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Gontarz-Nowak K, Szklarz M, Szychlińska M, Matuszewski W, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E. A Brief Look at Hashimoto's Disease, Adrenal Incidentalomas, Obesity and Insulin Resistance-Could Endocrine Disruptors Be the Other Side of the Same Coin? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1234. [PMID: 37512046 PMCID: PMC10385892 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hashimoto's disease (HD) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries. The exact pathomechanism behind it has not been clearly established; however, an interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers (including diet) and epigenetic factors seems to be involved. Among the latter, increasingly more attention has been paid to some hormonally active substances, known as endocrine disruptors, which are commonly used worldwide. HD has become a condition widely reported in the media, acting as a culprit for inexplicable weight gain, chronic fatigue or weakness. Nevertheless, the recognition of HD is undeniably increasing and represents a major public health burden. At the same time, improving access to imaging tests has increased the number of incidentally diagnosed adrenal tumors. Above all, the widespread use of chest computed tomography (CT) due to the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to frequent incidental detection of adrenal lesions. Fortunately, a vast majority of these findings are asymptomatic benign tumors with no excessive hormonal activity, and therefore, they are defined as adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that patients with AIs are more prone to obesity and insulin resistance. Although mutual relationships between the thyroid and the adrenal glands have been studied widely, still, little is known about the possible pathophysiological associations between thyroid autoimmunity and the occurrence of adrenal incidentalomas. This article presents a brief review of the common endocrine disorders with a special focus on the frequently coexisting insulin resistance and/or obesity. Furthermore, in response to the recent growing interest in endocrine disruptors, with their transgenerational epigenetic effects that influence hormonal system function, a concise overview of the topic has also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Szklarz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szychlińska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Matuszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Gulbins A, Horstmann M, Daser A, Flögel U, Oeverhaus M, Bechrakis NE, Banga JP, Keitsch S, Wilker B, Krause G, Hammer GD, Spencer AG, Zeidan R, Eckstein A, Philipp S, Görtz GE. Linsitinib, an IGF-1R inhibitor, attenuates disease development and progression in a model of thyroid eye disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1211473. [PMID: 37435490 PMCID: PMC10331459 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1211473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) leading to overstimulation of the thyroid gland. Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extra thyroidal manifestation of GD. Therapeutic options to treat TED are very limited and novel treatments need to be developed. In the present study we investigated the effect of linsitinib, a dual small-molecule kinase inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the Insulin receptor (IR) on the disease outcome of GD and TED. Methods Linsitinib was administered orally for four weeks with therapy initiating in either the early ("active") or the late ("chronic") phases of the disease. In the thyroid and the orbit, autoimmune hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy were analyzed serologically (total anti-TSHR binding antibodies, stimulating anti TSHR antibodies, total T4 levels), immunohistochemically (H&E-, CD3-, TNFa- and Sirius red staining) and with immunofluorescence (F4/80 staining). An MRI was performed to quantify in vivo tissue remodeling inside the orbit. Results Linsitinib prevented autoimmune hyperthyroidism in the early state of the disease, by reducing morphological changes indicative for hyperthyroidism and blocking T-cell infiltration, visualized by CD3 staining. In the late state of the disease linsitinib had its main effect in the orbit. Linsitinib reduced immune infiltration of T-cells (CD3 staining) and macrophages (F4/80 and TNFa staining) in the orbita in experimental GD suggesting an additional, direct effect of linsitinib on the autoimmune response. In addition, treatment with linsitinib normalized the amount of brown adipose tissue in both the early and late group. An in vivo MRI of the late group was performed and revealed a marked decrease of inflammation, visualized by 19F MR imaging, significant reduction of existing muscle edema and formation of brown adipose tissue. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate that linsitinib effectively prevents development and progression of thyroid eye disease in an experimental murine model for Graves' disease. Linsitinib improved the total disease outcome, indicating the clinical significance of the findings and providing a path to therapeutic intervention of Graves' Disease. Our data support the use of linsitinib as a novel treatment for thyroid eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gulbins
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mareike Horstmann
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Daser
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oeverhaus
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos E. Bechrakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. Paul Banga
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Keitsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilker
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary D. Hammer
- Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Ryan Zeidan
- Sling Therapeutics Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja Philipp
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gina-Eva Görtz
- Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Boutin A, Marcus-Samuels B, Eliseeva E, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Opposing Effects of EGF Receptor Signaling on Proliferation and Differentiation Initiated by EGF or TSH/EGF Receptor Transactivation. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac136. [PMID: 36281035 PMCID: PMC9761572 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of thyroid cells by thyrotropin (TSH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been known but different effects of these regulators on proliferation and differentiation have been reported. We studied these responses in primary cultures of human thyroid cells to determine whether TSH receptor (TSHR) signaling may involve EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation. We confirm that EGF stimulates proliferation and de-differentiation whereas TSH causes differentiation in the absence of other growth factors. We show that TSH/TSHR transactivates EGFR and characterize it as follows: (1) TSH-induced upregulation of thyroid-specific genes is inhibited by 2 inhibitors of EGFR kinase activity, AG1478 and erlotinib; (2) the mechanism of transactivation is independent of an extracellular EGFR ligand by showing that 2 antibodies, cetuximab and panitumumab, that completely inhibited binding of EGFR ligands to EGFR had no effect on transactivation, and by demonstrating that no EGF was detected in media conditioned by thyrocytes incubated with TSH; (3) TSH/TSHR transactivation of EGFR is different than EGFR activation by EGF by showing that EGF led to rapid phosphorylation of EGFR whereas transactivation occurred in the absence of receptor phosphorylation; (4) EGF caused downregulation of EGFR whereas transactivation had no effect on EGFR level; (5) EGF and TSH stimulation converged on the protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, because TSH, like EGF, stimulated phosphorylation of AKT that was inhibited by EGFR inhibitors; and (6) TSH-induced upregulation of thyroid genes was inhibited by the AKT inhibitor MK2206. Thus, TSH/TSHR causes EGFR transactivation that is independent of extracellular EGFR ligand and in part mediates TSH regulation of thyroid hormone biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Boutin
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bernice Marcus-Samuels
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena Eliseeva
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bountouris P, Markantes GK, Mamali I, Markou KB, Michalaki MA. Benign thyroid nodules respond to a single administration of 0.3mg recombinant human thyrotropin with highly variable volume increase. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1066379. [PMID: 36714577 PMCID: PMC9875562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1066379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nature of thyroid nodules is heterogenous. Most of them are benign and, in the absence of pressure symptoms of adjunct structures, no treatment is needed. Our objective was to investigate the acute effects of a low dose of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) on the volume of benign thyroid nodules. METHODS we studied 27 nodules (14 isoechoic and 13 hypoechoic) in 15 (11 women and 4 men; mean age: 51.0 ± 15.9 years) consecutive patients with one to three well-separated asymptomatic benign thyroid nodules. All subjects were euthyroid, with negative thyroid antibodies, and none received levothyroxine. The total thyroid volume and thyroid nodule volume were sonographically determined by two independent examiners (P.B. and M.M.) before, 48 hours and 6 months post intramuscular (IM) administration of 0.3mg rhTSH, and the mean values of the two examiners' measurements were used; thyroid function tests were obtained at the same time points. RESULTS The mean volume of isoechoic nodules increased by 57.3%, of hypoechoic nodules by 46.6% and of the surrounding thyroid parenchyma by 70.4% 48 hours post-rhTSH; mean volumes had returned to baseline levels 6 months later. A large variance in the volume change responses was observed. The relative change in nodule volume (defined as the percent change in nodule volume divided by the percent change in the surrounding parenchyma) from baseline to 48 hours was significantly higher in isoechoic versus hypoechoic nodules (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of 0.3 mg rhTSH transiently increased the volume of benign thyroid nodules. The increase was more pronounced in isoechoic nodules and had a great variability. Our findings could be useful in the management of benign thyroid nodules, by helping in understanding which nodules would be more responsive to TSH suppression therapy.
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Latif R, Morshed SA, Ma R, Tokat B, Mezei M, Davies TF. A Gq Biased Small Molecule Active at the TSH Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:372. [PMID: 32676053 PMCID: PMC7333667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can lead to G protein and non-G protein initiated signals. By virtue of its structural property, the TSH receptor (TSHR) has a unique ability to engage different G proteins making it highly amenable to selective signaling. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel small molecule agonist to the TSHR which induces primary engagement with Gαq/11. To identify allosteric modulators inducing selective signaling of the TSHR we used a transcriptional-based luciferase assay system with CHO-TSHR cells stably expressing response elements (CRE, NFAT, SRF, or SRE) that were capable of measuring signals emanating from the coupling of Gαs , Gαq/11, Gβγ, and Gα12/13, respectively. Using this system, TSH activated Gαs , Gαq/11, and Gα12/13 but not Gβγ. On screening a library of 50K molecules at 0.1,1.0 and 10 μM, we identified a novel Gq/11 agonist (named MSq1) which activated Gq/11 mediated NFAT-luciferase >4 fold above baseline and had an EC50= 8.3 × 10-9 M with only minor induction of Gαs and cAMP. Furthermore, MSq1 is chemically and structurally distinct from any of the previously reported TSHR agonist molecules. Docking studies using a TSHR transmembrane domain (TMD) model indicated that MSq1 had contact points on helices H1, H2, H3, and H7 in the hydrophobic pocket of the TMD and also with the extracellular loops. On co-treatment with TSH, MSq1 suppressed TSH-induced proliferation of thyrocytes in a dose-dependent manner but lacked the intrinsic ability to influence basal thyrocyte proliferation. This unexpected inhibitory property of MSq1 could be blocked in the presence of a PKC inhibitor resulting in derepressing TSH induced protein kinase A (PKA) signals and resulting in the induction of proliferation. Thus, the inhibitory effect of MSq1 on proliferation resided in its capacity to overtly activate protein kinase C (PKC) which in turn suppressed the proliferative signal induced by activation of the predomiant cAMP-PKA pathway of the TSHR. Treatment of rat thyroid cells (FRTL5) with MSq1 did not show any upregulation of gene expression of the key thyroid specific markers such as thyroglobulin(Tg), thyroid peroxidase (Tpo), sodium iodide symporter (Nis), and the TSH receptor (Tshr) further suggesting lack of involvement of MSq1 and Gαq/11 activation with cellular differentation. In summary, we identified and characterized a novel Gαq/11 agonist molecule acting at the TSHR and which showed a marked anti-proliferative ability. Hence, Gq biased activation of the TSHR is capable of ameliorating the proliferative signals from its orthosteric ligand and may offer a therapeutic option for thyroid growth modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rauf Latif
| | - Syed A. Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bengu Tokat
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Sinha P, Chakrabarti N, Ghosh N, Mitra S, Dalui S, Bhattacharyya A. Alterations of thyroidal status in brain regions and hypothalamo-pituitary-blood-thyroid-axis associated with dopaminergic depletion in substantia nigra and ROS formation in different brain regions after MPTP treatment in adult male mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:131-140. [PMID: 31891753 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MPTP produces oxidative stress, damages niagrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and develops Parkinsonism in rodents. Due to paucity of information, the thyroidal status in brain regions and peripheral tissues during different post-treatment days in MPTP-induced mice had been executed in the present study. MPTP depleted tyrosine hydroxylase protein expressions that signify the dopaminergic neuronal damage in substantia nigra. MPTP elevated ROS formation differentially in brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra) with maximal elevation at hippocampus. The changes in thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) levels indicate that brain regions might combat the adverse situation by keeping the levels of thyroid hormones either unchanged or in the elevated conditions in the latter phases (day-3 and day-7), apart from the depletion of thyroid hormones in certain brain regions (T4 in SN and hippocampus, T3 in hippocampus) as the immediate (day-1) effects after MPTP treatment. MPTP caused alterations of cellular morphology, RNA:Protein ratio and TPO protein expression, concomitantly depleted TPO mRNA expression and elevated TSH levels in the thyroid gland. Although T4 levels changed differentially, T3 levels remained unaltered in thyroid gland throughout the post-treatment days. Results have been discussed mentioning the putative role of T4 and TSH in apoptosis and/or proliferation/differentiation of thyrocytes. In blood, T4 levels remained unchanged while the changes in T3 and TSH levels did not signify the clinical feature of hypo/hyperthyroidism of animals. In the pituitary, both T4 and T3 levels remained elevated where TSH differentially altered (elevated followed by depletion) during post-treatment days. Notably, T4, T3 and TSH levels did not alter in hypothalamus except initial (day-1) depletion of the T4 level. Therefore, the feedback control mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary-blood-thyroid-axis failed to occur after MPTP treatment. Overall, MPTP altered thyroidal status in the brain and peripheral tissues while both events might occur in isolation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyobrata Sinha
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India; Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Nilkanta Chakrabarti
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India; Centres with Potential for Excellence in Particular Areas (CPEPA, UGC), Centre for "Electrophysiology & Neuroimaging Studies Including Mathematical Modeling" India.
| | - Nabanita Ghosh
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Soham Mitra
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Shauryabrota Dalui
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Krieger CC, Morgan SJ, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) Receptor Cross-talk in Human Cells. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2018; 2:29-33. [PMID: 30547142 PMCID: PMC6287758 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (TSHRs and IGF1Rs, respectively) interact leading to additive or synergistic stimulation of cellular responses. Recent findings provide evidence that the interaction between TSHRs and IGF1Rs is similar to that described for other G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. These types of interactions occur at or proximal to the receptors and are designated "receptor cross-talk." Herein, we describe our studies in human thyrocytes, human retro-orbital fibroblasts from Graves' orbitopathy patients and a model cell line that support the concept of TSHR/IGF1R cross-talk. We also discuss how receptor cross-talk is involved in stimulation by a monoclonal TSHR-stimulating antibody and how targeting both receptors may lead to novel treatments of Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Krieger
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Briet C, Suteau-Courant V, Munier M, Rodien P. Thyrotropin receptor, still much to be learned from the patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:155-164. [PMID: 29678283 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of crystal available for the full-length thyrotropin receptor, knowledge of its structure and functioning has benefitted from the identification and characterization of mutations in patients with various thyroid dysfunctions. The characterization of activating mutations has contributed to the elaboration of a model involving the extracellular domain of the receptor as an inverse tethered agonist which, upon binding of the ligand, relieves the transmembrane domain from an inhibiting interaction and activates it. The models derived from comparisons with other receptors, enriched with the information provided by the study of mutations, have proven useful for the design of small-molecule agonists and antagonists that may be used in the future to treat thyroid dysfunctions. In this review, extrathyroidal expression of the thyrotropin receptor is described, the role of which is still poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Briet
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, Angers, France; Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, France.
| | - Valentine Suteau-Courant
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, Angers, France; Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, France.
| | - Mathilde Munier
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, Angers, France; Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, France.
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, 4 Rue Larrey, Angers, France; Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, France.
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Abstract
In order to study functions of normal human thyrocytes, we developed a protocol to obtain these cells in primary culture. Thyrocytes are obtained from normal tissue obtained at surgery for removal of thyroid neoplasms. Under sterile conditions, specimens are minced into small pieces, mono-dispersed cells are generated by digestion with collagenase type IV and the cells plated in tissue culture grade dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator, the supernatant containing non-adherent cells is removed and the adherent cells are propagated in DMEM with 10% FBS, 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 10 μg/mL streptomycin. Cells proliferate with a doubling time of 72-94 h and retain functional characteristics for 9-12 doublings. We have used them successfully in studies to elucidate the signaling by thyrotropin (TSH) and insulin-like growth factor 1.
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Citterio CE, Veluswamy B, Morgan SJ, Galton VA, Banga JP, Atkins S, Morishita Y, Neumann S, Latif R, Gershengorn MC, Smith TJ, Arvan P. De novo triiodothyronine formation from thyrocytes activated by thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15434-15444. [PMID: 28743746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland secretes primarily tetraiodothyronine (T4), and some triiodothyronine (T3). Under normal physiological circumstances, only one-fifth of circulating T3 is directly released by the thyroid, but in states of hyperactivation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors (TSHRs), patients develop a syndrome of relative T3 toxicosis. Thyroidal T4 production results from iodination of thyroglobulin (TG) at residues Tyr5 and Tyr130, whereas thyroidal T3 production may originate in several different ways. In this study, the data demonstrate that within the carboxyl-terminal portion of mouse TG, T3 is formed de novo independently of deiodination from T4 We found that upon iodination in vitro, de novo T3 formation in TG was decreased in mice lacking TSHRs. Conversely, de novo T3 that can be formed upon iodination of TG secreted from PCCL3 (rat thyrocyte) cells was augmented from cells previously exposed to increased TSH, a TSHR agonist, a cAMP analog, or a TSHR-stimulating antibody. We present data suggesting that TSH-stimulated TG phosphorylation contributes to enhanced de novo T3 formation. These effects were reversed within a few days after removal of the hyperstimulating conditions. Indeed, direct exposure of PCCL3 cells to human serum from two patients with Graves' disease, but not control sera, led to secretion of TG with an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 upon in vitro iodination. Furthermore, TG secreted from human thyrocyte cultures hyperstimulated with TSH also showed an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 Our data support the hypothesis that TG processing in the secretory pathway of TSHR-hyperstimulated thyrocytes alters the structure of the iodination substrate in a way that enhances de novo T3 formation, contributing to the relative T3 toxicosis of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.,the CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Balaji Veluswamy
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valerie A Galton
- the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - J Paul Banga
- the Department of Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen Atkins
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Susanne Neumann
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rauf Latif
- the Thyroid Research Unit, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10468
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terry J Smith
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,
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11
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Kyrilli A, Paternot S, Miot F, Corvilain B, Vassart G, Roger PP, Dumont JE. Commentary: Thyrotropin Stimulates Differentiation Not Proliferation of Normal Human Thyrocytes in Culture. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:214. [PMID: 28890710 PMCID: PMC5575448 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Kyrilli
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Françoise Miot
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Corvilain
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jacques E. Dumont
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jacques E. Dumont,
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