piva
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Biology Group, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Gee
- School of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Clarkson
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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31
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Dai Y, Wang L, Tang J, Cao P, Luo Z, Sun J, Kiflu A, Sai B, Zhang M, Wang F, Li G, Xiang J. Activation of anaphase-promoting complex by p53 induces a state of dormancy in cancer cells against chemotherapeutic stress. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25478-92. [PMID: 27009858 PMCID: PMC5041919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a stage in tumor progression in which residual disease remains occult and asymptomatic for a prolonged period. Cancer cell dormancy is the main cause of cancer recurrence and failure of therapy. However, cancer dormancy is poorly characterized and the mechanisms of how cancer cells develop dormancy and relapse remain elusive. In this study, 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) was used to induce cancer cell dormancy. We found that cancer cells escape the cytotoxicity of 5-FU by becoming “dormant”. After exposure to 5-FU, residual non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), followed by mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These EMT-transformed NSCLC cells were in the state of cell quiescence where cells were not dividing and were arrested in the cell cycle in G0-G1. The dormant cells underwent an EMT showed characteristics of cancer stem cells. P53 is strongly accumulated in response to 5-FU-induced dormant cells through the activation of ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) and TGF-β/Smad signaling. In contrast to the EMT-transformed cells, MET-transformed cells showed an increased ability to proliferate, suggesting that dormant EMT cells were reactivated in the MET process. During the EMT-MET process, DNA repair including nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) is critical to dormant cell reactivation. Our findings provide a mechanism to unravel cancer cell dormancy and reactivation of the cancer cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Dai
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jun Sun
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Abraha Kiflu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Meili Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Integrating Biological and Mathematical Models to Explain and Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancer. Part 1: Biological Facts and Studies in Drug Resistance. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Only a small proportion of patients benefit from curative treatment and the prognosis is very poor for the majority of cases due to late presentation, resistance to chemotherapy and high recurrence rate. In recent years, progress in stem cell biology allowed us to explain that hierarchically organized cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive histological and functional heterogeneity of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS Also referred to as tumor-initiating cells, CSCs have been isolated from both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and primary tumors by using hepatic progenitor markers. Although there is still no consensus on cancer stem cell phenotype in HCC, single or combined use of CSC markers defines a minor population of tumor cells with the capacity of self-renewing and the ability to recapitulate the original tumor heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS This review focuses on the biological features of CSCs and their potential as diagnostic/prognostic tools and therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Yagci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Cayirova, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Metin Cetin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Cayirova, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Pelin Balcik Ercin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Cayirova, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Sciacovelli M, Frezza C. Metabolic reprogramming and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer. FEBS J 2017; 284:3132-3144. [PMID: 28444969 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that during transformation epithelial cancer cells can acquire mesenchymal features via a process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process endows cancer cells with increased invasive and migratory capacity, enabling tumour dissemination and metastasis. EMT is associated with a complex metabolic reprogramming, orchestrated by EMT transcription factors, which support the energy requirements of increased motility and growth in harsh environmental conditions. The discovery that mutations in metabolic genes such as FH, SDH and IDH activate EMT provided further evidence that EMT and metabolism are intertwined. In this review, we discuss the role of EMT in cancer and the underpinning metabolic reprogramming. We also put forward the hypothesis that, by altering chromatin structure and function, metabolic pathways engaged by EMT are necessary for its full activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sciacovelli
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
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35
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Zhang D, Zhao L, Shen Q, Lv Q, Jin M, Ma H, Nie X, Zheng X, Huang S, Zhou P, Wu G, Zhang T. Down-regulation of KIAA1199/CEMIP by miR-216a suppresses tumor invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2298-2309. [PMID: 28213952 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of death from cancer. Metastasis is the leading cause of treatment failure, in which cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells play crucial roles. Identifying the involved metastatic biomarkers and clarifying the regulation mechanisms are of great importance for targeting tumor metastasis. In the current research, we discovered that KIAA1199, a cell-migration inducing protein, showed higher expression in CD44+ cancer cells from metastatic compared with the paired primary tissues, and was upregulated in colorectal cancer and positively correlated with numbers and mesenchymal phenotype of circulating tumor cells, and predicted shorter progress-free survival. Moreover, we indicated that down-regulation of KIAA1199 suppressed migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro, and inhibited metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that KIAA1199 was one of the direct and functional targets of miR-216a, and miR-216a overexpression led to decreased migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro, and inhibited metastasis in vivo. Collectively, KIAA1199 plays a critical role in maintaining an aggressive phenotype of tumor cells, and suppression of KIAA1199-related motilities of tumor cells contributes to reduced tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiu Nie
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiumei Zheng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaoyi Huang
- Wuhan YZY Medical Science & Technology Co, Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Wuhan YZY Medical Science & Technology Co, Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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36
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Yang L, Xu JF, Kang Q, Li AQ, Jin P, Wang X, He YQ, Li N, Cheng T, Sheng JQ. Predictive Value of Stemness Factor Sox2 in Gastric Cancer Is Associated with Tumor Location and Stage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169124. [PMID: 28046028 PMCID: PMC5207680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be the "root" of cancer. Although stemness-related factors ALDH1A1 and Sox2 have been used as markers to identify gastric CSCs, the expression pattern and significance of these factors in gastric cancer have not been sufficiently demonstrated. In this study, the expressions of ALDH1A1 and Sox2 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 122 gastric cancer specimens. And the correlation between Sox2 or ALDH1A1 expression and clinicopathological parameters and overall survival data were analyzed. The positive rate of ALDH1A1 expression was 60%, but there was no significant difference between survival rates of ALDH1A1-positive and ALDH1A1-negative patients. Sox2 was expressed in 42% of specimens and was associated with poor prognosis of patients (P = 0.015). Stratified analysis showed that Sox2 expression correlated with shorter lifespan only in patients with cardiac gastric cancers (P = 0.002) or stage I or II gastric cancers (P = 0.002); but not in patients with non-cardiac cancers (P = 0.556) or stage III or IV gastric cancers (P = 0.121). Analysis on a database cohort validated the correlation between Sox2 expression and poor prognosis in stage II cancer. Also, expression of Sox2 was associated with lymphnode metastasis in patients with cardiac gastric cancer (P = 0.037). A multivariate analysis revealed that Sox2 was an independent prognostic factor in cardiac gastric cancer. Our results indicate that predictive value of Sox2 in gastric cancer is associated with cardiac cancer location and with early cancer stages (I and II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JQS); (LY)
| | - Jun-Feng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- GraduateCollege, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JQS); (LY)
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Role of SUMO activating enzyme in cancer stem cell maintenance and self-renewal. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12326. [PMID: 27465491 PMCID: PMC4974481 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have key roles in treatment resistance, tumour metastasis and relapse. Using colorectal cancer (CC) cell lines, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tissues and patient tissues, here we report that CC CSCs, which resist chemoradiation, have higher SUMO activating enzyme (E1) and global SUMOylation levels than non-CSCs. Knockdown of SUMO E1 or SUMO conjugating enzyme (E2) inhibits CC CSC maintenance and self-renewal, while overexpression of SUMO E1 or E2 increases CC cell stemness. We found that SUMOylation regulates CSCs through Oct-1, a transcription factor for aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). ALDH activity is not only a marker for CSCs but also important in CSC biology. SUMO does not modify Oct-1 directly, but regulates the expression of TRIM21 that enhances Oct-1 ubiquitination and, consequently, reducing Oct-1 stability. In summary, our findings suggest that SUMOylation could be a target to inhibit CSCs and ultimately to reduce treatment resistance, tumour metastasis and relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have key roles in tumor initiation and metastasis. Here, the authors show that the SUMO E1 and global sumoylation levels are high in colorectal CSCs and that depletion of the catalytic subunit of the SUMO E1, SAE2, affects CSCs self-renewal through TRIM21-mediated degradation of the Oct1, a transcription factor for ALDH.
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38
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Tachtsidis A, McInnes LM, Jacobsen N, Thompson EW, Saunders CM. Minimal residual disease in breast cancer: an overview of circulating and disseminated tumour cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:521-50. [PMID: 27189371 PMCID: PMC4947105 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Within the field of cancer research, focus on the study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in the context of carcinoma has grown exponentially over the past several years. MRD encompasses circulating tumour cells (CTCs)—cancer cells on the move via the circulatory or lymphatic system, disseminated tumour cells (DTCs)—cancer cells which have escaped into a distant site (most studies have focused on bone marrow), and resistant cancer cells surviving therapy—be they local or distant, all of which may ultimately give rise to local relapse or overt metastasis. Initial studies simply recorded the presence and number of CTCs and DTCs; however recent advances are allowing assessment of the relationship between their persistence, patient prognosis and the biological properties of MRD, leading to a better understanding of the metastatic process. Technological developments for the isolation and analysis of circulating and disseminated tumour cells continue to emerge, creating new opportunities to monitor disease progression and perhaps alter disease outcome. This review outlines our knowledge to date on both measurement and categorisation of MRD in the form of CTCs and DTCs with respect to how this relates to cancer outcomes, and the hurdles and future of research into both CTCs and DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tachtsidis
- St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L M McInnes
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N Jacobsen
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - E W Thompson
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - C M Saunders
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Bora-Singhal N, Nguyen J, Schaal C, Perumal D, Singh S, Coppola D, Chellappan S. YAP1 Regulates OCT4 Activity and SOX2 Expression to Facilitate Self-Renewal and Vascular Mimicry of Stem-Like Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1705-18. [PMID: 25754111 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is highly correlated with smoking and has very low survival rates. Multiple studies have shown that stem-like cells contribute to the genesis and progression of NSCLC. Our results show that the transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), which is the oncogenic component of the Hippo signaling pathway, is elevated in the stem-like cells from NSCLC and contributes to their self-renewal and ability to form angiogenic tubules. Inhibition of YAP1 by a small molecule or depletion of YAP1 by siRNAs suppressed self-renewal and vascular mimicry of stem-like cells. These effects of YAP1 were mediated through the embryonic stem cell transcription factor, Sox2. YAP1 could transcriptionally induce Sox2 through a physical interaction with Oct4; Sox2 induction occurred independent of TEAD2 transcription factor, which is the predominant mediator of YAP1 functions. The binding of Oct4 to YAP1 could be detected in cell lines as well as tumor tissues; the interaction was elevated in NSCLC samples compared to normal tissue as seen by proximity ligation assays. YAP1 bound to Oct4 through the WW domain, and a peptide corresponding to this region could disrupt the interaction. Delivery of the WW domain peptide to stem-like cells disrupted the interaction and abrogated Sox2 expression, self-renewal, and vascular mimicry. Depleting YAP1 reduced the expression of multiple epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and prevented the growth and metastasis of tumor xenografts in mice; overexpression of Sox2 in YAP1 null cells rescued these functions. These results demonstrate a novel regulation of stem-like functions by YAP1, through the modulation of Sox2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Bora-Singhal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan Nguyen
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Deepak Perumal
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep Singh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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40
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Chandrakesan P, Panneerselvam J, Qu D, Weygant N, May R, Bronze MS, Houchen CW. Regulatory Roles of Dclk1 in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27335684 PMCID: PMC4913783 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2518.1000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identification of functionally relevant subpopulations of therapy-resistant cancer cells is a challenge. These cells, intrinsically resistant to conventional therapy, can cause recurrence. Evidence has suggested that therapy-resistant cancer cells are likely epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) cells and/or stem-like cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). EMT, a normal embryological process that converts epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, is frequently activated during cancer development and progression. CSCs are a small subpopulation of cancer cells within a tumor mass that have the ability to self-renew and maintain tumor-initiating capacity by giving rise to heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the whole tumor. Although the origin of CSCs and EMT cells remains to be fully explored, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the biology of EMT and CSCs is strongly linked. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a cancer stem cell marker, is functionally involved in maintaining cancer stemness and the process of EMT important for cancer initiation, cancer metastasis, and secondary tumor formation. Therefore, targeting these cells may provide new strategies to overcome tumor heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and cancer relapse. In this review, we will provide a potential mechanistic link between EMT induction and the emergence of CSCs for the origin and progression of cancer. We will highlight the functional activity of DCLK1 in supporting EMT and cancer cell self-renewal, which will lead us to a better understanding of DCLK1 expression in cancer development and progression, and help us to develop targeted therapies for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - J Panneerselvam
- Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - D Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - N Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - M S Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - C W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; COARE Biotechnology, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das S, Sarkar D, Fisher P. Evolving Strategies for Therapeutically Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 131:159-91. [PMID: 27451127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactor and multistep process that is affected intrinsically by the genetic and epigenetic makeup of tumor cells and extrinsically by the host microenvironment and immune system. A key component of cancer involves a unique subpopulation of highly malignant cancerous cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are positioned at the apex of the tumor hierarchy with an ability to both self-renew and also generate non-CSC/differentiated progeny, which contribute to the majority of the tumor mass. CSCs undergo functional changes and show plasticity that is stimulated by specific microenvironmental cues and interactions in the tumor niche, which contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC population. The prognostic value of CSCs in the clinic is evident since there are many examples in which CSCs serve as markers for poor patient prognosis. CSCs are innately resistant to many standard therapies and they display anoikis resistance, immune evasion, tumor dormancy, and field cancerization, which may result in metastasis and relapse. Many academic laboratories and biotechnology companies are currently focusing on strategies that target CSCs. Combination therapies, epigenetic modifiers, stemness inhibitors, CSC surface marker-based therapies, and immunotherapy-based CSC-targeting drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials. Potential new targets/strategies in CSC-targeted therapy include MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP), Patched (PTCH), epigenetic targets, noncoding RNAs, and differentiation induction. Defining ways of targeting and destroying CSCs holds potential to impact significantly on cancer therapy, including prevention of metastasis and cancer recurrence.
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42
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Es-Haghi M, Soltanian S, Dehghani H. Perspective: Cooperation of Nanog, NF-κΒ, and CXCR4 in a regulatory network for directed migration of cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1559-65. [PMID: 26715265 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration is a crucial mobility phase of cancer stem cells having stemness and tumorigenic characteristics. It is known that CXCR4 plays key roles in the perception of chemotactic gradients throughout the directed migration of CSCs. There are a number of complex signaling pathways and transcription factors that coordinate with CXCR4/CXCL12 axis during directed migration. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors such as Nanog, NF-κB, and Bmi-1 that cooperate with CXCR4/CXCL12 for the maintenance of stemness and induction of metastasis behavior in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Es-Haghi
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. .,Embryonic and Stem Cell Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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43
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Walker ND, Patel J, Munoz JL, Hu M, Guiro K, Sinha G, Rameshwar P. The bone marrow niche in support of breast cancer dormancy. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:263-71. [PMID: 26546045 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success in detecting breast cancer (BC) early and, with aggressive therapeutic intervention, BC remains a clinical problem. The bone marrow (BM) is a favorable metastatic site for breast cancer cells (BCCs). In BM, the survival of BCCs is partly achieved by the supporting microenvironment, including the presence of immune suppressive cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The heterogeneity of BCCs brings up the question of how each subset interacts with the BM microenvironment. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) survive in the BM as cycling quiescence cells and, forming gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) with the hematopoietic supporting stromal cells and MSCs. This type of communication has been identified close to the endosteum. Additionally, dormancy can occur by soluble mediators such as cytokines and also by the exchange of exosomes. These latter mechanisms are reviewed in the context of metastasis of BC to the BM for transition as dormant cells. The article also discusses how immune cells such as macrophages and regulatory T-cells facilitate BC dormancy. The challenges of studying BC dormancy in 2-dimensional (2-D) system are also incorporated by proposing 3-D system by engineering methods to recapitulate the BM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nykia D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jimmy Patel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jessian L Munoz
- Ob/Gyn and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Madeleine Hu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Guiro
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Garima Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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45
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Baek SJ, Ishii H, Tamari K, Hayashi K, Nishida N, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Koseki J, Fukusumi T, Hasegawa S, Ogawa H, Hamabe A, Miyo M, Noguchi K, Seo Y, Doki Y, Mori M, Ogawa K. Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2233-7. [PMID: 26330103 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells in cancer with stem-like properties such as cell proliferation, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation capacities. CSCs are therapy-resistant and cause cancer metastasis and recurrence. One key issue in cancer therapy is how to target and eliminate CSCs, in order to cure cancer completely without relapse and metastasis. To target CSCs, many cell surface markers, DNAs and microRNAs are considered as CSC markers. To date, the majority of the reported markers are not very specific to CSCs and are also present in non-CSCs. However, the combination of several markers is quite valuable for identifying and targeting CSCs, although more specific identification methods are needed. While CSCs are considered as critical therapeutic targets, useful treatment methods remain to be established. Epigenetic gene regulators, microRNAs, are associated with tumor initiation and progression. MicroRNAs have been recently considered as promising therapeutic targets, which can alter the therapeutic resistance of CSCs through epigenetic modification. Moreover, carbon ion beam radiotherapy is a promising treatment for CSCs. Evidence indicates that the carbon ion beam is more effective against CSCs than the conventional X-ray beam. Combination therapies of radiosensitizing microRNAs and carbon ion beam radiotherapy may be a promising cancer strategy. This review focuses on the identification and treatment resistance of CSCs and the potential of microRNAs as new radiosensitizers and carbon ion beam radiotherapy as a promising therapeutic strategy against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Baek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahito Fukusumi
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisataka Ogawa
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hamabe
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyo
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kozo Noguchi
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Cancer Dormancy: A Regulatory Role for Endogenous Immunity in Establishing and Maintaining the Tumor Dormant State. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:597-619. [PMID: 26350597 PMCID: PMC4586469 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant contribution of host immunity in early tumorigenesis has been recently recognized as a result of our better understanding of the molecular pathways regulating tumor cell biology and tumor-lymphocyte interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that disseminated dormant tumor cells derived from primary tumors before or after immune surveillance, are responsible for subsequent metastases. Recent trends from the field of onco-immunology suggest that efficiently stimulating endogenous anticancer immunity is a prerequisite for the successful outcome of conventional cancer therapies. Harnessing the immune system to achieve clinical efficacy is realistic in the context of conventional therapies resulting in immunogenic cell death and/or immunostimulatory side effects. Targeted therapies designed to target oncogenic pathways in tumor cells can also positively regulate the endogenous immune response and tumor microenvironment. Identification of T cell inhibitory signals has prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which specifically hinder immune effector inhibition, reinvigorating and potentially expanding the preexisting anticancer immune response. This anticancer immunity can be amplified in the setting of immunotherapies, mostly in the form of vaccines, which boost naturally occurring T cell clones specifically recognizing tumor antigens. Thus, a promising anticancer therapy will aim to activate patients' naturally occurring anticancer immunity either to eliminate residual tumor cells or to prolong dormancy in disseminated tumor cells. Such an endogenous anticancer immunity plays a significant role for controlling the balance between dormant tumor cells and tumor escape, and restraining metastases. In this review, we mean to suggest that anticancer therapies aiming to stimulate the endogenous antitumor responses provide the concept of the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Bonavida B. RKIP-mediated chemo-immunosensitization of resistant cancer cells via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP resistance-driver loop. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 19:431-45. [PMID: 25597353 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases. Whereas most treatment regimens for various cancers have resulted in improved clinical responses and sometimes cures, unfortunately, subsets of cancer patients are either pretreatment resistant or develop resistance following therapy. These subsets of patients develop cross-resistance to unrelated therapeutics and usually succumb to death. Thus, delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance of various cancers and identifying molecular targets for intervention are the current main focus of research investigations. One approach to investigate cancer resistance has been to identify pathways that regulate resistance and develop means to disrupt these pathways in order to override resistance and sensitize the resistant cells to cell death. Hence, we have identified one pathway that is dysregulated in cancer, namely, the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop, that has been shown to regulate, in large part, tumor cell resistance to apoptosis by chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic drugs. The dysregulated resistant loop is manifested by the overexpression of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 activities and the underexpression of RKIP. The induction of RKIP expression results in the downregulation of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 and the sensitization of resistant cells to drug-induced apoptosis. These findings identified RKIP, in addition to its antiproliferative and metastatic suppressor functions, as an anti-resistance factor. This brief review describes the role of RKIP in the regulation of drug sensitivity via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/ YY1/RKIP loop that regulates resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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48
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Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Antitumor Activities. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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49
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Pandey S, Thakur M, Talib A, Khan MS, Bhaisare ML, Wu SM, Wu HF. Laser-assisted synthesis of multi-colored protein dots and their biological distribution in experimental mice using a dye tracking method. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09815c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel method for the synthesis of ultra-bright green and red colored protein dots (Pr-dots) using continuous and pulse lasers (λ = 534 and 1064 nm) with lysozyme as a precursor in ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung
- Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Mukeshchand Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Padmashree Dr D.Y. Patil University
- Navi Mumbai – 400 614
- India
| | - Abou Talib
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica
- Kaohsiung
- Taiwan
| | - M. Shahnawaz Khan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica
- Kaohsiung
- Taiwan
| | | | - Shou-Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung
- Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung
- Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy
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50
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MacLean AL, Harrington HA, Stumpf MPH, Hansen MDH. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Metastatic Cancer Cell Populations Affects Tumor Dormancy in a Simple Mathematical Model. Biomedicines 2014; 2:384-402. [PMID: 28548077 PMCID: PMC5344274 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling from the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with progression and metastasis of epithelial tumors. c-Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cultured cells, which is thought to drive migration of tumor cells and confer on them critical stem cell properties. Here, we employ mathematical modeling to better understand how EMT affects population dynamics in metastatic tumors. We find that without intervention, micrometastatic tumors reach a steady-state population. While the rates of proliferation, senescence and death only have subtle effects on the steady state, changes in the frequency of EMT dramatically alter population dynamics towards exponential growth. We also find that therapies targeting cell proliferation or cell death are markedly more successful when combined with one that prevents EMT, though such therapies do little when used alone. Stochastic modeling reveals the probability of tumor recurrence from small numbers of residual differentiated tumor cells. EMT events in metastatic tumors provide a plausible mechanism by which clinically detectable tumors can arise from dormant micrometastatic tumors. Modeling the dynamics of this process demonstrates the benefit of a treatment that eradicates tumor cells and reduces the rate of EMT simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L MacLean
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Heather A Harrington
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Michael P H Stumpf
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Marc D H Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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