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Pospíšilová J, Toman D, Ručil T, Cankař P. D-Hexopyranosides with Vicinal Nitrogen-Containing Functionalities. Molecules 2024; 29:3465. [PMID: 39124870 PMCID: PMC11313743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various substituted D-hexopypyranosides units with nitrogen-containing functionalities are present in many important natural compounds and pharmaceutical substances. Since their complex structural diversity contributes to a broad spectrum of biological functions and activities, these derivatives are frequently studied. This review covers syntheses of D-hexopyranosides with vicinal nitrogen-containing functionalities since the 1960s, when the first articles emerged. The syntheses are arranged according to the positions of substitutions, to form a relative configuration of vicinal functionalities, and synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.T.); (T.R.)
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Guzmán A, Rosales-Torres AM, Medina-Moctezuma ZB, González-Aretia D, Hernández-Coronado CG. Effects and action mechanism of gonadotropins on ovarian follicular cells: A novel role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P). A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 357:114593. [PMID: 39047797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) control antral follicular growth by regulating several processes, such as the synthesis of hormones and signaling molecules, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, luteinization, and ovulation. To exert these effects, gonadotropins bind to their respective Gs protein-coupled receptors, activating the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway or recruiting Gq proteins to activate protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. Although the action mechanism of FSH and LH is clear, recently, it has been shown that both gonadotropins promote the synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in granulosa and theca cells through the activation of sphingosine kinase 1. Moreover, the inhibition of SPHKs reduces S1P synthesis, cell viability, and the proliferation of follicular cells in response to gonadotropins, and the addition of S1P to the culture medium increases the proliferation of granulosa and theca cells without apparent effects on sexual steroid synthesis. Therefore, we consider that S1P is a crucial signaling molecule that complements the canonical gonadotropin pathway to promote the proliferation and viability of granulosa and theca cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guzmán
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento Producción Agrícola y Animal, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A M Rosales-Torres
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento Producción Agrícola y Animal, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Z B Medina-Moctezuma
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D González-Aretia
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C G Hernández-Coronado
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento Producción Agrícola y Animal, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Ubah SA, Abalaka SE, Asibor VC, Ogundana EK, Iyojo IJ, Agbonu OA, Columbus PK, Abah KO, Obudu CE, Isaac OA, Ezinwo PA. Gonadotropic Activity of Pituitary Extract of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in Mammals using Immature Wistar Rats as Models. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:84-92. [PMID: 38205775 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230313153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary glands normally produce and stores gonadotropic hormones (GnH) that are responsible for ovulation and spermiation in animals. However, whether fish pituitary extracts can elicit same effects in treated animals need elucidation as a prelude to their practical usage in animals. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the oestrus-inducing potential of the pituitary gland extract of the Africa Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in immature Wistar rats. METHODS The experiment involved the use of 18 immature female Wistar rats and 10 male catfish brood stocks with the use of six Wistar rats per groups as follows: Group A had human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment. Group B had only normal saline treatment as the control whereas Group C had the C. gariepinus pituitary extract administration to induce oestrus with treatments occurring twice six hours apart in each group. RESULTS There was an obvious expression of visible signs of heat and the presence of uterine horn oedema with significant (p < 0.05) increase in reproductive tract weight and uterine width and length. However, only progesterone levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the hCG and the C. gariepinus pituitary extract treated groups compared to other assayed hormones. CONCLUSION These results showed that C. gariepinus pituitary extract has the capacity to induce oestrus in Wistar rats because of its gonadotropic effects, which needs further investigations at higher doses and for longer exposure periods for possible oestrus induction and synchronization in higher mammals. Further favourable results could herald the possible patent of the catfish pituitary extract for either experimental or commercial use in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Azubuike Ubah
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Samson Eneojo Abalaka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Victory Clara Asibor
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Itodo Joy Iyojo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria
| | - Oluwa Adikpe Agbonu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Kenneth Owoicho Abah
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Ese Obudu
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatobi Akefe Isaac
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Prisca Adaoma Ezinwo
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
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Constantin S, Sokanovic SJ, Mochimaru Y, Smiljanic K, Sivcev S, Prévide RM, Wray S, Balla T, Stojilkovic SS. Postnatal Development and Maintenance of Functional Pituitary Gonadotrophs Is Dependent on PI4-Kinase A. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad168. [PMID: 37935042 PMCID: PMC10652335 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal development of functional pituitary gonadotrophs is necessary for maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, puberty, and reproduction. Here we examined the role of PI4-kinase A, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of PI4P in mouse reproduction by knocking out this enzyme in cells expressing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor. Knockout (KO) mice were infertile, reflecting underdeveloped gonads and reproductive tracts and lack of puberty. The number and distribution of hypothalamic GnRH neurons and Gnrh1 expression in postnatal KOs were not affected, whereas Kiss1/kisspeptin expression was increased. KO of PI4-kinase A also did not alter embryonic establishment and neonatal development and function of the gonadotroph population. However, during the postnatal period, there was a progressive loss of expression of gonadotroph-specific genes, including Fshb, Lhb, and Gnrhr, accompanied by low gonadotropin synthesis. The postnatal gonadotroph population also progressively declined, reaching approximately one-third of that observed in controls at 3 months of age. In these residual gonadotrophs, GnRH-dependent calcium signaling and calcium-dependent membrane potential changes were lost, but intracellular administration of inositol-14,5-trisphosphate rescued this signaling. These results indicate a key role for PI4-kinase A in the postnatal development and maintenance of a functional gonadotroph population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srdjan J Sokanovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuta Mochimaru
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonja Sivcev
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael M Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kenis S, Istiban MN, Van Damme S, Vandewyer E, Watteyne J, Schoofs L, Beets I. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone-receptor pathway controls growth in C. elegans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1200407. [PMID: 37409228 PMCID: PMC10319355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, thyrostimulin is a highly conserved glycoprotein hormone that, besides thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), is a potent ligand of the TSH receptor. Thyrostimulin is considered the most ancestral glycoprotein hormone and orthologs of its subunits, GPA2 and GPB5, are widely conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Unlike TSH, however, the functions of the thyrostimulin neuroendocrine system remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify a functional thyrostimulin-like signaling system in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that orthologs of GPA2 and GPB5, together with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) related neuropeptides, constitute a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes growth in C. elegans. GPA2/GPB5 signaling is required for normal body size and acts through activation of the glycoprotein hormone receptor ortholog FSHR-1. C. elegans GPA2 and GPB5 increase cAMP signaling by FSHR-1 in vitro. Both subunits are expressed in enteric neurons and promote growth by signaling to their receptor in glial cells and the intestine. Impaired GPA2/GPB5 signaling causes bloating of the intestinal lumen. In addition, mutants lacking thyrostimulin-like signaling show an increased defecation cycle period. Our study suggests that the thyrostimulin GPA2/GPB5 pathway is an ancient enteric neuroendocrine system that regulates intestinal function in ecdysozoans, and may ancestrally have been involved in the control of organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Damme
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vandewyer
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Watteyne
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Nguyen TMD, Klett D, Combarnous Y. Undissociable chemically cross-linked and single-chain gonadotropins. Theriogenology 2023; 198:250-255. [PMID: 36621134 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Undissociable gonadotropins can be obtained either by chemical cross-linking of the natural heterodimeric hormones or by expressing recombinant single-chain molecules through the fusion of their α and β polypeptide sequences. These undissociable hormones are not more active than their natural heterodimeric counterparts indicating that the β-subunit seatbelt embracing the α-subunit ensures the αβ heterodimer stability in physiological conditions. The main interests of single-chain gonadotropins are that 1/only one single plasmid is required to produce an active recombinant hormone, 2/the two subunits' domains are constantly present in equal amounts and 3/they remain in close proximity even at low concentration for forming the hormone bioactive 3D structure. These undissociable gonadotropins have been shown to exhibit excellent stability and activity but they have not yet been commercialized probably because of immunogenicity risks and cost of production. Nevertheless, they might be used as a basis for the development of chemically simpler and cheaper ligands of LH and FSH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mong Diep Nguyen
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon, 820000, Viet Nam
| | - Danièle Klett
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- INRAe, CNRS Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviour, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Barnabas R, Jadhav S, Arya S, Lila AR, Sarathi V, Shah GR, Bhandare VV, Shah NS, Kunwar A, Bandgar T. Luteinizing hormone β-subunit deficiency: Report of a novel LHB likely pathogenic variant and a systematic review of the published literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:383-393. [PMID: 35470463 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Selective deficiency of β-subunit of luteinizing hormone (LHB) is a rare disease with scarce data on its characteristics. OBJECTIVES To describe a male with LHB deficiency and systematically review the literature. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Description of a male patient with LHB deficiency and a systematic review of LHB deficiency patients published to date (10 males and 3 females) as per PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A 36-year-old Asian Indian male presented with infertility. On evaluation, he had sexual maturity of Tanner's stage 3, low testosterone (0.23 ng/ml), low LH (0.44 mIU/ml), high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 22.4 mIU/ml), and a novel homozygous missense likely pathogenic variant (p.Cys46Arg) in LHB. In the molecular dynamics simulation study, this variant interferes with heterodimerization of alpha-beta subunits. Eleven males with pathogenic variants in LHB reported to date, presented at a median age of 29 (17-38) years, most commonly with delayed puberty. Clinical and biochemical profiles were similar to those of our patient. In the majority, testosterone monotherapy modestly increased testicular volume whereas human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) monotherapy also improved spermatogenesis. In females, oligomenorrhoea after spontaneous menarche was the most common manifestation. Ten pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (three in-frame deletions, three missense, two splice-site, one nonsense, and one frameshift variants) have been reported in nine index patients. CONCLUSION We report a novel likely pathogenic LHB variant in an Asian Indian patient. The typical phenotype in male patients with LHB deficiency is delayed puberty with low testosterone, low LH, and normal to high FSH and hCG monotherapy being the best therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Barnabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - SwatiRamteke Jadhav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Vishwambhar V Bhandare
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Kumar C, Idicula-Thomas S. FSHR activation through small molecule modulators: Mechanistic insights from MD simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 154:106588. [PMID: 36746114 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor that plays a vital role in reproduction, cancer progression and osteoporosis. Owing to its therapeutic importance, several small molecule modulators have been identified by researchers through high throughput studies that usually include virtual screening of chemical libraries followed by in vitro validation through radio-ligand binding assays, cAMP accumulation and luciferase-based luminescence assays. The binding site of these modulators and structural changes that accompany modulator binding remains elusive. Here, we address these aspects through molecular docking and MD simulations on well-studied FSHR modulators and comparing the domain motions between agonist/FSH bound and antagonist bound FSHR structures. It was observed that agonist and antagonist modulators bind to the same site, but interact with distinct residues in transmembrane domain(TMD). FSHR(TMD) residues Ile522, Ala595, Ile602 and Val604 were found to interact only with agonist. Notably, these residues are conserved in the close homolog luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and participate in interaction with its agonist Org43553. We observed distinctly prominent domain motions and conformational changes in TM helices 3, 4 and 6 for agonist bound FSHR structure. These structural changes have also been reported for LHCGR, and few GPCR members suggesting an important and well conserved mechanism of GPHR activation that could be exploited for design of novel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India.
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Singh R, Kaur S, Yadav S, Bhatia S. Gonadotropins as pharmacological agents in assisted reproductive technology and polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:194-215. [PMID: 36863888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinopathy associated with subfertility/infertility and pregnancy complications. Most PCOS women opt for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for successful conception; however, optimization of the relative doses of the gonadotropins [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)] for appropriate steroidogenesis, without causing ovarian hyperstimulatory syndrome (OHSS), is challenging. Embryonic factors probably do not contribute to pregnancy loss in PCOS women, albeit hormonal imbalance impairs the metabolic microenvironment critical for oocyte maturation and endometrial receptivity. Certain clinical studies have confirmed the role of metabolic corrections in increasing the rate of pregnancy in PCOS women. This review focuses on the impact of untimely high LHCGR and/or LH levels on oocyte/embryo quality, pregnancy outcomes in ART, and exploring LHCGR as a potential drug target in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Singh
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Surleen Kaur
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Yang LK, Zhang J, Liu D, Han TY, Qin QS, Wang AQ, Dong B. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone and its cognate receptor present in primitive chordate ascidian: Molecular identification and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:401-412. [PMID: 36592853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormone (GPH) system is fundamentally significant in regulating the physiology of chordates, such as thyroid activity and gonadal function. However, the knowledge of the GPH system in the primitive chordate ascidian species is largely lacking. Here, we reported an ancestral GPH system in the ascidian (Styela clava), which consists of GPH α subunit (Sc-GPA2), GPH β subunit (Sc-GPB5), and the cognate leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Sc-GPHR). Comparative structure analysis revealed that distinct from vertebrate GPH β subunits, Sc-GPB5 was less conserved, showing an atypical N-terminal sequence with a type II transmembrane domain instead of a typical signal peptide. By investigating the presence of recombinant Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 in cell lysates and culture media of HEK293T cells, we confirmed that these two subunits could be secreted out of the cells via distinct secretory pathways. The deglycosylation experiments demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation only occurred on the conserved cysteine residue (N78) of Sc-GPA2, whereas Sc-GPB5 was non-glycosylated. Although Sc-GPB5 exhibited distinct topology and biochemical properties in contrast to its chordate counterparts, it could still interact with Sc-GPA2 to form a heterodimer. The Sc-GPHR was then confirmed to be activated by tethered Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer on the Gs-cAMP pathway, suggesting that Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer-initiated Gs-cAMP signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in chordates. Furthermore, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR results revealed the co-expression patterns of Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 with Sc-GPHR transcripts, respectively in ascidian larvae and adults, highlighting the potential functions of Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer as an autocrine/paracrine neurohormone in regulating metamorphosis of larvae and physiological functions of adults. Our study systematically investigated the GPA2/GPB5-GPHR system in ascidian for the first time, which offers insights into understanding the function and evolution of the GPH system within the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Liu
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong-Ye Han
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi-Shu Qin
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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11
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Freire RP, Hernandez-Gonzalez JE, Lima ER, Suzuki MF, de Oliveira JE, Torai LS, Bartolini P, Soares CRJ. Molecular Cloning and AlphaFold Modeling of Thyrotropin (ag-TSH) From the Amazonian Fish Pirarucu ( Arapaima gigas). Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231154148. [PMID: 36798082 PMCID: PMC9926385 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231154148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arapaima gigas, known as Pirarucu in Brazil, is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world. Some individuals could reach 3 m in length and weight up to 200 kg. Due to extinction risks and its economic value, the species has been a focus for preservation and reproduction studies. Thyrotropin (TSH) is a glycoprotein hormone formed by 2 subunits α and β whose main activity is related to the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs)-T3 and T4. In this work, we present a combination of bioinformatics tools to identify Arapaima gigas βTSH (ag-βTSH), modeling its molecular structure and express the recombinant heterodimer form in mammalian cells. Using the combination of computational biology, based on genome-related information, in silico molecular cloning and modeling led to confirm results of the ag-βTSH sequence by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and transient expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293F) cells. Molecular cloning of ag-βTSH retrieved 146 amino acids with a signal peptide of 21 amino acid residues and 6 disulfide bonds. The sequence has a similarity to 39 fish species, ranging between 43.1% and 81.6%, whose domains are extremely conserved, such as cystine knot motif and N-glycosylation site. The Arapaima gigas thyrotropin (ag-TSH) model, solved by AlphaFold, was used in molecular dynamics simulations with Scleropages formosus receptor, providing similar values of free energy ΔGbind and ΔGPMF in comparison with Homo sapiens model. The recombinant expression in HEK293F cells reached a yield of 25 mg/L, characterized via chromatographic and physical-chemical techniques. This work shows that other Arapaima gigas proteins could be studied in a similar way, using the combination of these techniques, recovering more information from its genome and improving the reproduction and preservation of this prehistoric fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Passos Freire
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Enrique Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Rosa Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Bartolini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Jorge Soares
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
- Carlos Roberto Jorge Soares, Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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12
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Crystal structure of LGR ligand α2/β5 from Caenorhabditis elegans with implications for the evolution of glycoprotein hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218630120. [PMID: 36574673 PMCID: PMC9910494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218630120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) mediate diverse physiological responses when complexed with their cognate ligands. LGRs are present in all metazoan animals. In humans, the LGR ligands include glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSH). These hormones are αβ heterodimers of cystine-knot protein chains. LGRs and their ligand chains have coevolved. Ancestral hormone homologs, present in both bilaterian animals and chordates, are identified as α2β5. We have used single-wavelength anomalous diffraction and molecular replacement to determine structures of the α2β5 hormone from Caenorhabditis elegans (Ceα2β5). Ceα2β5 is unglycosylated, as are many other α2β5 hormones. Both Hsα2β5, the human homolog of Ceα2β5, and hTSH activate the same receptor (hTSHR). Despite having little sequence similarity to vertebrate GPHs, apart from the cysteine patterns from core disulfide bridges, Ceα2β5 is generally similar in structure to these counterparts; however, its α2 and β5 subunits are more symmetric as compared with α and β of hCG and hFSH. This quasisymmetry suggests a hypothetical homodimeric antecedent of the α2β5 and αβ heterodimers. Known structures together with AlphaFold models from the sequences for other LGR ligands provide representatives for the molecular evolution of LGR ligands from early metazoans through the present-day GPHs. The experimental Ceα2β5 structure validates its AlphaFold model, and thus also that for Hsα2β5; and interfacial characteristics in a model for the Hsα2β5:hTSHR complex are similar to those found in an experimental hTSH:hTSHR structure.
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13
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Chikadze N, Tevzadze M, Janelidze M, Lydyard P, Porakishvili N. Prevalence of high affinity naturally occurring IgG2 antibodies against human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits in patients with ovarian cyst. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152273. [PMID: 36088866 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies to tumour antigens are gaining interest as clinically important cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. The glycoprotein αβ heterodimer hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its β subunit (hCGβ) are produced by various cancers, and their increased serum levels correlate with poor prognosis. We have previously reported that patients with benign ovarian cysts, but not the malignant tumours, were characterized by augmented serum levels of naturally-occurring IgG antibodies to hCG and hCGβ. Here we further characterise these antibodies in patients with ovarian cysts. IgG and IgM antibody binding to whole hCG, hCGβ, hCGα, hCGβ C-terminal peptide (hCGβCTP), and the hCGβ core fragment (hCGβCF) were measured in the sera from 36 patients with ovarian cysts and 12 healthy non-pregnant women using a standard ELISA. IgG subclass usage and affinity was also determined together with cross-binding to whole hCG and its subunits of four selected commercial monoclonal antibodies generated against ovarian cyst mucins. Our results showed that 91.7% of the sera tested contained elevated IgG, but not IgM antibodies to one or several antigens, with an overwhelming prevalence of high affinity IgG2 indicating their binding to carbohydrate epitopes and possibly ovarian cyst mucins. Anti-mucin commercial antibody ab212418 (Abcam) produced against Gal1-3GalNAc, exhibited strong cross-binding to hCGαβ, hCGβ, hCGα and hCGβCTP. The protective anti-cancer potential of these antibodies will be further investigated and could lead to the development of novel treatment strategies for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chikadze
- Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia.
| | - M Tevzadze
- Tbilisi Medical Academy, Georgia; University of Georgia, Georgia
| | | | - P Lydyard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK; University of Georgia, Georgia
| | - N Porakishvili
- Division of Immunology and Microbiology, Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia; School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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14
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Wahl M, Levy T, Manor R, Aflalo ED, Sagi A, Aizen J. Genes Encoding the Glycoprotein Hormone GPA2/GPB5 and the Receptor LGR1 in a Female Prawn. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:823818. [PMID: 35399936 PMCID: PMC8990981 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.823818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate reproduction, metabolism, growth and development, essential roles are played by glycoprotein hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), all of which are heterodimers consisting of two subunits, a structurally identical alpha subunit, and a variable beta subunit, which provides specificity. A 'new' glycoprotein hormone heterodimer identified in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including decapod crustaceans, was shown to be composed of the glycoprotein alpha 2 (GPA2) and glycoprotein beta 5 (GPB5) subunits. The putative receptor for GPA2/GPB5 in invertebrates is the leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 1 (LGR1). In this study in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, we identified and characterized the GPA2 (MrGPA2), GPB5 (MrGPB5) and LGR1 (MrLGR1) encoding genes and revealed their spatial expression patterns in female animals. Loss-of-function RNA interference (RNAi) experiments in M. rosenbergii females demonstrated a negative correlation between MrGPA2/MrGPB5 silencing and MrLGR1 transcript levels, suggesting a possible ligand-receptor interaction. The relative transcript levels of M. rosenbergii vitellogenin (MrVg) in the hepatopancreas were significantly reduced following MrGPA2/MrGPB5 knockdown. MrLGR1 loss-of-function induced MrVg receptor (MrVgR) transcript levels in the ovary and resulted in significantly larger oocytes in the silenced group compared to the control group. Our results provide insight into the possible role of GPA2/GPB5-LGR1 in female reproduction, as shown by its effect on MrVg and MrVgR expression and on the oocyte development. Here, we suggest that the GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer act as a gonad inhibiting factor in the eyestalk-hepatopancreas-ovary endocrine axis in M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Wahl
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tom Levy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rivka Manor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eliahu D. Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Amir Sagi, ; Joseph Aizen,
| | - Joseph Aizen
- The Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
- *Correspondence: Amir Sagi, ; Joseph Aizen,
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15
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Toufaily C, Fortin J, Alonso CA, Lapointe E, Zhou X, Santiago-Andres Y, Lin YF, Cui Y, Wang Y, Devost D, Roelfsema F, Steyn F, Hanyaloglu AC, Hébert TE, Fiordelisio T, Boerboom D, Bernard DJ. Addition of a carboxy terminal tail to the normally tailless gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor impairs fertility in female mice. eLife 2021; 10:72937. [PMID: 34939930 PMCID: PMC8741216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the primary neuropeptide controlling reproduction in vertebrates. GnRH stimulates follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) synthesis via a G-protein-coupled receptor, GnRHR, in the pituitary gland. In mammals, GnRHR lacks a C-terminal cytosolic tail (Ctail) and does not exhibit homologous desensitization. This might be an evolutionary adaptation that enables LH surge generation and ovulation. To test this idea, we fused the chicken GnRHR Ctail to the endogenous murine GnRHR in a transgenic model. The LH surge was blunted, but not blocked in these mice. In contrast, they showed reductions in FSH production, ovarian follicle development, and fertility. Addition of the Ctail altered the nature of agonist-induced calcium signaling required for normal FSH production. The loss of the GnRHR Ctail during mammalian evolution is unlikely to have conferred a selective advantage by enabling the LH surge. The adaptive significance of this specialization remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirine Toufaily
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jérôme Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carlos Ai Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Evelyne Lapointe
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Ste-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yorgui Santiago-Andres
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yeu-Farn Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yiming Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- 3epartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Universite de Montreal, Ste-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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16
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Ostróżka-Cieślik A, Dolińska B, Ryszka F. Effectiveness Assessment of a Modified Preservation Solution Containing Thyrotropin or Follitropin Based on Biochemical Analysis in Perfundates and Homogenates of Isolated Porcine Kidneys after Static Cold Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168360. [PMID: 34445068 PMCID: PMC8395071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we assess the nephroprotective effects of thyrotropin and follitropin during ischaemia. The studies were performed in vitro in a model of isolated porcine kidneys stored in Biolasol (FZNP, Biochefa, Sosnowiec, Poland) and modified Biolasol (TSH: 1 µg/L; FSH 1 µg/L). We used the static cold storage method. The study was carried out based on 30 kidneys. The kidneys were placed in 500 mL of preservation solution chilled to 4 °C. The samples for biochemical tests were collected during the first kidney perfusion (after 2 h of storage) and during the second perfusion (after 48 h of storage). The results of ALT, AST, and LDH activities confirm the effectiveness of Biolasol + p-TSH in maintaining the structural integrity of renal cell membranes. Significantly reduced biochemical parameters of kidney function, i.e., creatinine and protein concentrations were also observed after 48 h storage. The protective effect of Biasol + p-TSH is most pronounced after 2 h of storage, suggesting a mild course of damage thereafter. A mild deterioration of renal function was observed after 48 h. The results of our analyses did not show any protective effect of Biolasol + p-FSH on the kidneys during ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Dolińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- “Biochefa” Pharmaceutical Research and Production Plant, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Florian Ryszka
- “Biochefa” Pharmaceutical Research and Production Plant, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
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Rafiei F, Tabesh H, Farzad S, Farzaneh F, Rezaei M, Hosseinzade F, Mottaghy K. Development of Hormonal Intravaginal Rings: Technology and Challenges. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81:789-806. [PMID: 34276064 PMCID: PMC8277443 DOI: 10.1055/a-1369-9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravaginal rings (IVRs) are minimally invasive polymeric devices specifically designed to be used for the sustained and prolonged release of various type of drugs such as hormones. One of the benefits of using topical drug delivery systems (e.g., IVRs) is the fact that systemic drug delivery may cause drug resistance due to elevated drug levels. Topical drug delivery also provides higher concentrations of the drug to the target site and has fewer side effects. In addition, when a drug is administered vaginally, the hepatic first-pass effect is avoided, resulting in higher absorption. Contraception and treatments for specific diseases such as endometriosis and hormone deficiencies can be improved by the administration of hormones via an IVR. This article aims to classify and compare various designs of commercially available and non-commercial hormonal IVRs and to analyze their performance. Current challenges affecting the development of IVRs are investigated, and
proposed solutions are discussed. A comprehensive search of publications in MEDLINE/PubMed and of commercial product data of IVRs was performed, and the materials, designs, performance, and applications (e.g., contraception, endometriosis, estrogen deficiency and urogenital atrophy) of hormonal IVRs were thoroughly evaluated. Most hormonal IVRs administer female sex hormones, i.e., estrogen and progestogens. In terms of material, IVRs are divided into 3 main groups: silicone, polyurethane, and polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate IVRs. As regards their design, there are 4 major designs for IVRs which strongly affect their performance and the timing and rate of hormone release. Important challenges include reducing the burst release and maintaining the bioavailability of hormones at their site of action over a prolonged period of administration as well as lowering production costs. Hormonal IVRs are a promising method which could be used to facilitate combination therapies by
administering multiple drugs in a single IVR while eliminating the side effects of conventional drug administration methods. IVRs could considerably improve womenʼs quality of life all over the world within a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fojan Rafiei
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabesh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Farzad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Farah Farzaneh
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Hosseinzade
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Mottaghy
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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18
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El-Masry SA, Mahmoud RA, Ahmed HH, Al-Tohamy M, Abdel Latif HM, Afify MAS. Clinical significance of serum gonadotropin and androgen levels among Egyptian overweight/obese pubertal girls. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:389-398. [PMID: 34109772 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the association between overweight/obesity with serum gonadotropin and androgen levels in Egyptian pubertal girls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A case-control study carried out in "Obesity Clinic" of "Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Pediatric Unit (DEMPU)", Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. It included 40 overweight and obese girls and 40 age-matching normal weight (control) ones, aged 12-18 years. Anthropometric assessment (weight, height and hip and waist circumferences) was done, and waist/hip and BMI were calculated. Laboratory investigations: lipid profile, serum gonadotropin (LH, FSH), androgen (free and total testosterone), estradiol, insulin, and FBG were quantified, while insulin resistance (IR) was calculated. RESULTS Hypogonadotropins (FSH and LH) and hyperandrogenaemia (total and free testosterone) were significantly prominent among obese girls. Correlation between gonadotropin, androgen and all of the studied variables, for the three studied groups (obese, overweight and control) revealed constant relations. Gonadotropin and androgens showed opposing correlations. Gonadotropin had significant negativ e correlations with the anthropometric parameters of obesity (BMI, Waist C, and W/H ratio), insulin, insulin resistance and lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL), whereas androgens had significant positiv e ones. In addition, gonadotropin showed significant positiv e correlations with estradiol and HDL, while androgens showed significant negative ones. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obesity had no effect on the correlations between gonadotropin and androgen on one side, with the anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations on the other one. Alterations in androgen levels occur at earlier ages than gonadotropin, among both overweight and obese girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar A El-Masry
- Biological Anthropology Dept., National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Mahmoud
- Pediatrics Dept., Faculty of Postgraduate, Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Dept., National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mahmoud A S Afify
- Biological Anthropology Dept., National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Bahadori Z, Shabani AA, Minuchehr Z. Rational design of hyper-glycosylated human follicle-stimulating hormone analogs (a bioinformatics approach). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9114-9125. [PMID: 33998969 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1924268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a complex mechanism in which the carbohydrate molecules bind to the Asn amino acid in the N-glycan consensus sequence (AsnXxxThr/Ser sequon, where Xxx is any residue, excluding Pro). Introduction of additional N-linked glycosylation site into proposed location in the protein causes to its hyper-glycosylation and can enhance the protein characteristics to provide promising prospects in treatment. Glycoengineering is a favorably used strategy to design and generate hyper-glycosylated variants. In this research, human follicle-stimulating hormone (HuFSH) was considered to identify appropriate positions for adding novel N-glycan sites. A rational computational strategy was applied to predict functional/structural variations induced through changes in polypeptide chain. We analyzed the amino acid chain of FSH to find out the proper locations to introduce asparagine and/or threonine for creating novel N-glycan positions. This analysis resulted in the recognition of 40 possible N-glycosylation positions, and then the eight adequate ones were chosen for additional investigation. The model validation techniques were used to examine 3-dimensional structures of the chosen mutant proteins. Finally, 2 mutants with a further glycan site were recommended as eligible FSH hyper-glycosylated analogs, which may be regarded for subsequent experimental studies. Our in silico approach may decrease tedious and time-wasting laboratory researches of the mutants.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sharma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Bahadori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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20
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Campbell KL, Haspel N, Gath C, Kurniatash N, Nouduri Akkiraju I, Stuffers N, Vadher U. Protein hormone fragmentation in intercellular signaling: hormones as nested information systems. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:887-901. [PMID: 33403392 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the hypothesis that protein hormones are nested information systems in which initial products of gene transcription, and their subsequent protein fragments, before and after secretion and initial target cell action, play additional physiological regulatory roles. The study produced four tools and key results: (1) a problem approach that proceeds, with examples and suggestions for in vivo organismal functional tests for peptide-protein interactions, from proteolytic breakdown prediction to models of hormone fragment modulation of protein-protein binding motifs in unrelated proteins; (2) a catalog of 461 known soluble human protein hormones and their predicted fragmentation patterns; (3) an analysis of the predicted proteolytic patterns of the canonical protein hormone transcripts demonstrating near-universal persistence of 9 ± 7 peptides of 8 ± 8 amino acids even after cleavage with 24 proteases from four protease classes; and (4) a coincidence analysis of the predicted proteolysis locations and the 1939 exon junctions within the transcripts that shows an excess (P < 0.001) of predicted proteolysis within 10 residues, especially at the exonal junction (P < 0.01). It appears all protein hormone transcripts generate multiple fragments the size of peptide hormones or protein-protein binding domains that may alter intracellular or extracellular functions by acting as modulators of metabolic enzymes, transduction factors, protein binding proteins, or hormone receptors. High proteolytic frequency at exonal junctions suggests proteolysis has evolved, as a complement to gene exon fusion, to extract structures or functions within single exons or protein segments to simplify the genome by discarding archaic one-exon genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nurit Haspel
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra Gath
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nuzulul Kurniatash
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Naomi Stuffers
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uma Vadher
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Querat B. Unconventional Actions of Glycoprotein Hormone Subunits: A Comprehensive Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:731966. [PMID: 34671318 PMCID: PMC8522476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.731966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormones (GPH) are heterodimers composed of a common α subunit and a specific β subunit. They act by activating specific leucine-rich repeat G protein-coupled receptors. However, individual subunits have been shown to elicit responses in cells devoid of the receptor for the dimeric hormones. The α subunit is involved in prolactin production from different tissues. The human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (βhCG) plays determinant roles in placentation and in cancer development and metastasis. A truncated form of the thyrotropin (TSH) β subunit is also reported to have biological effects. The GPH α- and β subunits are derived from precursor genes (gpa and gpb, respectively), which are expressed in most invertebrate species and are still represented in vertebrates as GPH subunit paralogs (gpa2 and gpb5, respectively). No specific receptor has been found for the vertebrate GPA2 and GPB5 even if their heterodimeric form is able to activate the TSH receptor in mammals. Interestingly, GPA and GPB are phylogenetically and structurally related to cysteine-knot growth factors (CKGF) and particularly to a group of antagonists that act independently on any receptor. This review article summarizes the observed actions of individual GPH subunits and presents the current hypotheses of how these actions might be induced. New approaches are also proposed in light of the evolutionary relatedness with antagonists of the CKGF family of proteins.
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Rousseau K, Prunet P, Dufour S. Special features of neuroendocrine interactions between stress and reproduction in teleosts. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113634. [PMID: 33045232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress and reproduction are both essential functions for vertebrate survival, ensuring on one side adaptative responses to environmental changes and potential life threats, and on the other side production of progeny. With more than 25,000 species, teleosts constitute the largest group of extant vertebrates, and exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, environmental conditions and regulatory processes. Interactions between stress and reproduction are a growing concern both for conservation of fish biodiversity in the frame of global changes and for the development of sustainability of aquaculture including fish welfare. In teleosts, as in other vertebrates, adverse effects of stress on reproduction have been largely documented and will be shortly overviewed. Unexpectedly, stress notably via cortisol, may also facilitate reproductive function in some teleost species in relation to their peculiar life cyles and this review will provide some examples. Our review will then mainly address the neuroendocrine axes involved in the control of stress and reproduction, namely the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes, as well as their interactions. After reporting some anatomo-functional specificities of the neuroendocrine systems in teleosts, we will describe the major actors of the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes at the brain-pituitary-peripheral glands (interrenals and gonads) levels, with a special focus on the impact of teleost-specific whole genome duplication (3R) on the number of paralogs and their potential differential functions. We will finally review the current knowledge on the neuroendocrine mechanisms of the various interactions between stress and reproduction at different levels of the two axes in teleosts in a comparative and evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Prunet
- INRAE, UR1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France.
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Molés G, Hausken K, Carrillo M, Zanuy S, Levavi-Sivan B, Gómez A. Generation and use of recombinant gonadotropins in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113555. [PMID: 32687933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the differential roles of the pituitary gonadotropins Fsh and Lh in gonad maturation is crucial for a successful manipulation of the reproductive process in fish, and requires species-specific tools and appropriate active hormones. With the increasing availability of fish cDNAs coding for gonadotropin subunits, the production of recombinant hormones in heterologous systems has gradually substituted the approach of isolating native hormones. These recombinant hormones can be continually produced without depending on the fish as starting material and no cross-contamination with other pituitary glycoproteins is assured. Recombinant gonadotropins should be produced in eukaryotic cells, which have glycosylation capacity, but this post-translational modification varies greatly depending on the cell system, influencing hormone activity and stability. The production of recombinant gonadotropin beta-subunits to be used as antigens for antibody production has allowed the development of immunoassays for quantification of gonadotropins in some fish species. The administration in vivo of dimeric homologous recombinant gonadotropins has been used in basic studies and as a biotechnological approach to induce gametogenesis. In addition, gene-based therapies using somatic transfer of the gonadotropin genes have been tested as an alternative for hormone delivery in vivo. In summary, the use of homologous hormonal treatments can open new strategies in aquaculture to solve reproductive problems or develop out-of-season breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Molés
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castelló, Spain
| | - K Hausken
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Carrillo
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castelló, Spain
| | - S Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castelló, Spain
| | - B Levavi-Sivan
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - A Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castelló, Spain.
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Fleming MS, Maugars G, Martin P, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Differential Regulation of the Expression of the Two Thyrotropin Beta Subunit Paralogs by Salmon Pituitary Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:603538. [PMID: 33329404 PMCID: PMC7729069 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.603538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized two paralogs of the thyrotropin (TSH) beta subunit in Atlantic salmon, tshβa and tshβb, issued from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. The transcript expression of tshβb, but not of tshβa, peaks at the time of smoltification, which revealed a specific involvement of tshβb paralog in this metamorphic event. Tshβa and tshβb are expressed by distinct pituitary cells in salmon, likely related to TSH cells from the pars distalis and pars tuberalis, respectively, in mammals and birds. The present study aimed at investigating the neuroendocrine and endocrine factors potentially involved in the differential regulation of tshβa and tshβb paralogs, using primary cultures of Atlantic salmon pituitary cells. The effects of various neurohormones and endocrine factors potentially involved in the control of development, growth, and metabolism were tested. Transcript levels of tshβa and tshβb were measured by qPCR, as well as those of growth hormone (gh), for comparison and validation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulated tshβa transcript levels in agreement with its potential role in the thyrotropic axis in teleosts, but had no effect on tshβb paralog, while it also stimulated gh transcript levels. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) had no effect on neither tshβ paralogs nor gh. Somatostatin (SRIH) had no effects on both tshβ paralogs, while it exerted a canonical inhibitory effect on gh transcript levels. Thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] inhibited transcript levels of both tshβ paralogs, as well as gh, but with a much stronger effect on tshβa than on tshβb and gh. Conversely, cortisol had a stronger inhibitory effect on tshβb than tshβa, while no effect on gh. Remarkably, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) dose-dependently stimulated tshβb transcript levels, while it had no effect on tshβa, and a classical inhibitory effect on gh. This study provides the first data on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the differential regulation of the expression of the two tshβ paralogs. It suggests that IGF1 may be involved in triggering the expression peak of the tshβb paralog at smoltification, thus representing a potential internal signal in the link between body growth and smoltification metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Stewart Fleming
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
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Chale-Matsau B, Mokoena S, Kemp T, Pillay TS. Hyperthyroidism in molar pregnancy: β-HCG levels do not always reflect severity. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:24-27. [PMID: 32980362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molar pregnancy is a complication characterised by abnormal benign or malignant proliferation of trophoblastic cells resulting in markedly elevated β-hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) levels, an established marker for the presence of the disease. Owing to the structural homology between β-hCG and TSH, the raised β-hCG can result in secondary hyperthyroidism. METHODS Two patients aged 20 (Case 1) and 31 years (Case 2) presented to the emergency department within a few days of each other complaining of vaginal bleeding associated with abdominal pain. Ultrasound evaluation, β-hCG and thyroid function tests were performed on both patients. RESULTS Both had elevated β-hCG levels and ultrasound evidence of molar pregnancy and were diagnosed with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) associated with hyperthyroidism based on thyroid function test results. Case 1 had lower β-hCG levels and free T4 levels compared with Case 2 but clinical assessment of the former revealed severe illness and more complicated course with the development of a thyroid storm. Case 2 had β-hCG levels almost double those of Case 1, yet was stable and her levels decreased much faster, reaching and maintaining undetectable levels. CONCLUSIONS These cases demonstrate that the β-hCG levels do not always correlate with disease severity and prognosis in patients with GTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Chale-Matsau
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, South Africa
| | - Samantha Mokoena
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa
| | - Tanja Kemp
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, South Africa
| | - Tahir S Pillay
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, South Africa; Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Transcriptomic analysis of female and male gonads in juvenile snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:5240. [PMID: 32251302 PMCID: PMC7090014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) exhibits sexual dimorphism, particularly in body size. Since the snakeskin gourami is usually marketed during sexual maturation, the sexual size dimorphism has become an economically important trait. Sex-biased gene expression plays a key role in phenotypic sexual dimorphism. Therefore, using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, we aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ovary and testis during sex differentiation in juvenile snakeskin gourami. Our results revealed a number of DEGs were demonstrated to be overexpressed in ovary (11,625 unigenes) and testis (16,120 unigenes), and the top 10 female-biased (rdh7, dnajc25, ap1s3, zp4, polb, parp12, trim39, gucy2g, rtbs, and fdxr) and male-biased (vamp3, nbl1, dnah2, ccdc11, nr2e3, spats1, pih1d2, tekt3, fbxo36, and mybl2) DEGs were suggested to be mainly associated with ovary and testis differentiation, respectively. Additionally, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), validation of the differential expression of 21 genes that were previously shown to be related to gonad development was performed (ar, bHLH, cyp19a1, daz, dead-end, esrb, esrrg, gnrhr, gpa, gsg1l, hsd17B, mospd1, nanos-1, nanos-2, p53, piwi-1, piwi-2, rerg, rps6ka, tgf-beta, and VgR). The results showed a significantly positive correlation (0.84; P < 0.001) between the results of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. Therefore, RNA-seq analysis in our study identified global genes that were associated with ovary and testis differentiation in the juvenile phase of the snakeskin gourami. Our findings provide valuable transcriptomic bioinformation for further investigation of reproductive biology and applications of sex manipulation.
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Wang W, La Y, Li F, Liu S, Pan X, Li C, Zhang X. Molecular Characterization and Expression Profiles of the Ovine LHβ Gene and Its Association with Litter Size in Chinese Indigenous Small-Tailed Han Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030460. [PMID: 32164242 PMCID: PMC7143468 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Litter size is one of the most important reproductive traits in sheep, and the luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide (LHβ) plays an important role in mammalian follicular development. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the cDNA sequence of the ovine LHβ gene, and the expression patterns of LHβ were determined. Furthermore, the synonymous mutation g.727C > T detected in the LHβ gene was confirmed to be significantly associated with litter size (p < 0.01). These findings support LHβ g.727C > T as a genetic marker for litter size in sheep. Abstract The luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide (LHβ) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by basophilic granular cells of the adenohypophysis, and plays an important role in mammalian follicular development. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the cDNA sequence of the ovine LHβ gene. RT-qPCR analysis showed that ovine LHβ was widely expressed in tissues, with significantly higher expression in the hypophysis than that in other tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, rumen, duodenum, muscle, fat, hypothalamus, and sex glands) (p < 0.01). Hypophyseal expression of LHβ mRNA in lamb increased with age and reached a peak at 70 days, although a slight decrease was observed at 84 days of age. In addition, the synonymous mutation g.727C > T detected in the LHβ gene was confirmed to be significantly associated with the litter size (p < 0.01). Ewes carrying the TT genotype produced more lambs than those carrying the TC and CC genotypes (0.42 and 0.39 per delivery, respectively; p < 0.05). Our results confirm the association of ovine LHβ with litter size in Small-Tailed Han Sheep and implicate LHβ as a candidate for improving reproductive traits in agricultural sheep breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Yongfu La
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Sheep Breeding and Reproduction Biotechnology in Gansu Province, Minqin 730020, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-7631-225
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Fu J, Wu A, Wang X, Guan H. Concurrent Graves' Disease and TSH Secreting Pituitary Adenoma Presenting Suppressed Thyrotropin Levels: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:523. [PMID: 32849306 PMCID: PMC7424009 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. To date there have been only thirteen cases reporting the coexistence of TSHoma with Graves' disease (GD). The diagnosis and management for such hyperthyroidism due to both etiologies remain challenging. Case Report: A 55-year-old Chinese female presented with signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid function tests showed elevated thyroid hormones and mildly suppressed TSH values. Her anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) was positive. Octreotide suppression test successfully decreased her TSH. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a pituitary macroadenoma. She underwent endoscopic trans-sphenoidal resection and surgical pathology confirmed a TSH producing pituitary adenoma. Methimazole was prescribed after surgery and her clinical course was monitored. Conclusions: Here we report a case of a 55-year-old female with TSHoma and Graves' disease whose TSH level was mildly suppressed. This case emphasizes the importance of thoroughly evaluating the thyroid function test during the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. It also highlights the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoli Wang
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
- Haixia Guan
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Kalwar Q, Chu M, Ahmad AA, Ding X, Wu X, Bao P, Yan P. Morphometric Evaluation of Spermatogenic Cells and Seminiferous Tubules and Exploration of Luteinizing Hormone Beta Polypeptide in Testis of Datong Yak. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010066. [PMID: 31905946 PMCID: PMC7022877 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Previous studies revealed that luteinizing hormone βeta polypeptide (LHB) plays an essential role in fertilization. Therefore, we aimed to confirm the importance of LHB in the testis of yak and to determine their association with male yak fertility. Histomorphological analysis of the testes is essential for predicting the fertilizing ability of the bull. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the micro anatomical changes and histometric alternation in testes of Datong yak. These findings could help to predict the sperm production capacity and to understand the specific molecular mechanisms of LHB during spermatogenesis. Abstract Histological examination of testes is essential for understanding infertility, sex development, and growth. Therefore, to understand the histomorphology of testes at different developmental stages, we performed hematoxylin and eosin staining of Yak testis. Our results revealed that the diameters of spermatogenic cells and their nuclei were significantly larger (p < 0.05) in the testis at six years compared to at six and 18 months. No significant difference was noted between 30 months and six years. The study was designed to compare the expression profile of LHB in Datong yak. The expression pattern of LHB was explored using quantitative PCR, semi-quantitative PCR, molecular bioinformatic, and Western blot analysis. Our observations indicated that expression of LHB was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the testis of Datong yak. Western blotting indicated that the molecular mass of LHB protein was 16 kDa in yak. The protein encoded by yak LHB included conserved cysteine-knot domain regions. The high expression of LHB in testis indicated that LHB may be vital for the development of male gonads and the fertility of Datong yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- Department of Animal Reproduction Shaheed Benazir Bhutto, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Anum Ali Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-211-5288; Fax: +86-931-211-5191
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Hausken K, Levavi-Sivan B. Synteny and phylogenetic analysis of paralogous thyrostimulin beta subunits (GpB5) in vertebrates. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222808. [PMID: 31536580 PMCID: PMC6752823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At some point early in the vertebrate lineage, two whole genome duplication events (1R, 2R) took place that allowed for the diversification and sub-/neo-functionalization of the glycoprotein hormones (GpHs). All jawed vertebrates possess the GpHs luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), each of which are heterodimers with a common alpha subunit and unique beta subunits. In 2002, a novel glycoprotein hormone named thyrostimulin was described to have unique GpA2 and GpB5 subunits that were homologous to the vertebrate alpha and beta subunits. The presence of GpA2 and GpB5 in representative protostomes and deuterostomes indicates their ancestry in the GpH family. There are several reports of GpH subunit evolution, but none have included GpA2 and GpB5 for species in each major vertebrate class. Thus, we addressed the ancestry of two paralogous GpB5 subunits (GpB5a and GpB5b) that were previously only recognized in two teleost species. Our search for orthologous GpB5a and GpB5b sequences in representative vertebrates and phylogenetic analysis, in addition to the currently published evolutionary scenarios of the GpH family, supports that GpB5a and GpB5b are paralogs that arose from the first vertebrate whole genome duplication event (1R). Syntenic analysis supports lineage specific losses of GpB5a in chondrichthyes, basal actinopterygians, and tetrapods, and retention in coelacanth and teleosts. Additionally, we were unable to identify GpA2 transcripts from tilapia mRNA, suggesting that this species does not produce heterodimeric thyrostimulin. While the conserved or even species-specific functional role of thyrostimulin or its individual subunits are still unknown in vertebrates, the analyses presented here provide context for future studies on the functional divergence of the GpH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist Hausken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Deswal R, Nanda S, Dang AS. Association of Luteinizing hormone and LH receptor gene polymorphism with susceptibility of Polycystic ovary syndrome. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 65:400-408. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1595217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Deswal
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Smiti Nanda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PGIMS, Rohtak, India
| | - Amita Suneja Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Fleming MS, Maugars G, Lafont AG, Rancon J, Fontaine R, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Weltzien FA, Yebra-Pimentel ES, Dirks R, McCormick SD, Rousseau K, Martin P, Dufour S. Functional divergence of thyrotropin beta-subunit paralogs gives new insights into salmon smoltification metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4561. [PMID: 30872608 PMCID: PMC6418267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoltification is a metamorphic event in salmon life history, which initiates downstream migration and pre-adapts juvenile salmon for seawater entry. While a number of reports concern thyroid hormones and smoltification, few and inconclusive studies have addressed the potential role of thyrotropin (TSH). TSH is composed of a α-subunit common to gonadotropins, and a β-subunit conferring hormone specificity. We report the presence and functional divergence of duplicated TSH β-subunit paralogs (tshβa and tshβb) in Atlantic salmon. Phylogeny and synteny analyses allowed us to infer that they originated from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. Expression profiles of both paralogs in the pituitary were measured by qPCR throughout smoltification in Atlantic salmon from the endangered Loire-Allier population raised in a conservation hatchery. This revealed a striking peak of tshβb expression in April, concomitant with downstream migration initiation, while tshβa expression remained relatively constant. In situ hybridization showed two distinct pituitary cell populations, tshβa cells in the anterior adenohypophysis, and tshβb cells near to the pituitary stalk, a location comparable to the pars tuberalis TSH cells involved in seasonal physiology and behaviour in birds and mammals. Functional divergence of tshβ paralogs in Atlantic salmon supports a specific role of tshβb in smoltification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Fleming
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, 43300, Chanteuges, France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Jocelyn Rancon
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, 43300, Chanteuges, France
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ron Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA, USA
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, 43300, Chanteuges, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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Bautista Vega VM, Jiménez Chávez SP, Meza Franco CD, Ramos TI, Toledo JR. FSH in bovine superovulation. BIONATURA 2019. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2019.04.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is the hormone mainly used for superovulation treatments. It is used so that several secondary follicles can reach a dominant state at the same time and thus, treated cows can release up to ten or more ovules in each zeal, decreasing the generational interval and increasing livestock production. The hormones available in the current market are obtained mostly from pituitary extracts of swine and sheep, and although they are widely used. Several negative aspects have been reported, implying high risks of contamination with pathogens, contamination with other hormones that interfere with assisted fertilization processes, significant variations between each production batch and the decreased half-life that exhibit FSH leading to excessive handling of donor cows. In this review, we detail some new approaches to overcome these problems, like slow-release FSH formulations that have been developed in order to increase the half-life of FSH and, finally the use of recombinant DNA technology to ensure a pure product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M. Bautista Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Silvana P. Jiménez Chávez
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Department of Physiopathology; School of Biological Sciences. Universidad de Concepción. Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Catherine D. Meza Franco
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Department of Physiopathology; School of Biological Sciences. Universidad de Concepción. Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Thelvia I. Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Department of Physiopathology; School of Biological Sciences. Universidad de Concepción. Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepción, Chile
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Shafaghi M, Shabani AA, Minuchehr Z. Rational design of hyper-glycosylated human luteinizing hormone analogs (a bioinformatics approach). Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:16-23. [PMID: 30708139 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineering is a recently used approach to extend serum half-life of valuable protein therapeutics. One aspect of glycoengineering is to introduce new N-glycosylation site (Asn-X-Thr/Ser, where X ≠ Pro) into desirable positions in the peptide backbone, resulting in the generation of hyper-glycosylated protein. In this study, human luteinizing hormone (LH) was considered for identification of the suitable positions for the addition of new N-linked glycosylation sites. A rational in silico approach was applied for prediction of structural and functional alterations caused by changes in amino acid sequence. As the first step, we explored the amino acid sequence of LH to find out desirable positions for introducing Asn or/and Thr to create new N-glycosylation sites. This exploration led to the identification of 38 potential N-glycan sites, and then the four acceptable ones were selected for further analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) structures of the selected analogs were generated and examined by the model evaluation methods. Finally, two analogs with one additional glycosylation site were suggested as the qualified analogs for hyper-glycosylation of the LH, which can be considered for further experimental investigations. Our computational strategy can reduce laborious and time-consuming experimental analyses of the analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- Dept. & Center for Biotechnology Research, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Students Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Dept. & Center for Biotechnology Research, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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35
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Simes BC, Mbanaso AA, Zapata CA, Okoroji CM. Hyperthyroidism in a complete molar pregnancy with a mature cystic ovarian teratoma. Thyroid Res 2018; 11:12. [PMID: 30116304 PMCID: PMC6086074 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-018-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hallmark of gestational trophoblastic disease is the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) due to the hyperproliferation of extraembryonic trophoblast cells. Previous studies show hCG has thyrotropic action due to its structural similarity with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) molecules. Germ cell tumors represent 15–20% of all ovarian tumors and can be malignant or benign. Case presentation We present a case of a 53-year old African American female with a history of hyperthyroidism secondary to a complete hydatidiform mole and an associated finding of a mature cystic ovarian teratoma. She presented with nausea, vomiting, nervousness, weight gain, abdominal pain and a b-hCG of greater than 450,000mIU/mL. A total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and curative for her symptoms. Lung nodules were noted with slight increases in b-hCG levels in the months following the surgery. Propranolol and methimazole were used to treat the acute hyperthyroid symptoms. Conclusion This case presents the rare occurrence of a complete hydatidiform mole causing hyperthyroidism and an associated finding of a mature cystic teratoma. It also highlights the importance of monitoring b-hCG levels following a complete molar pregnancy due to an increased risk of choriocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Simes
- 1Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, 445 Health Sciences Blvd, Dothan, AL 36303 USA
| | - Alozie A Mbanaso
- 1Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, 445 Health Sciences Blvd, Dothan, AL 36303 USA
| | - Carlos A Zapata
- Northwest Florida Diagnostic Endocrinology Clinic, Tallahassee, FL USA
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36
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Apicella I, Cicatiello V, Acampora D, Tarallo V, De Falco S. Full Functional Knockout of Placental Growth Factor by Knockin with an Inactive Variant Able to Heterodimerize with VEGF-A. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3635-3646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Zandawala M, Moghul I, Yañez Guerra LA, Delroisse J, Abylkassimova N, Hugall AF, O'Hara TD, Elphick MR. Discovery of novel representatives of bilaterian neuropeptide families and reconstruction of neuropeptide precursor evolution in ophiuroid echinoderms. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170129. [PMID: 28878039 PMCID: PMC5627052 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of intercellular signalling molecules that mediate neuronal regulation of many physiological and behavioural processes. Recent advances in genome/transcriptome sequencing are enabling identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in species from a growing variety of animal taxa, providing new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling. Here, detailed analysis of transcriptome sequence data from three brittle star species, Ophionotus victoriae, Amphiura filiformis and Ophiopsila aranea, has enabled the first comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursors in the class Ophiuroidea of the phylum Echinodermata. Representatives of over 30 bilaterian neuropeptide precursor families were identified, some of which occur as paralogues. Furthermore, homologues of endothelin/CCHamide, eclosion hormone, neuropeptide-F/Y and nucleobinin/nesfatin were discovered here in a deuterostome/echinoderm for the first time. The majority of ophiuroid neuropeptide precursors contain a single copy of a neuropeptide, but several precursors comprise multiple copies of identical or non-identical, but structurally related, neuropeptides. Here, we performed an unprecedented investigation of the evolution of neuropeptide copy number over a period of approximately 270 Myr by analysing sequence data from over 50 ophiuroid species, with reference to a robust phylogeny. Our analysis indicates that the composition of neuropeptide ‘cocktails’ is functionally important, but with plasticity over long evolutionary time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ismail Moghul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Luis Alfonso Yañez Guerra
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nikara Abylkassimova
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andrew F Hugall
- Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Timothy D O'Hara
- Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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38
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Association of T/A polymorphism in miR-1302 binding site in CGA gene with male infertility in Isfahan population. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:413-417. [PMID: 29627965 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Infertility occurs in 10-15% of couples worldwide and close to half of it is caused by male factors. One of the genes that can affect male infertility is CGA. Polymorphisms in CGA gene may affect gene expression, therefore affecting male infertility by disrupting the regulation of this gene. One of the polymorphisms is the substitution of T with A in the miR-1302 binding site in the 3' untranslated region of the CGA gene. In this study, we explored this polymorphism in Isfahan population. In this case-control study, by the use of Tetra primer-ARMS-PCR technique, rs6631 has been investigated in 224 infertile men and 196 controls. Infertile men were recruited from Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center. Analysis of genotype and allele frequencies indicated that the differences between case and control populations were significant for rs6631 because P = 0.00 which is above the threshold. We found a significant relationship between this polymorphism and male infertility. This study which performed for the first time in Iran suggests that polymorphism in CGA gene can affect male infertility. Also, this polymorphism has high heterozygosity, so it can be used for further studies in different populations.
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Lv W, Jiang P, Wang W, Wang X, Wang K, Chang L, Fang Y, Chen J. Electrotransfer of single-chain LH gene into skeletal muscle induces early ovarian development of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:12-19. [PMID: 29106969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays important roles in regulating steroidogenesis and reproductive development of vertebrates. In the present paper, we study function of LH on early ovarian development of orange-spotted grouper by electrotransfer of single-chain LH gene into skeletal muscle for the first time. Short-term and long-term injection experiments were performed in this work, respectively. For short-term injection experiments, fish received one electrotransfer with the plasmid in skeletal muscle, then blood and muscle around the injected area were sampled 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the injection, mRNA expression levels of LH gene relative to 18S were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays and serum 17β-estradiol (E2) levels were quantified by ELISA method. The results showed that levels of mRNA of LH gene in muscle and serum E2 level increased from 1 day to 7 days after the injection. For long-term injection experiments, fish received electrotransfer with the plasmid 4 times at weekly intervals in skeletal muscle. 48 h after the last injection, blood, gonad and hypothalamus samples were collected. Transcripts of cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b and gnrh1 genes and levels of serum E2 were separately analyzed by RT-PCR assays and ELISA method, and ovarian tissues were made of paraffin sections and stained by hematoxylin-eosin by method and observed by optical microscopy. The results suggested that long-term injection of LH gene into muscle upregulated transcripts of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b and downregulated that of gnrh1, and stimulated E2 production and early-stage oogenesis. Moreover, statistical data showed that 9 of 10 ovaries of injected fish with LH gene began to develop after the long-term experiments. These data suggest that single-chain LH gene introduced into skeletal muscle via electrotransfer can be expressed and induce the early ovarian development of juvenile orange-spotted grouper. This work contributes to solve reproductive dysfunctions associated with low hormone levels of teleosts, further it may represent the demonstration at regulation of LH on early ovarian development of orange-spotted grouper to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhong Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Pengxin Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Linrui Chang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Abud JE, Santamaría CG, Luque EH, Rodriguez HA. Development of a quantitative immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and quantify low levels of human thyroid stimulating hormone. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:134-143. [PMID: 29111317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed both a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a highly sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) assay specific for detection of human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH). Several anti-hTSH monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated using hybridoma technology. Two pairs of MAbs (B-4 and B-9) were rationally selected and the optimal assay conditions of sandwich ELISAs were established. The ELISA prototypes were evaluated with standards calibrated with WHO 2nd International Reference Preparation for hTSH and in comparison with a commercial ELISA Kit. Although the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 μIU/ml in all cases, B-9-ELISA showed an analytical performance similar to commercial ELISA Kit. Therefore, we selected the B-9 ELISA to develop a hTSH-IPCR assay applying an "Universal-IPCR" format in standard PCR tubes without pretreatment. The signal amplification was achieved through the interaction between the biotinylated detection MAb and mono-biotinylated DNA probe pre-self-assembled with neutravidin. The hTSH-IPCR assay showed a significant increase in terms of the slope definition of sensitivity in low levels range. Our results support the potential of IPCR technique for being applied in clinical diagnosis of thyroid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Abud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C G Santamaría
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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41
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Abstract
Thyrostimulin is a glycoprotein heterodimer of GPA2 and GPB5, first described in 2002. It is involved in the physiological function of several tissues. Moreover, evidence points towards the ability of thyrostimulin's individual monomers to induce a biological effect, which could denote the circulatory/systemic effects of the molecule when found in higher concentrations. From the evolutionary point of view, thyrostimulin shares a binding epitope with the thyroid-stimulating hormone for the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, whilst possessing affinity for another unique binding site on the same receptor. Although thyrostimulin can be involved in the hypothalamicpituitary- thyroid axis, its presence in various tissues in an eclectic array of different species renders it multifunctional. From weight loss via increasing metabolic rate to progression of cancer in human ovaries, it is certainly not a signaling molecule to overlook. Furthermore, thyrostimulin has been implicated in bone metabolism, acute illness, and reproductive function. In summary, to our knowledge, this is the first review dealing with the physiological role of thyrostimulin and its potential applications in the clinical practice.
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42
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Buechi HB, Bridgham JT. Evolution of specificity in cartilaginous fish glycoprotein hormones and receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:309-320. [PMID: 28062301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormones (GpH) interact very specifically with their receptors to mediate hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral gland endocrine signaling. Vertebrates typically have three functionally distinct GpH endocrine signaling complexes: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and their receptors. Each hormone consists of a common α subunit bound to one of three different β subunits. Individual hormone subunits and receptors are present in genomes of early metazoans, and a subset of hormone subunits and receptors has been recently characterized in sea lamprey. However, it remains unclear when the full complement of hormone and receptor protein families first appeared, and when specificity of interactions between GpH hormones and receptors first evolved. Here we present phylogenetic analyses showing that the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii) genome contains sequences representing the current diversity of all hormone subunits and receptors in these co-evolving protein families. We examined specificity of hormone and receptor interactions using functional assays testing reporter gene activation by elephant shark follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. We show highly specific, dose-responsive hormone interactions for all three complexes. Our results suggest that co-evolution of specificity between proteins in these endocrine signaling complexes occurred prior to the divergence of Chondrichthyes from the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Buechi
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jamie T Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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43
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Gifre L, Arís A, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E. Trends in recombinant protein use in animal production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28259156 PMCID: PMC5336677 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant technologies have made possible the production of a broad catalogue of proteins of interest, including those used for animal production. The most widely studied proteins for the animal sector are those with an important role in reproduction, feed efficiency, and health. Nowadays, mammalian cells and fungi are the preferred choice for recombinant production of hormones for reproductive purposes and fibrolytic enzymes to enhance animal performance, respectively. However, the development of low-cost products is a priority, particularly in livestock. The study of cell factories such as yeast and bacteria has notably increased in the last decades to make the new developed reproductive hormones and fibrolytic enzymes a real alternative to the marketed ones. Important efforts have also been invested to developing new recombinant strategies for prevention and therapy, including passive immunization and modulation of the immune system. This offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics by controlling physiological processes and improve the efficacy of preventing infections. Thus, nowadays different recombinant fibrolytic enzymes, hormones, and therapeutic molecules with optimized properties have been successfully produced through cost-effective processes using microbial cell factories. However, despite the important achievements for reducing protein production expenses, alternative strategies to further reduce these costs are still required. In this context, it is necessary to make a giant leap towards the use of novel strategies, such as nanotechnology, that combined with recombinant technology would make recombinant molecules affordable for animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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44
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Potorac I, Rivero-Müller A, Trehan A, Kiełbus M, Jozwiak K, Pralong F, Hafidi A, Thiry A, Ménagé JJ, Huhtaniemi I, Beckers A, Daly AF. A vital region for human glycoprotein hormone trafficking revealed by an LHB mutation. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:197-207. [PMID: 27656125 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormones are complex hormonally active macromolecules. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is essential for the postnatal development and maturation of the male gonad. Inactivating Luteinizing hormone beta (LHB) gene mutations are exceptionally rare and lead to hypogonadism that is particularly severe in males. We describe a family with selective LH deficiency and hypogonadism in two brothers. DNA sequencing of LHB was performed and the effects of genetic variants on hormone function and secretion were characterized by mutagenesis studies, confocal microscopy and functional assays. A 20-year-old male from a consanguineous family had pubertal delay, hypogonadism and undetectable LH. A homozygous c.118_120del (p.Lys40del) mutation was identified in the patient and his brother, who subsequently had the same phenotype. Treatment with hCG led to pubertal development, increased circulating testosterone and spermatogenesis. Experiments in HeLa cells revealed that the mutant LH is retained intracellularly and showed diffuse cytoplasmic distribution. The mutated LHB heterodimerizes with the common alpha-subunit and can activate its receptor. Deletion of flanking glutamic acid residues at positions 39 and 41 impair LH to a similar extent as deletion of Lys40. This region is functionally important across all heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones, because deletion of the corresponding residues in hCG, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone beta-subunits also led to intracellular hormone retention. This novel LHB mutation results in hypogonadism due to intracellular sequestration of the hormone and reveals a discrete region in the protein that is crucial for normal secretion of all human glycoprotein hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Potorac
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyÅbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMedical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ashutosh Trehan
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMedical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and NeuroengineeringMedical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Francois Pralong
- Service of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, CHU Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aicha Hafidi
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolic DiseasesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Albert Thiry
- Department of PathologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery and CancerInstitute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of EndocrinologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Bhardwaj A, Nayan V, Sharma P, Kumar S, Pal Y, Singh J. Molecular characterization, modeling, in silico analysis of equine pituitary gonadotropin alpha subunit and docking interaction studies with ganirelix. In Silico Pharmacol 2016; 5:5. [PMID: 28721542 PMCID: PMC5515723 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-017-0025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine pituitary gonadotropins (eLH, eFSH, eCG) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones with alpha (α) and beta (β) subunits. It is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy in mares during early gestation and fairly valuable for inducing superovulation in animals other than equines. The alpha subunit is common, while beta subunit is species-specific in all glycoprotein hormones. In the present investigation, molecular cloning and in silico characterization including homology modeling and molecular docking analysis of the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) alpha subunit was carried out for gaining structural and functional insights into the eCG alpha subunit and its possible interaction with ganirelix, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist. The equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) alpha subunit expressed in pituitary gland was selected, amplified from total RNA, cloned and sequenced. The in silico analyses were made for homology modelling, structural details, epitope identification and chromosomal localization. Molecular docking studies of eCG alpha were undertaken with a drug ganirelix which is used to control ovulation and has antagonistic activity against GnRH. The protein sequence corresponding to selected open reading frame (ORF) was 99-100% similar with domesticated horse, Przewalski's horse, and 92-93% with Burchell's zebra and donkey. Molecular docking studies revealed the possible interaction of eCG alpha with ganirelix. The possible drug-macromolecule interactions were visualized between eCG alpha and ganirelix. The study will provide structural insight into unique sites and an alternate route of gonadotropin suppression applicable to assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Basic and Supporting Discipline Unit (BSDU), ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Varij Nayan
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction (APR) Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Parvati Sharma
- Basic and Supporting Discipline Unit (BSDU), ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Equine Health Unit (EHU), ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Yash Pal
- Equine Production Centre, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001 India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Equine Production Centre, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001 India
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Rocco DA, Paluzzi JPV. Functional role of the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, GPA2/GPB5, and its receptor, LGR1: An invertebrate perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:20-7. [PMID: 26704853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are glycoprotein hormones that play central roles in metabolism, reproduction and development. Recently, a novel heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, called GPA2/GPB5, was discovered in humans; however, contrary to its vertebrate glycoprotein hormone relatives, the physiological role of GPA2/GPB5 has not yet been fully elucidated in any vertebrate or invertebrate. Moreover, it is unclear as to whether GPA2/GPB5 functions as a heterodimer or as individual GPA2 and GPB5 monomers in these organisms. GPA2- and GPB5-like subunits have been identified or predicted in a wide array of animal phyla including the nematodes, chordates, hemichordates, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and annelids. So far, molecular studies on transcript expression of the GPA2/GPB5 subunits and its putative receptor, the leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 1 (LGR1), suggests this glycoprotein hormone system plays a developmental role and may also function in hydromineral balance in invertebrates. This mini-review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the physiological actions and activity of this evolutionarily ancient heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone with a particular focus on its known functions in the invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rocco
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Molecular analysis and bioactivity of luteinizing hormone from Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, produced in silkworm pupae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Szkudlinski MW. New Frontier in Glycoprotein Hormones and Their Receptors Structure-Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 26539160 PMCID: PMC4609891 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Last two decades of structure-function studies performed in numerous laboratories provided substantial progress in understanding basic science, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and comparative aspects of glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) and their cognate receptors. Multiple concepts and models developed based on experimental data in the past stood the test of time and have been, at least in part, confirmed and/or remained compatible with the new structures resolved at the atomic level. Major advances in understanding of the ligand-receptor relationships are heralding the dawn of a new era for GPHs and their receptors, although many basic questions still remain unanswered. This article examines retrospectively several basic science aspects of GPH super-agonists and related "biosuperiors" in a broader context of the advances in the ligand-receptor structure-function relationships and new mechanistic models generated based on the structure elucidation. Due to selective focus of my comments and perspectives in certain parts, the reader is directed to the most relevant publications and reviews in the field for more comprehensive analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz W. Szkudlinski
- Trophogen Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Mariusz W. Szkudlinski, Trophogen Inc., 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA,
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